Thesis (PhD) -- Stellenbosch University, 2003. / Please refer to full text to view abstract. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The effects of different land use practices on soil quality in South Africa were investigated in five contrasting biomes, with a particular emphasis on the tendency of soils to crust and soil C content. Soil quality is a nebulous concept and its applicability in the South African landscape is scrutinised. A wide range of chemical and physical soil properties were examined. The tendency of soils to crust was assessed using modulus of rupture, water dispersible clay and a new method of laboratory infiltration which was verified with rainfall simulation. Crusting was greater in bare, exposed soils than soils under vegetation and varied with soil parent material. Differences in crusting are explained by factors relating to clay dispersion such as clay mineralogy, soil C, labile or readily oxidisable C, concentration of soluble salts, soil texture and exchangeable Na percentage (ESP). Results from longterm bum plots in savanna and grassland revealed that annual burning can increase the tendency of soils to crust. Greater crusting in burnt plots is ascribed to greater dispersion of clay, which in tum is attributed to a decline in soil C, a decline in EC and an increase in ESP. The loss of nutrients from burnt plots over time is ascribed to removal of ash in surface runoff. Calcium, Mg, and K were lost more readily than Na probably because plants take up these nutrients in greater concentration than Na. The net effect was an increase in ESP. Crusting on burnt plots may be self-perpetuating, because increased runoff is likely to incsease the loss of soluble salts. Removal of vegetation due to cultivation, grazing or burning reduced soil C at all sites. Mean soil C in the 0-1 cm layer of unburnt plots in the Kruger National Park was more than three times greater than in burnt plots (2.7 vs 0.8%). The difference in soil C between treatments decreased with depth and illustrated that sampling to depths greater than a few centimetres can obscure effects of land use. The top few centimetres of soil have a disproportionate effect on soil infiltrability and nutrient cycling. This layer was named the pedoderm. Tree cover on burnt plots in the southern Kruger Nationa--l- Park is highly variable, and was hypothesised to be a function of herbivory pressure. Herbivores tended to congregate on plots with the greatest clay, Zn and Mn content and the lowest tree cover. It is suggested that soil properties determine the abundance of herbivores after fire, which in tum affects tree cover. In the Eastern Cape,intensive stocking with goats transforms dense thicket to an open savanna. Soils from goat-transformed sites had a greater tendency to crust than soils from intact thicket, probably due to aggregate weakening associated with a decline in soil C. Mean soil C content of intact thicket was almost double that of goat-transformed thicket (5.6 vs. 3% to a depth of 10 cm) and is exceptionally high for a semi-arid region. The potential to sequestrate carbon in degraded thicket landscapes is thus considerable. Managing the land for greater sequestration of C will have the added benefit of increasing soil aggregate stability, reducing the tendency of soils to crust and therefore increasing the rate of water infiltration through the pedoderm. The benefits of such an approach have been recognised by specialists in soil conservation and rural land use for many decades, based largely on empirical observation. The results of this thesis provide a more quantitative basis for appreciating the effects of soil C across a broad spectrum of South African biomes. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die invloed van verskillende landgebruikspraktyke op grondkwaliteit in Suid-Afrika is in vyf kontrasterende biome ondersoek met spesifieke klem op die neiging van gronde om korste te vorm en die grond koolstofinhoud. Grondkwaliteit is 'n vae konsep en die toepassing daarvan in die Suid-Afrikaanse grondlandskap is noukeurig ondersoek. 'n Wye reeks van chemiese en fisiese grondeienskappe is ondersoek. Die neiging van korsvorming by gronde is beraam deur die gebruik van breukmodulus, waterdispergeerbare klei en 'n nuwe metode van laboratorium-infiltrasie wat met behulp van reënvalsimulasie gekontroleer is. Korsvorming was groter in kaal, blootgestelde gronde as in gronde met 'n plantbedekking en het gewissel volgens moedermateriaal. Verskille in korsvorming word verklaar deur faktore wat verband hou met kleidispergering soos byvoorbeeld kleimineralogie, grondkoolstof, labiele of maklik oksideerbare koolstof, konsentrasie oplosbare soute, grondtekstuur en uitruilbare natriumpersentasie (UNP). Resultate van langtermyn brandpersele in savanna en grasland het getoon dat jaarlikse brand die neiging tot korsvorming kan verhoog. Meer korsvorming in brandpersele word toegeskryf aan groter kleidispergering, wat waarskynlik verband hou met 'n afname in grondkoolstof, 'n afname in elektriese geleiding (Be) en 'n toename in UNP. Plantvoedingstowwe gaan oor tyd verlore uit brandpersele, waarskynlik deur die verwydering van as in oppervlak afloop. Kalsium, Mg en K gaan meer geredelik verlore as Na, waarskynlik omdat plante hierdie voedingstowwe in groter hoeveelhede opneem as Na. Die netto effek is 'n toename in UNP. Korsvorming op brandpersele kan self instand gehou word omdat verhoogde afloop die moontlike verlies van oplosbare soute kan verhoog. Verwydering van plantegroei deur bewerking, beweiding of brand het grondkoolstof op alle plekke verlaag. Die gemiddelde grondkoolstof in die 0-1 cm laag van ongebrande persele in die Kruger Nasionale Park was meer as drie maal groter as in --.. brandpersele (2.7 vs 0.8 %). Die verskil in grondkoolstof tussen behandelings neem af met diepte wat daarop dui dat monsterneming tot dieptes groter as 'n paar sentimeters die effek van landgebruik kan verberg. Die boonste paar sentimeters van 'n grond het 'n oneweredige invloed op infiltrasie en voedingstofsirkulasie. Hierdie laag word die pedoderm genoem. Boombedekking op brandperseie in die suidelikeKruger Nasionale Park is hoogs variërend. Die hipotese was dat dit 'n funksie van druk deur planteters is. Planteters neig om op persele met die hoogste klei, Zn- en Mn-inhoud en die laagste boom bedekking te versamel. Daar word voorgestel dat grondeienskappe die hoeveelheid planteters na 'n brand bepaal. Dit beïnvloed op sy beurt weer die boombedekking. In die Oos-Kaap het intensiewe bokboerdery digte bosruigtes verander na oop savannas. Gronde van bok-veranderde lokaliteite het 'n groter neiging tot korsvorming as gronde van onveranderde bosruigtes, vermoedelik as gevolg van verswakking van aggregate met 'n. afname in grondkoolstof. Die gemiddelde grondkoolstof van onveranderde bosruigtes was byna dubbel soveel as die koolstof van bok-veranderde bosruigtes (5.6 vs 3 % tot 'n diepte van 10 cm) en buitengewoon hoog vir 'n semi-ariede streek. Die potensiaal vir koolstof sekwestrasie in degradeerde bosruigte landskappe is dus aansienlik. Bestuur van land vir groter sekwestrasie van koolstof het die bykomende voordeel van verhoogde grond aggregaatstabilteit, verlaging van die neiging tot korsvorming en daardeur 'n verhoging in die tempo van waterinfiltrasie deur die pedoderm. Die voordele van so 'n benadering is vir baie dekades deur spesialiste in grondbewaring en landelike landgebruik herken. Dit was grootliks gebaseer op empiriese waarneming. Die resultate van hierdie tesis bied 'n meer kwantitatiewe basis tot die verstaan van die invloed van grondkoolstof oor 'n breë spektrum van Suid-Afrikaanse biorne.

