The following thesis investigates contemporary issues within the applied physiology of soccer refereeing. 1) Training performance. The impact of a high intensity training regime was examined in a group of elite-level soccer referees. Following a 16-month training period the referees’ performance on the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test (level 1) improved by 46.5%. 2) Match Demands. The effect of match standard and referee experience upon the objective and subjective match loads of referees was investigated. Match heart rates (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were both related to standard of competition, with the match loads being higher on the higher standard of competition. Referee experience had no effect upon the referees’ match responses. Using a semi-automatic, video match analysis system the referees’ match activities and factors affecting these activities were also examined. Physical performances were related in part to the physical performances of the players; whilst the distances covered during the first half were related to second half coverage. 3) Ageing and performance. The effect of ageing upon referees’ fitness levels and physical match performances was addressed. Regression analysis revealed a trend towards an agerelated reduction in physical fitness, as determined by the referees’ fitness tests. Match activity analysis demonstrated a clear age-related decline in physical match performance, although this decline did not impair the referees’ ability to keep up with play. 4) Fitness and match performance. The validity of the FIFA referees’ fitness tests was examined. Interval test HR load was significantly correlated to the referees’ match coverage, both total distance and high intensity running. Sprint test scores also demonstrated a significant relationship with the referees’ match sprinting distances. However, given the strength of the relationships only the sprint test showed appropriate construct validity for the physical assessment of soccer referees.

A análise de jogo é uma área de recente história acadêmica na qual ainda predominam investigações de caráter exploratório, o que se pode observar na literatura pela grande variedade de abordagens adotadas. Nesse trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia fundamentada na representação do status da relação de oposição entre as equipes para o estudo da circulação da bola em diferentes situações da fase ofensiva. Essa representação contemplou parâmetros essenciais das situações de jogo: as condições espaciais, temporais e técnico-táticas das ações ofensivas. A principal referência espacial utilizada foi o conceito de espaço de ocupação defensiva (EOD). A dinâmica das situações foi apreendida mediante a ordenação temporal das ações permitindo identificar encadeamentos de ações ofensivas espaço temporalmente estruturadas na forma de padrões. Esses padrões foram pré-concebidos para atender às diferentes possibilidades de circulação da bola em relação ao EOD. Uma analise das características da circulação da bola na fase ofensiva em equipes européias de altíssimo nível competitivo foi realizada como forma de explorar as potencialidades e limitações dessa metodologia / Match analysis is a recent academic research field in which exploratory investigations still predominate. One can see that in literature by the broad range of adopted approaches. In this work is presented a methodology grounded in the representation of oppositional relation status to the study of ball circulation in different situations of offensive phase. This representation considered essential parameters of match situations: spatial, temporal and technical-tactical conditions of offensive actions. The main spatial reference adopted was the concept of space of defensive occupation (SDO). The situations dynamics was captured trough the temporal ordering of actions allowing the recognition of chains of offensive actions spacetemporally structured in form of patterns. These patterns were pre-conceived to encompass the possible different ways of ball circulation in relation to the SDO. An analysis of ball circulation characteristics in the offensive phase of very high level European teams was conducted to explore the potentialities and limitations of this methodology

