Esta pesquisa elege o materialismo histórico e dialético como método de análise das mudanças sofridas pelas relações de trabalho ao longo de determinado período da história do trabalho no Brasil, procurando problematizar e desnaturalizar os conceitos de contrato de trabalho, sujeito de direito, relação e subordinação jurídicas, e realizando uma crítica à doutrina juspositivista. Articula conceitos marxianos, marxistas e jurídicos, em razão da interdisciplinaridade do direito e da história, para compreender o fenômeno jurídico-trabalhista. Recorre aos conceitos de valor de uso e de troca, de formações econômicas pré-capitalistas, de modos de produção e de relações de produção para compreender a forma jurídica na sociedade capitalista brasileira em formação. / This research elects the historical and dialectical materialism as method of analysis of changes in labor relations over a given period of Brazil\'s labor history, trying to question and denaturalize the concepts of employment contract, subject of law, legal relation and subordination, and performing a critique of juspositivistic doctrine. The author articulates Marxian, Marxist and legal concepts, due to the interdisciplinary nature of Law and History, to understand the legal and labor phenomenon. The author also resorts to the concepts of use and exchange values, pre-capitalist economic formations, production modes and production relations, to understand the legal form in the Brazilian capitalist society in formation.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-26T14:18:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1767169 bytes, checksum: 9ffebaa06a532cc9b9adbc120420a958 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-26T14:18:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1767169 bytes, checksum: 9ffebaa06a532cc9b9adbc120420a958 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The specificity of the legal phenomenon is a lasting debate in the field of legal philosophy. In his materialist theory of law, Pashukanis found the specificity of law in the realm of social relations. The legal form, Pashukanis argues, is the form of a specific social relation: it developed directly out of the exchange of commodities in the capitalist market place. Thus, the legal form is an inherently bourgeois phenomenon. In a society in which social relations appear as an endless chain of legal relations, the legal subject is a fundamental element, as it is a necessary abstraction for the grasping of law as a concrete totality. Kelsen gives precedence to the legal norm as the element able to make a relation into a legal relation, as he conceives law as a coercive order: this, for Kelsen, is the specificity of the legal phenomenon. With a legal science that disregards the historical determinations of its object, Kelsen – the most notable among neo-Kantian legal philosophers – has reached the complete split between “is” and “ought”, separating normativity from reality, and thus law from social life. Insofar as Kelsen’s pure theory of law represents the most complete theoretical expression of an autonomised modern law, apprehended by its superficial movement, the dialogue with the Marxist critique of law by Pachukanis is a prolific field of reflections on the complexity and the contradictions of the legal phenomenon. This dissertation is an attempt to revive the theoretical contribution by Pashukanis by following his critique of Kelsen's legal science. To do this, we are going to use mainly Pashukanis’ and Kelsen’s main work, respectively: The general theory of law and Marxism, 1924; and Pure the of law, in its second German edition, 1960. Also, the criticisms directed to one another, regarding the core of their legal theories, will constitute a primary source for this research. / A questão da especificidade do fenômeno jurídico é um lugar persistente nos debates jusfilosóficos. Pachukanis, em sua teoria materialista do direito, logrou encontrá-la na arena das relações sociais, considerando o direito como relação social específica vinculada à sociabilidade capitalista: a relação de troca mercantil sendo aquela relação que se expressa, especificamente, sob a forma jurídica. Assim, em uma sociedade que se apresenta como um cadeia de relações jurídicas, o sujeito de direito figura como elemento fundamental, sendo uma mediação imprescindível para a apreensão do direito como totalidade concreta. Em Kelsen há a primazia da norma como elemento capaz de dotar de juridicidade uma relação, na medida em que este concebe o direito como ordenamento coercitivo externo, residindo aí a sua especificidade. Com uma ciência do direito que despreza as determinações históricas do seu objeto, Kelsen – o mais notável entre os filósofos do direito neokantianos – chegou à completa cisão entre ser e dever-ser, apartando normatividade e realidade, e assim direito e vida social. Na medida em que a teoria pura do direito kelseniana representa a mais acabada expressão teórica do direito moderno autonomizado e apreendido a partir do seu movimento superficial, o diálogo com a crítica marxista do direito de Pachukanis se mostra um campo profícuo de reflexões acerca da complexidade e das contradições do fenômeno jurídico. Nesta dissertação, pretende-se a retomada da contribuição teórica de Pachukanis guiada pela crítica deste ao pensamento jurídico de Kelsen. Isto será feito, sobretudo, a partir da obra principal de cada autor: Teoria geral do direito e marxismo, de 1924; e Teoria pura do direito, em sua segunda edição alemã, de 1960. As críticas reciprocamente direcionadas entre Kelsen e Pachukanis, atinentes ao cerne de suas teorias, também constituirão uma fonte primária desta pesquisa.