Thesis (Mcomm)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The focus of this research was to compile a practical, step by step approach that can be followed by those persons charged with the governance of enterprises in South Africa to successfully bridge the information technology gap. The King Code of Corporate Governance for South Africa and the King Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa (together KINGIII) was identified as a starting point for the compilation of the approach. KINGIII is the corporate governance standard in South Africa and in the introduction to KINGIII it is recommended that the principles contained in the Code should be implemented by all entities. KINGIII is the third report on governance issued by the King Committee and introduced governance principles for Information Technology (IT). The Code contains seven IT governance principles and 24 recommended practices. The application of the IT governance principles of KINGIII, as well as the related recommended practices, is a complicated endeavour. This is partly because IT in itself is complex and also partly because the governance of IT is a relatively new area of corporate governance. Through a detailed study of the seven IT governance principles of KINGIII, as well as the related recommended practices and narrative discussions, it was identified that in order to successfully implement IT governance, a company has to establish and implement an IT governance framework which includes relevant structures, processes and mechanisms to enable IT to deliver value to the business. It was also identified that the IT governance framework has to facilitate and enhance the company’s ability to reach its stated objectives by ensuring that the most appropriate decisions are made in respect of the incorporation of IT into the operations of the business. Lastly, it was identified that a company must acquire and use appropriate technology and people to support its business.To address the requirement for the establishment and implementation of relevant structures, processes and mechanisms, a framework of 33 IT governance practices was identified, mapped to the IT governance principles of KINGIII and an analysis performed. Through this analysis the IT governance practices that can be utilised to implement the IT governance principles of KINGIII were identified and discussed. To address the requirement of ensuring that the framework facilitates that the most appropriate decisions are made in respect of the incorporation of IT into the operations of the business, five key decisions that have to be made in respect of IT was identified and discussed. The five decisions were mapped to (1) the KINGIII principles to demonstrate which of the IT governance principles are addressed by each of the decisions and (2) the IT governance structures identified in the framework above to demonstrate which of the IT governance structures can be used to provide input into taking the relevant decision and which can be used to take the decision. Finally, to address the requirement that a company must acquire and use appropriate people and technology to support its business, a framework of organizational competencies required in small and medium-sized enterprises (SME’s) was identified and mapped to (1) the KING III principles to demonstrate which of the IT governance principles could be addressed by each of the relevant competencies and (2) to the five key IT decisions identified above to demonstrate which of the competencies can be utilised to make each of the five key decisions. Based on the findings of the research conducted as set out above, the practical, step by step approach was compiled. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van hierdie navorsing was die samestelling van ‘n praktiese, stapsgewyse benadering wat gebruik kan word deur daardie persone wat verantwoordelik is vir die korporatiewe beheer van ondernemings in Suid Afrika om suksesvol die inligtings tegnologie (IT) gaping te oorbrug. Die King Code of Corporate Governance for South Africa en die King Report on Corporate Governance for South Africa (gesamentlik KINGIII), was geidentifiseer as ‘n beginpunt vir die samestelling van die benadering. KINGIII is die korporatiewe beheer standaard in Suid Afrika en in die inleiding tot KINGIII word alle ondernemings aanbeveel om die korporatiewe beheer beginsels en gepaardgaande aanbeveelde praktyke te implementeer. KINGIII is die derde verslag oor korporatiewe beheer wat deur die King Komitee uitgereik is en het korporatiewe beheer beginsels met betrekking tot IT bekend gestel. KINGIII bevat sewe koporatiewe beheer beginsels wat met IT verband hou, asook 24 aanbeveelde korporatiewe beheer praktyke. Die toepassing van die IT korporatiewe beheer beginsels van KINGIII, asook die aanbeveelde praktyke, is ‘n ingewikkelde onderneming. Dit is gedeeltelik omdat IT self kompleks is, maar ook omdat die korporatiewe beheer van IT ‘n relatiewe nuwe area van korporatiewe beheer is. Deur middel van ‘n in diepte studie van die sewe korporatiewe beheer beginsels van KINGIII, insluitend die aanbeveelde korporatiewe beheer praktyke en besprekings, is daar geïndetifiseer dat ‘n IT korporatiewe beheer raamwerk saamgestel en geimplementeer moet word as deel van die implementering van korporatiewe beheer oor IT. Hierdie IT korporatiewe beheer raamwerk moet relevante strukture, prosesse en meganismes bevat wat IT daartoe instaat sal stel om waarde toe te voeg tot die onderneming. Dit is ook geïdentifiseer dat die IT korporatiewe beheer raamwerk die onderneming se vermoeë om sy doelstellings te bereik moet verbeter deur te verseker dat die mees gepaste besluite geneem word met betrekking tot die integrasie van IT in die bedrywighede van die onderneming. Laastens is daar geïdentifiseer dat ‘n maatskappy toepaslike tegnologie en mense moet bekom en aanwend om die bedrywighede van die onderneming te ondersteun. Om die vereiste vir die samestelling en implementering van relevante