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de elaborar um modelo de análise do jogo de futebol baseado em uma referência dinâmica de descrição do jogo. A elaboração deste modelo foi feita com base no modelo semântico de Lamas (2012) e na linguagem de descrição dos eventos de Seabra (2010). A partir da proposta de Lamas (2012) foi elaborado um modelo com maior resolução conceitual inspirado na categorização de tarefas de Bayer (1986), específico ao jogo de futebol. Depois disso, este modelo com maior resolução conceitual foi adaptado à linguagem de descrição dos eventos de Seabra (2010). Com o modelo adaptado foram elaboradas categorias de segmentos (classes de dinâmicas) a partir da decomposição do jogo em segmentos elementares e posterior reagrupamento destes em classes maiores que representam as transições entre as fases do modelo. A frequência de ocorrência destes segmentos foi o objeto de análise. Foram criadas três tipos de comparações entre classes a partir das frequências: classes principais, subclasses de penetração e subclasses de penetração que resultam em finalização. A aplicação do modelo na mesma unidade amostral de Seabra (2010) demonstrou que as classes de comparação são eficientes na discriminação da forma de jogar das equipes. Entretanto, o modelo final apresenta ainda muitas simplificações que diminuem seu potencial descritivo. Em virtude disto, ainda é necessário aprimora-lo para potencializar a descrição dos eventos jogo / The aim of this study was to create model soccer analysis based dynamic model. The preparation this model was based on semantic model of Lamas (2012) and events description language of Seabra (2010). A model with greater resolution inspired by the conceptual categorization tasks of Bayer (1986), specific to soccer game was elaborated from semantic model of Lamas (2012). After that, this conceptual model with higher resolution was adapted to events description language of Seabra (2010). From the adapted model, categories of segments (dynamic classes) were created from the decomposition of the game in elementary segments and subsequent reunification of these segments into larger segments classes that represent the transitions between the stages of the model. The frequency of these class was the central point of analyze. It was create three types of comparisons from class\' frequencies: main classes, penetration subclasses and finalization subclasses penetration. The application gave strong indications that the classes should be efficient in predicting the form of the teams playing. However, the final model has many simplifications that reduce its descriptive potential. For this reason, it is still necessary to improve the model to enhance the description of the game events

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de elaborar um modelo de análise do jogo de futebol baseado em uma referência dinâmica de descrição do jogo. A elaboração deste modelo foi feita com base no modelo semântico de Lamas (2012) e na linguagem de descrição dos eventos de Seabra (2010). A partir da proposta de Lamas (2012) foi elaborado um modelo com maior resolução conceitual inspirado na categorização de tarefas de Bayer (1986), específico ao jogo de futebol. Depois disso, este modelo com maior resolução conceitual foi adaptado à linguagem de descrição dos eventos de Seabra (2010). Com o modelo adaptado foram elaboradas categorias de segmentos (classes de dinâmicas) a partir da decomposição do jogo em segmentos elementares e posterior reagrupamento destes em classes maiores que representam as transições entre as fases do modelo. A frequência de ocorrência destes segmentos foi o objeto de análise. Foram criadas três tipos de comparações entre classes a partir das frequências: classes principais, subclasses de penetração e subclasses de penetração que resultam em finalização. A aplicação do modelo na mesma unidade amostral de Seabra (2010) demonstrou que as classes de comparação são eficientes na discriminação da forma de jogar das equipes. Entretanto, o modelo final apresenta ainda muitas simplificações que diminuem seu potencial descritivo. Em virtude disto, ainda é necessário aprimora-lo para potencializar a descrição dos eventos jogo / The aim of this study was to create model soccer analysis based dynamic model. The preparation this model was based on semantic model of Lamas (2012) and events description language of Seabra (2010). A model with greater resolution inspired by the conceptual categorization tasks of Bayer (1986), specific to soccer game was elaborated from semantic model of Lamas (2012). After that, this conceptual model with higher resolution was adapted to events description language of Seabra (2010). From the adapted model, categories of segments (dynamic classes) were created from the decomposition of the game in elementary segments and subsequent reunification of these segments into larger segments classes that represent the transitions between the stages of the model. The frequency of these class was the central point of analyze. It was create three types of comparisons from class\' frequencies: main classes, penetration subclasses and finalization subclasses penetration. The application gave strong indications that the classes should be efficient in predicting the form of the teams playing. However, the final model has many simplifications that reduce its descriptive potential. For this reason, it is still necessary to improve the model to enhance the description of the game events

Con el fin de mejorar el entrenamiento de aquellos aspectos técnicos y tácticos que contribuyen al rendimiento deportivo se planteó esta tesis doctoral. Su objetivo general fue describir las diferencias técnico y tácticas entre ganadores y perdedores en rugby internacional masculino. Para responder a ello se plantearon cuatro estudios basados en la metodología observacional, cubriendo un gran espectro de herramientas propias de esta metodología. De forma general los resultados más importantes han encontrado diferencias a favor de los ganadores en: las fases de conquista del balón, fases de lanzamiento; y en la utilización del balón. Los perdedores muestran mayor cantidad de fases dinámicas y de reagrupamiento. Estas diferencias se dan en al análisis colectivo e individual. / To this end and in order to improve the training of technical and tactical aspects that contribute to athletic performance raised this dissertation. Its overall objective was to describe the technical and tactical differences between winners and losers in international rugby men. To answer this basis of four studies based on observational methodology, covering a wide spectrum of tools of this methodology. In general the results the most important results have found differences in favor of the winners: the phases of conquest of the ball, launch stages, and the use of the ball. The losers showed most dynamic phase of reunification, These differences occur in the collective and individual analysis.