Submitted by Murilo Oliveira (murilaum@gmail.com) on 2018-03-01T18:46:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIVEIRA, M - TESE_VERSÃO_FINAL.pdf: 1798416 bytes, checksum: 11a7d41eb1cc82243837b512571a3510 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora da Silva Lopes (silopes@ufba.br) on 2018-03-01T20:15:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIVEIRA, M - TESE_VERSÃO_FINAL.pdf: 1798416 bytes, checksum: 11a7d41eb1cc82243837b512571a3510 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-01T20:15:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIVEIRA, M - TESE_VERSÃO_FINAL.pdf: 1798416 bytes, checksum: 11a7d41eb1cc82243837b512571a3510 (MD5) / Alterações significativas no que diz respeito ao trato com o conhecimento esporte requerem uma alteração significativa em sua concepção. Radicalizamos o debate partindo de uma concepção de esporte contra-hegemônica (prática social) que se expressa por dentro da contradição agonístico/lúdico. Esta concepção nos permitiu vislumbrar possibilidades de seleção, organização, sistematização e periodização do conhecimento esporte que atendam ao objetivo de contribuir no processo de humanização e no desenvolvimento do pensamento teórico dos alunos, alinhando- se, em última instancia a uma concepção de educação, de homem, de sociedade e de mundo revolucionária. Pelo debate com a proposição de trato com o conhecimento conforme esta é apresentada pelo Coletivo de Autores, discussões com a Psicologia Histórico-Cultural e a Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica, chegamos aos três eixos que regulam a atividade esportiva e aprofundamos os princípios curriculares para o trato com o conhecimento em sua relação com o esporte. A partir destas formulações tecemos considerações acerca dos ciclos de escolarização no trato com o conhecimento desta manifestação da cultura corporal. Concluímos com a observação da contradição que se apresenta quando se procura trabalhar pedagogicamente o esporte permanecendo-se circunscrito às concepções naturalizantes, biologizantes, dicotômicas e fragmentarias do fenômeno, o que dificulta sobremaneira o trato com o conhecimento esporte como um elemento que possa vir a contribuir no processo de humanização e no desenvolvimento do pensamento teórico dos alunos. Pautado no materialismo histórico-dialético, este estudo se soma aos que procuram contribuir na luta pela superação do capitalismo como modo de produção da vida, e na superação do esporte enquanto elemento utilizado ou para os fins da seletividade rígida, da competição extrema e da regulamentação inflexível, ou seja, o esporte quando abordado a partir de sua expressão de alto rendimento, fundamentado em marcos biologizantes, que atende a necessidades do capital; ou então do esporte simplesmente visto como um meio para outros fins, ou seja, como algo que não possui um conteúdo próprio que deve ser aos homens ensinado, mas que antes serve como um instrumento para que se veicule outros conteúdos. / ABSTRACT Significant changes with regard to dealing with sports knowledge require a significant change in their conception. We radicalize the debate based on a conception of counter-hegemonic sport (social practice) that expresses itself within the agonistic / ludic contradiction. This conception has allowed us to glimpse possibilities of selection, organization, systematization and periodization of sports knowledge that meet the objective of contributing to the process of humanization and the development of students' theoretical thinking, ultimately aligning themselves with a revolutionary conception of education, man, society and world. Through the debate with the proposal of knowledge treatment as it is presented by the Collective of Authors and discussions with Historical-Cultural Psychology and Historical-Critical Pedagogy, we reach the three poles that regulate the sport activity and deepened the curricular principles for the knowledge treatment in its relation with sport. From these formulations we make considerations about schooling cycles in dealing with the knowledge of this manifestation of body culture. We conclude with the observation of the contradiction that presents itself when one tries to work pedagogically the sport remaining circumscribed to the naturalizing, biologizing, dichotomic and fragmentary conceptions of the phenomenon, which makes it extremely difficult to deal with sport knowledge as an element that may contribute in the process of humanization and in the development of students' theoretical thinking. Based on historical-dialectical materialism, this study joins those who seek to contribute to the struggle to overcome capitalism as a way of producing life, and to overcome sport as an element used or for the purposes of rigid selectivity, extreme competition and inflexible regulations, that is, the sport when approached from its expression of high performance, based on biological landmarks, which meets the needs of capital; or of sport simply seen as a means to other ends, that is, as something that does not have a content of its own that should be taught to men, but rather serves as an instrument for the propagation of other contents.