strukture, prosesse en meganismes aan te spreek, is ‘n raamwerk van 33 IT korporatiewe beheer praktyke geïdentifiseer, kruisverwys na die IT korporatiewe beheer beginsels van KINGIII en verder ontleed. Deur hierdie ontleding is die IT koporatiewe beheer praktyke wat aangewend kan word om die IT korporatiewe beheer beginsels te implementeer geïdentifiseer en bespreek. Om die vereiste aan te spreek dat die raamwerk fasiliteer dat die mees gepaste besluite geneem word met betrekking tot die integrasie van IT in die bedrywighede van die onderneming, is vyf sleutel besluite wat in verband met IT geneem moet word geïdentifiseer en bespreek. Die vyf besluite is (1) kruisverwys na die IT korporatiewe beheer beginsels van KINGIII om te demonstreer watter IT korporatiewe beheer beginsels deur elke besluit aangespreek word en (2) na die IT korporatiewe beheer strukture wat in die bogenoemde raamwerk geidentifiseer is om aan te dui watter IT korporatiewe beheer strukture gebruik kan word om insette te verskaf vir die neem van die vyf sleutel besluite en watter strukture gebruik kan word om die besluite te neem. Laastens, om die vereiste aan te spreek dat ‘n maatskappy toepaslike tegnologie en mense moet bekom en aanwend om sy bedrywighede te ondersteun, is ‘n raamwerk van organisatoriese bevoegdhede wat benodig word in klein tot medium-groote ondernemings (SME’s) geïdentifiseer en kruisverwys na (1) die KINGIII korporatiewe beheer beginsels om aan te dui watter IT korporatiewe beheer beginsels deur die relevante bevoegdhede aangespreek word en (2) na die vyf sleutel besluite wat hierbo geïdentifiseer is om aan te dui watter van die bevoegdhede aangewend kan word om elkeen van die vyf sleutel besluite te neem. Die stapsgewyse benadering tot die korporatiewe beheer van IT is gevolglik saamgestel met verwysing na die bevindinge van die navorsing wat uitgevoer is soos hierbo uiteengesit.

Study project (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The bond market is an important economic element of both developed and developing economies. The after effects of the Asian crises have prompted arguments that the existence of well-functioning domestic bond markets would have helped to mitigate the impact of shocks in the financial systems of the emerging markets both by providing an alternative source of funding to bank lending and by exposing investors rather than taxpayers to negative shocks. Comparative analyses of various emerging markets were done by using data from the IMF, IFC and various publications. Data from the developed nations, in particular the United States were used as a source of reference because corporate bond market has been used successfully in these markets. Given the limited sources of reference locally, data was sourced mainly from the Bond Exchange of South Africa publications, financial magazines and newspapers, workshop presentations and comments from various bankers, economists and fixed-income analysts. The report starts by looking at the size and growth of the market in comparison with its counterparts in the emerging markets. The reasons, facts, figures and arguments for such growth are thoroughly discussed. This study presents comprehensive macro-economic arguments on the development of the corporate bond market and the benefits they offer to corporates as an alternative source of long-term capital debt funding. The quantitative and qualitative model that assists corporates with the decision making process of whether to issue a bond to fund the capital structure is discussed. The study undertook a quantitative survey of the elements of corporate bond market in terms of coupon rates, bond pricing, risks (namely, credit rating risk and default risk) and the performance of the market, in particular the marketability, liquidity and returns. The investment strategy in the riskier part of the bond market is introduced and discussed, though limited in terms of development. The report concludes by mentioning the successes of the bond market by identifying the existing gaps in the market and the future development of the corporate bond market in South Africa, especially to attract more issuers to the net. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die lang termyn effekte mark, is "n belangrike finansierings element van beide die ontwikkelde en die ontwikkelende ekonomië. Die Asiese krises het as nagevolg gehad dat daar gefokus kon word op die moontlik versagtende invloed van "n goed gedefinieerde funksionele binnelandse effekte mark. Dit kon van die nagevolge versag het deur die daarstelling van "n alternatiewe finansierings bron en die daaropvolgende blootstelling van beleggers in die plek van die belastingbetalers. Vergelykende ontledings van verskeie ontwikkelende mark ekonomië is gedoen deur gebruikmaking van inligting verskaf deur die I.M.F. en I.F.K. asook ander publikasies. Inligting oor ontwikkelde lande in besonder die V.S.A. is gebruik as vergelykende anelise omdat die lang termyn effekte mark suksesvol bedryf word in hierdie markte. Weens die gebrekkige beskikbaarheid van binnelandse bronne i sinligting meestal vanaf die publikasies van die Lang Termyn Effekte beurs van Suid Afrika, finansiële tydskrifte, koerant publikasies, werkswinkel voorleggings asook gespekke met bankiers, ekonome en vaste koers beleggings ontleders verkry. Hierdie studie stuk, vergelyk in die eerste deel die omvang en groei van die mark in vergelyking met ander markte in ontwikkelende lande. Die verskeie groei veranderlikes asook redes en feite rakende groei word in diepte bespreek. Vergelykende makro ekonomiese bewyse vir die ontwikkeling en vestiging van "n lang termyn effekte mark, en die voordele daarvan vir Maatskappye as "n alternatiewe bron van kapitaal word in hierdie studie aangebied. Die kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe model vir gebruik deur Maatskappye om tot besluitneming te kom rakende die gebruik van effekte om kapitaal benodighede te befonds word ook bespreek. Die studie het ook "n kwantitatiewe opname ingesluit rakende die verskeie elemente van d ie effekte mark en 0 nder a ndere is daar nad ie koepon koerse, effekte prys bepaling, risiko (naamlik krediet en dishonorering), mark tendense en opbrengste, met besondere verwysing na bemarkbaarheid, likwiditeit en opbrengs. Beleggings strategie in die meer riskante deel van die lang termyn effekte mark word ook bespreek, maar dit is beperk weens die beperkte ontwikkeling daarvan. Afsluitend word verwys na verskeie sukses faktore in die effekte mark deur die indentifisering van bestaande gapings, en die toekomstige ontwikkeling van hierdie spesifieke mark in Suid Afrika. Die doelstelling om meer toetreders na die mark te lok as deelnemers deur die uitgifte van lang termyn effekte word ook benadruk.