A análise de jogo é uma área de recente história acadêmica na qual ainda predominam investigações de caráter exploratório, o que se pode observar na literatura pela grande variedade de abordagens adotadas. Nesse trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia fundamentada na representação do status da relação de oposição entre as equipes para o estudo da circulação da bola em diferentes situações da fase ofensiva. Essa representação contemplou parâmetros essenciais das situações de jogo: as condições espaciais, temporais e técnico-táticas das ações ofensivas. A principal referência espacial utilizada foi o conceito de espaço de ocupação defensiva (EOD). A dinâmica das situações foi apreendida mediante a ordenação temporal das ações permitindo identificar encadeamentos de ações ofensivas espaço temporalmente estruturadas na forma de padrões. Esses padrões foram pré-concebidos para atender às diferentes possibilidades de circulação da bola em relação ao EOD. Uma analise das características da circulação da bola na fase ofensiva em equipes européias de altíssimo nível competitivo foi realizada como forma de explorar as potencialidades e limitações dessa metodologia / Match analysis is a recent academic research field in which exploratory investigations still predominate. One can see that in literature by the broad range of adopted approaches. In this work is presented a methodology grounded in the representation of oppositional relation status to the study of ball circulation in different situations of offensive phase. This representation considered essential parameters of match situations: spatial, temporal and technical-tactical conditions of offensive actions. The main spatial reference adopted was the concept of space of defensive occupation (SDO). The situations dynamics was captured trough the temporal ordering of actions allowing the recognition of chains of offensive actions spacetemporally structured in form of patterns. These patterns were pre-conceived to encompass the possible different ways of ball circulation in relation to the SDO. An analysis of ball circulation characteristics in the offensive phase of very high level European teams was conducted to explore the potentialities and limitations of this methodology

Title: The comparison of components in football performance Key words: Football match analysis, FC Viktoria Pilsen, AC Sparta Prague, Gambrinus League The problem definition: All football matches played during season 2013/2014 in the Czech first football league were, for the first time in history, analysed with Instat programme. Data from analysis served as main source for comparison of two most successful teams - FC Viktoria Pilsen and AC Sparta Prague. I will try to analyse these statistical data and consequently define key statistics for both teams. The aim of the thesis: Comparison and interpretation of performance data acquired by statistical programme Instat is the primary aim of this thesis.

The aim of this dissertation was to evaluate and statistically compare the data of the distance of movement and player load (PL) with respect to the player specializations and with respect to the result of rallies. The analysis used the method of 3D kinematic motion analysis of a video recording of the official play-off match in the elite women's category. 3D reconstruction accuracy was calculated with a standard deviation of 0.0296 m (0.3%). A total of 14 players were evaluated (age = 25 ± 6 years; height = 182.3 ± 6.2 cm; weight = 72.1 ± 5.8 kg) in a total of 4 sets. 85% of all rallies lasted up to 12.4 s and 95% lasted up to 18 s. The average duration of the rally reached 7.76 ± 5.1 s. In the range of 0.7 m to 2 m was performed 91.8 ± 1.3 % of distance of movement over 0.7 m. In the range of 0 m to 0.7 m, the specialization spiker reached 60.5% of the total distance of movement. For blocker it was 59.8%, setter reached 54.1%, Opposite reached 62.1% and libero 57.9%. The highest ratio of movement was reached by the spiker for the forward direction (35.8%). The highest distance of movement was reached by the setter (1648 m). Players reached at 50 % speed value from 1.32 m/s in the backward direction for the blocker and setter, up to the maximum speed at 50 % for the setter with a value of 2.09 m/s...