Uppsatsen undersöker spelgrafik i Cyberpunk 2077, mot bakgrund av händelserna kring spelets offentliggörande – som väckte stort raseri och missnöje från inte bara spelarna själva, utan även aktieägare och spelrecensenter. Utgångspunkten i analysen är etablerandet av en diskursiv läsning inom en kvalitativ visuell analys av ett urval bilder som visar hur människor i spelet manipuleras till att köpa produkter som är skadliga för dem. Hur bilderna visar just detta – etableras i en andra, djupare läsning utifrån ett antal marxistiska positioner som alla har gemensamt att de beskriver processer relevanta för Karl Marx’ tankar om alienation och förfrämligande.Resultatet diskuteras sedan i relation till hur verkliga film-, spel-, data- och storföretag säljer produkter genom att paketera dem inuti berättelser om klasskamp, civilt uppror eller arbetarkultur. Sambandet mellan CD Projekt Red’s inbladning i fiktiv och verklig kapitalism, utgör det viktigaste resultatet och den röda tråden för arbetet. Huvudsakligen gestaltar sambandet sig genom upprättandet av en varufetischism och kommodifiering i fråga om hur de gestaltar- och kommunicerar till sina egna konsumenter. Jag diskuterar sedan riskerna med dataspel som tillämpning för en marxistisk kritik, då den interaktiva komponenten i spelandet förutsätter människan som en del av produkten / The essay surveys relevant game art inside Cyberpunk 2077, in the light of the recent and heavily criticized product launch. The study starts out with establishing a discourse reading through qualitative visual samples of how costumers are manipulated to buy hazardous products inside the fictive context of the game. The examples of how this manipulation takes place, are shown by applying pre-described Marxist positions that are generally connected to Marx phases of alienation (see keywords below).The results are then discussed in relation to how real movie-, game-, computer- and other big business markets products through appropriation of stories and themes such as class struggle, civil obedience or working-class culture. Establishing the comparison between the fictive and existing capitalism of CD Projekt Red is the main thesis that is followed through the work and verified in the result through evidence of 3 commodification and commodity fetishism. The main aspect of the arguments focuzes on how CD Projekt Red has shown the relationship between themselves and their followers through consumers and manufacturers. The thesis and subject matter is discussed in the end of the essay, also mentioning the risks of analysing a digital game through Marxist perspectives, since the interactive part of gaming requires the player to be viewed as connected to the product. / Filmen som gjordes inom ramen för frilansuppdraget åt NordAmps var i sin helhet en draft för videopitch till mottagare, bestående av fotografi, ljud och ett fåtal enkla tredimensionella modeller. Efter uppdragets slut ville jag se hur jag kunde förbättra min medieproduktion genom att applicera en metod som blandar animation och teknisk illustration. Detta fick mig att resonera kring; hur skulle jag kunna kommunicera bättre utifrån samma filmlängd, samma ljudbild och samma tempo - men bara genom att jobba med tecknat material i efterproduktionen? Vad är viktigt att lyfta – och hur undviker jag att komplicera istället för simplifiera budskapet?  Förutom att konkretisera och förenkla komplex information från avsändaren, så bidrar animationen till att skapa det övergripande visuella narrativet; det vill säga; vilka är NordAmps, varför är de viktiga och hur kommunicerar de kring sitt innehåll? Genom att blanda rörligt fotografi med animation och teckning så vill jag skapa en mer rik och pedagogisk medieproduktion - som visar på hur komplexa tekniska frågor kan kommuniceras effektivt till tittare som saknar förförståelse om ämnet.