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since the advent of democracy in 1994, domestic and international expectations have steadily grown regarding the role of a new South African as a responsible and respected member of the international community. These expectations have included the hope that South Africa will playa leading role in a variety of international, regional and sub-regional forums and that the country will become an active participant in attempts to resolve various regional and international conflicts. The nature of international activities aimed at international conflict prevention, management and resolution has changed dramatically over the past decade. A radically post-Cold War security environment has seen the transformation of classical peacekeeping operations into complex, multi-dimensional conflict management activities with a political focus in which the military is but one of many participants. Whilst South Africa has, as a member of bodies such as the United Nations, the Organisation of African Unity, the African Union and the Southern African Development Community, begun to play an active role in diplomatic resolution initiatives, the country is also expected to contribute to wider multi-national peace missions. Contemporary peace missions are fundamentally political initiatives, despite the complex mixture of political, humanitarian and military concerns and means. South Africa must therefore make a careful appraisal of the political and strategic environment within which peace missions are to be launched and the principles governing South African participation in such efforts. A clear understanding is required of the type of mandate, which governs peace missions in order to facilitate a detailed articulation of acceptable entry and exit criteria and to determine the scope, level and type of resources that South Africa is willing to commit to future peace missions. This will provide a clear indication to the international community and the regional and sub-regional partners of South Africa's stance on participation in peace operations. South Africa has limited but valuable resources to offer the international community for the conduct of peace missions. These include civilians with a diverse range of skills and experience appropriate to peace processes, professional and experienced police officers and well trained and disciplined military capacity. If these resources are to be utilised by the international community in the cause of peace, their approximate nature and size must be defined through an appropriate readiness system for each component. On the other hand, a number of key conditions must be met before these potential resources are deployed in support of a particular peace mission. Some of the responsibility for meeting these conditions lies at the level of the international community - such as the formulation of a clear and realistic mandate. On the other hand, it is a national obligation to support and budget for such participation. After an assessment of the South African National Defence Force, operation BOLEAS in Lesotho, a clearly articulated Aide de Memoire is recommended as a model for Peace Support Operations, which will cover all aspects in relation to South African National Defence (SANDF) participation in peace initiatives. This Aide De Memoire aim to set conditions that should be met before any peacekeeping operation can be implemented. It will provide clarity on matters relating to the scope of South African peace missions; the question of mandates, joint task organisation and legal responsibilities. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert die aanvang van demokrasie in 1994 was daar 'n stelselmatige groei in eie en internasionale verwagtinge oor die rol van 'n nuwe Suid-Afrika as verantwoordelike en gerespekteerde lid van die internasionale gemeenskap. Hierdie verwagtinge het die hoop ingesluit dat Suid-Afrika "n leidende rol sou speel in 'n verskeidenheid van internasionale, streek en sub-streek forums en dat die land 'n aktiewe rolspeler sal word in pogings om oplossings te vind vir verskeie streeks- en internasionale konflikte. Die aard van internasionale bedrywighede, wat gemik was op die voorkoming van internasionale konflik, bestuur en besluitneming, het oor die laaste dekade drasties verander. 'n Radikale post-koue oorlogse sekerheidsomgewing het die transformasie beleef vanaf klassieke vredesoperasies na komplekse, multi-dimensionele konflikhanteringsaktiwiteite met 'n politieke fokus waarin die militêre arm van die staat maar een van baie deelnemers is. Terwyl Suid-Afrika, as lid van organisasies soos die Verenigde Nasies, die Organisasie van Afrika Eenheid en die Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap, 'n meer aktiewe rol begin speel het in diplomatieke besluitnemingsinisiatiewe, word daar ook van die land verwag om 'n bydrae te lewer by groter multi-nasionale vredesendings. Kontemporêre vredesendings is in beginsel politieke inisiatiewe, ten spyte van die komplekse mengsel van politieke, humanitêre en militêre belange en middele. Suid- Afrika is dus verplig om 'n versigtige beoordeling te maak van die politieke en strategiese omgewing waarin vredesoperasies hul afspeel, asook die beginsels wat Suid-Afrikaanse deelname aan hierdie pogings vereis. 'n Juiste begrip van die tipe mandaat wat vredesendings beheer, word vereis sodat 'n gedetailleerde uitspraak van aanvaarbare toetree- en uittreemaatstawwe vergemaklik kan word. Ook die bestek, vlak en tipe van hulpbronne waartoe Suid-Afrika bereid is om homself in die toekoms te verbind moet bepaal word. Dit sal 'n duidelike aanduiding vir die internasionale gemeenskap, streek en substreekvennote gee van wat Suid-Afrika se standpunt ten opsigte van deelname aan vredesoperasies is. Suid-Afrika het beperkte maar waardevolle hulpbronne wat aan die internasionale gemeenskap gebied kan word vir die uitvoering van vredesendings. Dit sluit in: burgerlikes met 'n verskeidenheid van vaardighede en ondervinding wat geskik is vir vredesprosesse; ervare en professionele beleidmakers, asook goed opgeleide en gedissiplineerde militêre vermoëns. Indien hierdie bronne deur die internasionale gemeenskap in die bevordering van vrede aangewend sou word, moet die beraamde aard en omvang daarvan vasgestel word met behulp van 'n toepaslike gereedheidstelsel vir elke komponent. Aan die ander kant moet 'n aantal sleutelvereistes nagekom word voordat hierdie potensiële hulpbronne as steun vir 'n spesifieke vredesending ontplooi word. Sekere verantwoordelikhede om by die beginsels te hou, berus op die vlak van die internasionale gemeenskap - soos die formulering van 'n duidelike en realistiese mandaat. Dit is egter 'n nasionale verantwoordelikheid om vir so 'n deelname te begroot en dit te ondersteun. Na die beoordeling van OPERASIE BOLEAS deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Weermag, stel die navorsing 'n duidelik geartikuleerde Aide de Memoire vir Vredesteunoperasies voor wat alle aspekte in verband met die Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag se deelname aan vredesinisiatiewe sal insluit. Hierdie Aide de Memoire beoog om voorwaardes te stel wat nagekom moet word voordat enige vredesoperasies geïmplimenteer kan word. Dit sal duidelikheid verskaf oor aangeleenthede rakende die bestek van Suid-Afrikaanse vredesendings; die kwessie van mandate; gesamentlike taakorganisasie en regsverantwoordelikhede.