Bakgrund: Digitaliseringen är ett aktuellt fenomen som förändrar samhället, organisationer och hur människor organiserar sig och lever sina liv. När digitalisering förändrar organisatoriska processer och det sätt människor arbetar suddas gränserna mellan arbete och det övriga livet allt mera ut. För att hantera denna förändring behöver organisationer ett kollektivt initiativtagande där relationer mellan medarbetare, ledare och chefer måste hanteras, något som i en svensk kontext kallas medarbetarskap. Den digitala omställningen har accelererat till följd av Covid-19 pandemin där en omväxling till digitala hjälpmedel tagit plats. Uppfattningar om digitaliseringen kan anses vara positivt eller negativt för medarbetare är delade. Det finns en viss avsaknad av forskning inom medarbetarskap, synnerligt i en mer modern och digitaliserad kontext. Med mer digitaliserade organisationer finns det fortfarande frågetecken kring medarbetarskapet. Detta skapar ett intresse att undersöka medarbetares upplevelser av medarbetarskap i en digital arbetsmiljö. Problemformulering: PF1: Hur upplever medarbetare medarbetarskapet i en digitaliserad arbetsmiljö? PF2: Vilken betydelse har den digitaliserade arbetsmiljön för medarbetarnas upplevelse av engagemang och meningsfullhet? Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka medarbetares upplevelser för att skapa en utökad förståelse kring medarbetarskap i en digital arbetsmiljö samt betydelsen detta har för engagemang och meningsfullhet. Metod: Då syftet med studien är att undersöka upplevelser har en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod använts. Detta har skett genom sju semistrukturerade digitala intervjuer med medarbetare från både privata och offentliga organisationer med hjälp av Zoom och Microsoft Teams. Resultat: Majoriteten av medarbetarna upplevde en effektivisering av arbetet och ett ökat deltagande, men till en förlust av den sociala kontakten. Det fanns även inslag av att den digitala arbetsmiljön skapat koncentrationssvårigheter och störningsmoment vilket minskar engagemanget. Medarbetarna upplever att arbetsuppgiften i sig, gemenskap och samhällsnytta är vad som ger arbetet mening. Den digitala arbetsmiljön underlättar vardagspusslet men till en bekostnad av förlorad social kontakt som upplevs minska meningsfullheten hos medarbetarna. Slutsats: Slutsatsen för studien är att upplevelsen medarbetarskapet i den digitala arbetsmiljön är skild, vilket kan liknas med ett tveeggat svärd. Den digitala arbetsmiljön för med sig såväl positiva inslag, som effektivisering och ökat deltagande, och negativa inslag som försämrad kommunikation och gemenskap. Betydelsen av engagemang och meningsfullhet är fortsatt stor men studien framhäver samtidigt vikten av att beakta gemenskap och samarbete för ett konstruktivt medarbetarskap i en digital arbetsmiljö. / Background: Digitalization is a contemporary phenomenon that is changing how the society, organizations and people live their lives and organize themselves. When digitalization changes organizational processes and the way people work, the boundaries between work and the ‘rest of life’ are being erased. To handle this change, organizations need a collective initiative where relationships between employees, leaders and managers must be handled, which is something that is called employeeship in a Swedish context. The digital transition has been accelerated as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, where a major shift to digital tools has taken place. Employees' conceptions about digitalization are divided and can be considered both positive and negative. There is a certain lack of research in employeeship, especially in a more modern and digitized context. With more digitized organizations, there are still questions about how it affects the employeeship. This creates an interest in examining employees' experiences of employeeship in a digital work environment. Research questions: RQ1: How do employees experience employeeship in a digital work environment? RQ2: Which importance does the digital work environment have for employees’ experience of commitment and meaningfulness? Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine the meaning of employeeship in a digital work environment and value the importance of engagement and meaningfulness to gain an enhanced understanding. Method: Since the purpose of the study is to examine experiences a qualitative methodology has been used. This has been done through seven semi-structured digital interviews with employees from both private and public organizations through Zoom and Microsoft Teams. Results: A majority of employees experienced an increase in effectiveness and participation, however they also experienced a loss of social contact with their colleagues. A tendency of increased difficulties of concentration and new distractions was embossed when working in a digital work environment which lowered their commitment. Employees experienced meaningfulness from work duties, fellowship and contributing to society. The digital work environment eases the puzzle of everyday life however at a cost of lost social contact which employees experienced reducing the meaningfulness of work. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that the experiences of employeeship in a digital work environment are different and can be described as a double-edged sword. The digital work environment brings positive elements, such as efficiency and increased participation, as well as negative elements of impaired communication and fellowship. The importance of commitment and meaningfulness remains great, but the study also emphasized the importance of considering fellowship and cooperation for a constructive employeeship in a digital work environment.