This thesis looks at the relevance of ideology to the emergence of capitalist social formation in Ruperts Land and the North West between 1852 and 1885 in two contexts: 1) as a mechanism of transforming the mercantilist social formation - the economy, state, and society - that arose to oversee the fur trade in Ruperts Land and the Indian Territory between 1670 and 1870; and 2) its role in establishing capitalist social formation in the North West up to 1885. I focus on the social processes by which ideology is transmitted and its significance to the emerging formation. I attempt to explain how a diverse group of politicians, bankers, investors, merchants, and industrialists took control of vast, resource-rich, and occupied territories like Ruperts Land and the North West and completely transformed the existing social arrangements according to their worldview. This thesis engages Marxist theory to examine the ideas of John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, and Edward Blake as heads of the eastern polity, state, central government, and official opposition, and the representatives of commercial, financial, and industrial factions of the bourgeoisie. Over six hundred primary samples of their discourses in the form of political speeches, historical debates, and personal correspondence were reviewed in this research. The major themes emerging from the analysis pertain to the ideological underpinnings of a capitalist worldview in terms of the relevance of law and Christianity to the colonization and civilization of emigrant and indigenous peoples in the North West. It was also found that while politicians disseminate the worldview of their class and faction, they rely significantly on the support of capital and the producing classes to implement their ideas and establish, legitimize, and reproduce the conditions and relations of capitalism. When Macdonald and Mackenzie failed to rally consent for capitalism among local peoples in the North West, ideological coercion became the means of transforming the necessary social, economic, and political structures. I suggest that the use of force (rather than cooperation) to organize agricultural society in Saskatchewan has had long-term consequences for emigrant and indigenous peoples alike.

This thesis looks at the relevance of ideology to the emergence of capitalist social formation in Ruperts Land and the North West between 1852 and 1885 in two contexts: 1) as a mechanism of transforming the mercantilist social formation - the economy, state, and society - that arose to oversee the fur trade in Ruperts Land and the Indian Territory between 1670 and 1870; and 2) its role in establishing capitalist social formation in the North West up to 1885. I focus on the social processes by which ideology is transmitted and its significance to the emerging formation. I attempt to explain how a diverse group of politicians, bankers, investors, merchants, and industrialists took control of vast, resource-rich, and occupied territories like Ruperts Land and the North West and completely transformed the existing social arrangements according to their worldview. This thesis engages Marxist theory to examine the ideas of John A. Macdonald, Alexander Mackenzie, and Edward Blake as heads of the eastern polity, state, central government, and official opposition, and the representatives of commercial, financial, and industrial factions of the bourgeoisie. Over six hundred primary samples of their discourses in the form of political speeches, historical debates, and personal correspondence were reviewed in this research. The major themes emerging from the analysis pertain to the ideological underpinnings of a capitalist worldview in terms of the relevance of law and Christianity to the colonization and civilization of emigrant and indigenous peoples in the North West. It was also found that while politicians disseminate the worldview of their class and faction, they rely significantly on the support of capital and the producing classes to implement their ideas and establish, legitimize, and reproduce the conditions and relations of capitalism. When Macdonald and Mackenzie failed to rally consent for capitalism among local peoples in the North West, ideological coercion became the means of transforming the necessary social, economic, and political structures. I suggest that the use of force (rather than cooperation) to organize agricultural society in Saskatchewan has had long-term consequences for emigrant and indigenous peoples alike.