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Western Cape Province experiences a shortage of funds, which results in provincial departments, such as the Western Cape EducationDepartment (WCED), not being able to fulfil all its needs. Alternative methods of funding have to be found to supplement the traditional tax-based funding by the State. The Provincial Administration: Western Cape (PAWC) owns immovable properties which are not fully utilised or managed cost-effectively. Properties, if managed entrepreneurially, offer the advantage of an income to the PAWC, and the WCED in particular. This study investigates the possibility of entrepreneurial property management in the public sector. Literature has been studied in order to establish what property management is about, what public management and entrepreneurial public management entail, and the characteristics that organisations should have to manage themselves innovatively. The present property management system in the PAWC and the WCED was examined and problems regarding the system highlighted. Guidelines for entrepreneurial property management were then drawn from the literature. With a view to ensuring the optimal management and use of property and a comprehensive service to clients, an organisational structure model was developed and illustrated schematically. The existing public management system was evaluated and found to be unsatisfactory measured against the guidelines and model for entrepreneurial public management. Recommendations were made for changing and renewing the organisational structure and management style of the PAWC and WCED. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Wes-Kaap Provinsie ondervind 'n tekort aan fondse, wat meebring dat provinsiale departemente, soos die Wes-Kaap Onderwysdepartement (WKOD), nie in al hul behoeftes kan voorsien nie. Alternatiewe befondsingsmetodes moet ondersoek word ten einde die staat se tradisionele belastinggebaseerde inkomste aan te vul. Die Provinsiale Administrasie:Wes-Kaap (PAWK) besit vaste eiendomme wat nie optimaal benut of koste effektief bestuur word nie. Indien eiendomme ondernemend bestuur kan word, is dit moontik dat dit 'n bron van inkomste kan word vir die PAWK en die WKOD in die besonder. Hierdie studie ondersoek die moontlikheid van ondernemende eiendomsbestuur in die openbare sektor. Literatuur is bestudeer om vas te stel wat onder eiendomsbestuur verstaan word, wat onder openbare bestuur en ondernemende openbare bestuur verstaan word, en watter eienskappe openbare organisasies moet openbaar om ondernemend bestuur te word. Die eiendomsbestuurstelsel in die PAWK en die WKOD is beskryf en die probleme in die stelsel belig. Riglyne vir ondernemende openbare eiendomsbestuur is uit die literatuur afgelei. 'n Organisasiestruktuurmodel, gerig op die maksimale bestuur en benutting van eiendomme en 'n omvattende diens aan kliênte, is ontwikkel en skematies voorgestel. Die bestaande eiendomsbestuurstelselis geëvalueer en daar is bevind dat dit nie aan die vereistes van die voorgestelde riglyne en model vir ondernemende openbare bestuur voldoen nie. Aanbevelings is gemaak vir vernuwing in die PAWK en die WKOD se organisasiestruktuur en bestuursbenadering.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbsoch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa's construction industry is emerging from decades of decline into a period of significant growth and opportunity. The industry will need to double its output over the next ten years in order to cope with the infrastructure and housing demands placed on it. The construction industry is also a national asset and South Africa's economic growth depends on the physical infrastructure that is delivered by this industry. This growth trajectory holds out significant opportunity for employment and training to a community that largely suffers from poverty, unemployment and lack of education. This opportunity will only be realised if the role-players in the industry collectively understand and address the challenges of meaningful and sustainable industry growth and efficiency. The study proceeds with a critical look at issues in the construction industry, to identify the industry's inhibiting factors to delivery and to highlight issues contributing to these factors. A SWOT analysis assists in highlighting internal and external characteristics that can be turned into possible solutions. Based on this analysis, action guidelines are identified. Subsequent chapters investigate possible solutions through project management techniques. The first area of research evolves around labour resource management and finds that thoroughly researched resource planning models could provide predictions regarding shortages and performances, and could also assist in the more accurate planning of skills requirements in the design phase of a project. The advantages of multi-skilling can also be beneficial to efforts to overcome current shortages and train a wider base of new entrants. In order to address low production of workers in the industry, morale-boosting investments are suggested that can yield high returns in the form of improved individual performance, higher job-site productivity, as well as cost and time savings to the project. There is strong evidence that a lack of project team integration is a major constraint to its efficient functioning and, inevitably, successful project delivery. Solutions in the next chapter focus on integration strategies to integrate design and construction in a common goal of delivery methods, to streamline workflow and to find synergy in the efforts of team members. The process of benchmarking encourages participation and clear communication of goals and expectations to all project participants. Process mapping assists in understanding how value is added to projects and mapping of business processes identifies how the project meets its customer's requirements. The third section looks at tools and techniques to promote a more economical construction process through improved management initiatives. Lean construction methods are based on traditional manufacturing concepts, but focuses on minimising waste and inventory and streamlining the flow of resources and information. Another technique is the key emphasis on quality assurance and the advancement through all the processes of innovation that needs to be part of an organisation or project strategy. Knowledge management as a further tool and support measure is complex and challenging in the organisational framework of construction projects. Much of the knowledge gained on projects is lost to future projects. All of the project management tools described in this study will benefit greatly from improved knowledge management. The study identifies some applicable tools and techniques that can be implemented to address critical issues of delivery in the construction industry. The continuous effort and commitment required for successful implementation of these measures will ultimately however depend on change agents and management buy-in that goes with organisation renewal. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die konstruksiebedryf in Suid-Afrika beweeg, na dekades van verval, na 'n tydperk van betekenisvolle groei en geleenthede. Die bedryf sal in die volgende tien jaar moet verdubbel om tred te hou met die eise wat gestel gaan word deur die behoefte aan infrastruktuur en behuising. Die konstruksiebedryf is ook 'n nasionale bate en die ekonomiese groei van Suid-Afrika is afhanklik van die fisiese infrastruktuur wat deur die bedryf gelewer word. Hierdie groeitrajek bied betekenisvolle geleenthede vir werkskepping en opleiding aan 'n gemeenskap wat gebuk gaan onder armoede, werkloosheid en gebrek aan onderwys. Hierdie geleenthede sal slegs realiseer as al die rolspelers in die bedryf begryp wat die uitdagings behels en die geleenthede van volgehoue groei en doeltreffendheid aanspreek. Hierdie studie gaan verder met 'n kritiese benadering tot die strydvrae in die konstruksiebedryf en om die beperkende faktore te identifiseer en die aangeleenthede uit te lig. 'n SWOT ontleding is 'n hulpmiddel om die interne en eksterne karaktertrekke, wat tot oplossings kan lei, saam te voeg. Uit hierdie ontleding kan riglyne vir aksie bepaal word en moontlike oplossings in spesifieke areas van navorsing gevind word. Opvolgende hoofstukke sal moontlike oplossings in tegnieke van projekbestuur ondersoek. Die eerste navorsingsgebied ontvou rondom die bestuur van die arbeidsbron. Die bevinding is dat deeglik nagevorsde modelle van beplanning vooruitskattings lewer ten opsigte van leweringstekorte. Dit bring beter beplanning van vaardigheidsbehoeftes in die beplanningsfase van die projek mee. Die voordele van meervoudige vaardighede kan ook voordelig wees in pogings om die huidige tekort te oorbrug en lei 'n breër spektrum van toetreders op. Ten einde die lae produksie van werkers in die industrie aan te spreek, word die uitbou van moraal voorgestel. Dit lewer hoër opbrengste in die vorm van verbeterde individuele prestasie, hoër produktiwiteit in die werkplek, sowel as algehele koste- en tydsbesparings. Daar bestaan sterk aanduidings dat die gebrek aan interpretasie van projekspanne 'n belangrike beperking op die effektiewe werking en die suksesvolle aflewering van 'n projek het. Oplossings in die volgende hoofstuk fokus op die integrasie van strategiee om ontwerp en konstruksie in die gesamentlike mikpunt van leweringsfunksies te integreer, om die werksvloei te verfyn en sinergie in die pogings van spanlede te vind. Die proses van doelstellingsbestuur verhoog deelname. Dit verskaf duidelike mikpunte en lig verwagtinge aan deelnemers uit. Proses-kartering help mee in die proses om waarde toevoeging tot projekte te begryp. Die kartering van sakeprosesse dui aan hoe projekte die behoeftes van kliënte bevredig. Die derde afdeling plaas die blik op tegnieke om tegniese vaardigheid te bevorder deur meer ekonomiese samestelling en verbeterde bestuursinisiatiewe. Skraalkonstruksie ("lean construction") is gegrondves op tradisionele vervaardigingskonsepte. Dit fokus op minimalisering van vermorsing en stroombelyning van voorraadbestuur sowel as die vloei van hulpbronne en inligting. 'n Ander tegniek is die versekering van kwaliteit en vooruitgang deur die genoemde proses van innovering wat deel moet wees van 'n organisasie of projek se strategie. Kennisbestuur is 'n verdere ondersteuningsmeganisme. Dit is kompleks en uitdagend in die organisatoriese raamwerk van konstruksie projekte. Baie kennis, wat deur projekte verwerf word, gaan verlore vir projekte van die toekoms. Alle hulpmiddels vir projekbestuur wat in hierdie studie beskryf word kan aansienlik baat vind deur verbeterde kennisbestuur. Hierdie studie identifiseer sekere hulpmiddels wat toegepas kan word. Dit spreek ook kritieke strydvrae oor lewering in die konstruksiebedryf aan. Die voortdurende inspanning en toewyding benodig vir die suksesvolle aanwending van hierdie maatreëls vereis voortdurende deelname en onderskrywing van die topbestuur van organisasies.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the collapse of large multi-national companies such as Enron early in the new millennium, the focus on corporate governance increased due to stakeholders and shareholders alike demanding more protection of their interests. Countries across the world developed codes and acts such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the USA, in order to establish some form of enforceable governance on publicly listed companies. In South Africa likewise the King II report on corporate governance was published in 2002. Corporate governance provides protection to stakeholders, internal and external, by focusing on the accuracy and transparency of the information published by companies, reporting the financial well-being of the company by providing projected cash flows, the responsibility and accountability of executives towards stakeholders, and also on the management of risk. Projects and project management play a major role in most companies and can have a significant effect on its cash flow, risk and reporting, and therefore corporate governance can have a marked impact on how projects could, or should be managed. This can be seen as project governance, a subset of the overall governance strategy of the company. To date not much research has been done on how governance influences projects and what is to be considered 'good project governance'. Apart from some smaller project management consulting firms, the Association for Project Management (APM) in the UK is the only one to have done some work of real importance in this area with the establishment of their 11 principles for effective project governance. In this research report the focus is on how projects are influenced by corporate governance by analysing aspects such as planning, reporting, risk management and project audits. The benefits which good project governance hold for a company, besides the protection of its stakeholder's interests, is also examined. Lastly guidelines are established for effective project governance by studying existing models, such as that created by the APM, as well as the King II report on corporate governance to try and make it more relevant to conditions in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die ineenstorting van groot multinasionale instellings soos Enron vroeg in die nuwe eeu, is daar toenemend gefokus op korporatiewe beheer, omdat beide belanghebbers en aandeelhouers aangedring het op groter beskerming van hul belange. Lande wereldwyd het kodes en wette ontwikkel. soos die Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) in die VSA, ten einde een of ander vorm van afdwingbare beheer op openbaargenoteerde maatskappye daar te stel. In Suid-Afrika ingelyks is die King II verslag oor korporatiewe beheer in 2002 gepubliseer. Korporatiewe beheer verleen beskerming aan belanghebbers, intern sowel as ekstern, deur te fokus op akkurate en deursigtige inligting wat maatskappye bekend maak, verslae oor die finansiele welstand van maatskappye deur middel van geprojekteerde kontantvloei, verantwoordelikheid en aanspreeklikheid van uitvoerende beamptes teenoor belanghebbers, asook duidelikheid oor risikobestuur. Projekte en projekbestuur speel 'n belangrike rol in die oorgrote meerderheid maatskappye en kan 'n beduidende uitwerking he op kontantvloei, risiko en verslagdoening. Juis weens hierdie oorwegings kan korporatiewe beheer 'n aanmerklike impak he op die wyse waarop projekte bestuur, of behoort bestuur te word. Dit kan beskou word as projekbeheer, 'n onderafdeling van die oorkoepelende beheerstrategie van 'n maatskappy. Min navorsing is nog gedoen oor die invloed van beheer op projekte, asook wat beskou kan word as 'goeie projekbeheer'. Afgesien van enkele kleiner projekbeheer konsultantmaatskappye, is die Association for Project Management (APM) in Brittanje die enigste wat werklik substantiewe leiding op hierdie terrein gebied het, soos blyk uit hul ontwikkeling van 11 beginsels vir doeltreffende projekbeheer. In hierdie navorsingsverslag word gefokus op hoe projekte beinvloed word deur korporatiewe beheer, deur kwessies soos beplanning, veslagdoening, risikobestuur en projekouditte te analiseer. Voordele wat goeie projekbeheer vir 'n maatskappy inhou, naas beskerming van belanghebbers se belange, word eweneens ondersoek. Enkele riglyne word laastens ontwikkel vir doeltreffende projekbeheer, deur bestaande modelle te bestudeer, soos die van APM en die King II verslag oor korporatiewe beheer, om dit meer relevant te maak vir Suid-Afrikaanse toestande.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Brandes Institute and Global Wealth Allocation developed a measure of concentration to investigate whether more concentrated portfolios will give better returns. The Concentration Coefficient of a portfolio is defined as the inverse of the sum of the squares of the weights of the different shares within a given portfolio. As such it describes the concentration of the portfolio as if the investor invested in a number of equally weighted shares. Using the Concentration Coefficient the Brandes Institute investigated the relationship between a number of portfolio characteristics and portfolio concentration for a number of portfolios in the United States market. This study firstly looks at the literature available on portfolio concentration. To this end it discusses a number of different measures of portfolio concentration, and give the pros and cons of each. The author then attempts to recreate the study that was done by the Brandes Institute for the South African Market. The analysis shows that there are some similarities in behaviour between the South African and United States markets, even though the South African market is much smaller. The findings of the above analysis concurs with that of the Brandes Institute, in that there does not seem to be a significant relationship between return and portfolio concentration. The author further investigates how concentration would have impacted returns, had each portfolio manager used his chosen strategy, but only in a more concentrated fashion. In order to do this the return of the actual portfolio was calculated and compared with the return from an idealized portfolio. TIlls idealized portfolio was taken as consisting only of the top ten equity investments in which the portfolio manager invested for the gi yen period. Again the result showed no significant relationship between the perfonnance of the portfolio and portfolio concentration. The inruitive result thus holds, in that increased portfolio concentration does not necessarily lead to higher returns, but that it does lead to more volatility in perfonnance. In conclusion the author makes a number of recommendations for future research that will contribute to the understanding of the effect of portfolio concentration. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Brandes lnstituut en Global Wealth Allocation het 'n maatstaf van konsentrasie ontwikkel om te bepaal ofmeer gekonsentreerde fondse beter opbrengste sal1ewer. Die Konsentrasie Koeffisient van 'n fonds word gedefinieer as die invers van die sam van die kwadrate van die gewigte van die verskillende aandele in die fonds. Dil beskryf dus die konsentrasie van 'n fonds asaf die beJegger in 'n aantal ewewigte aandele bele het. Die Brandes lnstituut het die Konsentrasie Koeffisient gebruik om die onderlinge verband tussen 'n aanta! fonds eienskappe en die konsentrasie van fondse in die markle van die Verenigde State van Amerika te ondersoek. Hierdie ondersoek deen eerstens 'n literatuur studie oor fonds konsentrasie. Die verskillende maatstawwe van fonds konsentrasie word bespreek, en rue voor- en nadele van elk word gegee. Die skrywer poog verder om die studie soos gedoen deur die Brandes Instituut te dupliseer vir die Suid Afrikaanse mark. Die analise toon dat alhoewel die Suid Afrikaanse mark heeJwat kleiner is as die van die Verenigde State van Amerika. daar tog duidelike ooreenkomste in die resultate is. Die bevindinge van die bogenoemde analise stroak met die resultate verkry deur die Brandes lnstituut, aangesien daar geen duidelike verb and tussen ophrengs en fonds konsentrasie blyk te wees nie. Die skrywer ondersoek verder hoe konsentrasie opbrengs sou be'invloed het indien elke fonds bestuurder sy gekose strategie gevolg het, maar net meer gekonsentreerd. Ten einde dit te doeo word die oprengs van die werklike fonds vergeJyk met die opbrengs van 'n geYdialiseerde fonds. Die geYdialiseerde fonds bestaan slegs uit die top tien ekwiteit aandele waarin die fonds bestuurder in die betrokke periode bele het. Weereens toon die reultate geen noemenswaardige verband tussen opbrengs en fonds konsentrasie nie. Die intuitiewe resultaat geld dus steeds, aangesien verhoogde fonds konsentrasie nie noodwendig tot beter opbrengste lei rue, maar dat dit wei hoer volatiliteit tot gevolg het. Ten slotte maak die skrywer 'n aantal aanbevelings vir verdere navorsing wat sal bydrae tot die begrip van die invloed van fonds konsentrasie.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Throughout the years, organisations were known for only reporting on their financial position, but due to stakeholders becoming more informed about the sustainability crisis, organisations realised the importance of moving away from only reporting on financial information and are now also including information about the impact of their activities on the society and environment in which they operate in sustainability reports. King II stipulated that organisations should produce a sustainability report during their reporting period, while King III recommends integrated reporting. Integrated reporting suggests that both the annual and sustainability report should be published at the same time. As a result, King III places a lot of emphasis on the alignment risk, performance, strategy and sustainability. This allows the integrated report to supply all stakeholders with forward looking information, as well as strategic direction. The purpose for this research is to evaluate the extent to which organisation in the banking industry disclose information about their strategy. Information were gathered and analysed to determine where aspects of strategy are disclosed at an above average to excellent level or whether strategy disclosure were lacking or below average. This study specifically focussed on information disclosed in the 2010 annual and sustainability reports of organisations in the banking industry such as Absa, Investec, Nedbank, Standard Bank and FirstRand. The study concluded that the level of disclosure for strategic information in annual and sustainability reports for organisations in the banking industry, is average at 53 percent.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Asset Administration Industry is managed as a back office entity with limited tools to assess operational performance. There is no industry index for performance or platform for collaborative learning. In order to manage the operational efficiency the old cliché of "what gets measured gets managed" applies. Benchmarking is a proven management tool that is used to establish measures of operational performance relative to an industry benchmark. Benchmarking is a systematic and continuous measurement process that assists a company in determining its relative performance and shows up the factors that influence performance. The theory of benchmarking is a dynamic field and various types of benchmarking evolved. In spite of its noted benefits the popularity of benchmarking has lead to sub-standard benchmarking exercise, giving it "management fad" status. It is therefore imperative that any benchmarking study be well planned and focused. The selection of the appropriate benchmarking type is important. A data benchmarking exercise was chosen as a pilot study to introduce the concept to participants in a simplistic non-threatening format that could serve as a platform for future benchmarking studies. A five-step benchmarking process model was followed, consisting of: 1. Determine what to benchmark 2. Form a benchmarking team 3. Identify benchmarking partners 4. Collect and analyse benchmarking information 5. Take action Application of benchmarking theory to the asset Administration Industry led to the development of specific performance indicators from a process and financial perspective as well as a learning and growth perspective. Due to the sensitivity of the information the benchmarking report was customised for each participant, reflecting only industry average measures (the benchmark) and the particular company measurement. In conclusion the pilot study has proven to generate robust measures useful to the management of the Asset Administration function by determining relative performance. The benchmarking exercise has also been successful in introducing the concept of shared learning and a platform for future benchmarking studies. Despite these positive outcomes the real benefits of a process benchmarking exercise has not been explored and could generate tremendous benefit for the effective operation of Asset Administration. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Administrasie van Batebestuur Industrie word bestuur as 'n agterkantoor funksie met beperkte hulpmiddels om operasionele werkverrigting te bepaal. Daar bestaan geen industrie indeks vir werkverrigting asook geen basis vir samewerking nie. Die ou gesegde dat "wat gemeet word, word bestuur" is hier van toepassing. Hoogtemerking (benchmarking) is 'n bewese bestuursmiddel wat gebruik word om operasionele werkverrigting relatief tot die industrie te bepaal. Hoogtemerking is 'n sistematiese en voortdurende proses van meting wat 'n maatskappy help om hul relatiewe werksverrigting te bepaal sowel as om die faktore wat bydra tot werkverrigting uit te lig. Die teorie van hoogtemerking is dinamies en verskeie tipes hoogtemerking het reeds ontstaan. Ten spyte van bewese voordele het die populariteit van hoogtemerking gelei tot sub-standaard hoogtemerking oefeninge waardeur dit die reputasie van 'n bestuursfoefie gekry het. Dit is daarom belangrik dat enige hoogtemerking studie goed beplan word en gefokus is. Die keuse van die gepaste hoogtemerking tipe is belangrik. Ten einde die konsep van hoogtemerking bekend te stel en 'n basis te skep vir toekomstige hoogtemerking is besluit om 'n eenvoudige proefprojek te loods. Die hoogtemerking proses bestaan uit vyf stappe, nl: 1. Bepaal die basis van die hoogtemerk. 2. Stel 'n hoogtemerking span saam. 3. Identifiseer hoogtemerking vennote. 4. Vesamel en analiseer hoogtemerking informasie. 5. Neem aksie. Die toepassing van hoogtemerking teorie tot die Batebestuur Administrasieindustrie het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van spesifieke werkverrigting aanwysers vanuit 'n proses en finansiële perspektief aan die een kant, en 'n leer en groei perspektief aan die ander kant. As gevolg van die sensitiewe aard van die informasie is die hoogtemerking verslag volgens maat voorberei vir elke deelnemende maatskappy. Hierdie veslag reflekteer net die maatskappy se spesifieke hoogtemerk in verhouding tot die industrie gemiddelde. Ter afsluiting het die proefprojek daarin geslaag om robuuste data oor relatiewe werkverrigting te genereer wat gebruik kan word in die bestuur van Batebestuursadministrasie. Die hoogtemerking oefening het ook daarin geslaag om die konsep van gemeenskaplike leersaamheid oor te dra en 'n basis te skep vir toekomstige hoogtemerking studies. Ten spyte van al die positiewe gevolge is die werklike waarde van proses hoogtemerking nog nie ontgin nie en mag dit geweldige voordele ontsluit vir die effektiewe werking van Batebestuurs-administrasie.