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Объектом исследования явилось самоопределение в зрелом возрасте. Предметом исследования стала взаимосвязь личностного и профессионального самоопределения в зрелом возрасте. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (88 источников) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик и сводные результаты исследования на эмпирическом этапе. Объем магистерской диссертации составил 130 страниц, на которых размещены 14 рисунков и 10 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, научная новизна, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по проблеме соотношения и взаимосвязи личностного и профессионального самоопределения в период зрелости. Представлены разделы, посвященные исследованию понятия «самоопределение», его видов и показателей (критериев), также описаны психологические особенности лиц зрелого возраста и выделены задачи личностного и профессионального самоопределения у них. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: «Методика изучения смысложизненных ориентаций» (Д.А. Леонтьев), «Методика исследования профессиональной идентичности» (Л.Б. Шнейдер), «Пятифакторный опросник осознанности» (Р.А. Баер и соавт., в адаптации Н.М. Юмартовой и Н.В. Гришиной), «Опросник самоотношения» (С.Р. Пантилеев, В.В. Столин). Также в главе представлен корреляционный анализ результатов исследования. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики. / The object of the study was self-determination in adulthood. The subject of the study was the relationship between personal and professional self-determination in adulthood. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusion, list of literature (88 sources) and an appendix, including forms of applied methods and summary results of the study at the empirical stage. The volume of the master's thesis amounted to 130 pages with 14 figures and 10 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the development of the issues, sets the goal and objectives of the study, defines the object and subject of the study, formulates the main and additional hypotheses, specifies the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of the study, scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the problem of correlation and interrelation of personal and professional self-determination in the period of maturity. Sections devoted to the study of the concept of “self-determination”, its types and indicators (criteria) are presented; psychological characteristics of mature age persons are described and the tasks of personal and professional self-determination in them are highlighted. The conclusions of the first chapter represent the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the research. It presents a description of the organization and methods of the research and the results obtained by all the methods used: “Methodology for the Study of Meaning-Life Orientations” (D.A. Leontiev), “Methodology for the Study of Professional Identity” (L.B. Shneider), “Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire” (R.A. Baer et al, adapted by N.M. Yumartova and N.V. Grishina), “Self-relationship questionnaire” (S.R. Pantileev, V.V. Stolin). The chapter also presents the correlation analysis of the research results. The conclusions of Chapter 2 include the main results of the empirical study. The conclusion summarizes the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses, substantiates the practical significance of the study and describes possible prospects for further development of this issue.

It is important that organisations are aware of factors that might affect the levels of well-being of employees, as employees are instrumental to the achievement of organisational goals. Well-being of employees can be conceptualised in terms of burnout and engagement. Studies have shown that different factors contribute to the employee experience of burnout and engagement. These factors include job demands and resources and psychological conditions (psychological meaningfulness, psychological availability and psychological safety). Although various studies regarding burnout and engagement can be found in literature, three research gaps have been identified from the studies. First, a reliable and valid instrument is needed to measure job demands and resources in a specific organisation. Second, given the cost of some measures of burnout, inadequacies in conceptualisation of the burnout construct and the inadequate psychometric properties of others, an inexpensive measure is needed which can be used to measure burnout in a valid and reliable way. Third, no studies seem to be found which focus on the effects of job demands and resources on burnout and engagement via specific psychological conditions (i.e. psychological meaningfulness, availability and safety). The general objective of this research therefore was to investigate the well-being of employees in a South African agricultural research organisation. It focused on job demands, job resources, burnout, work engagement and psychological conditions. The objective of the first study was to investigate the job demands and resources of employees in a South African agricultural research organisation. The study specifically examined the validity and reliability of a scale adapted to measure job demands and resources of the employees and established the prevalent job demands and resources of the employees. Differences that may exist based on the employees‟ demographic variables were also investigated. The aim of the second study was to provide an overview of current burnout measures that are used in the literature. From the literature, gaps were identified and used to develop a new Burnout Scale for use with employees within a South African agricultural research organisation. The research then examined the construct validity, reliability, construct equivalence and item bias of the newly-developed Burnout Scale. The research also investigated whether any differences in burnout existed in relation to the employees‟ demographic variables. The third study investigated the relationships between specific job demands, job resources, psychological conditions, burnout, and work engagement by testing a structural model of burnout and engagement in a sample of employees within a South African agricultural research organisation. The research method for each of the three articles consisted of a brief literature review and an empirical study. A non-probability availability sample of 443 agricultural employees was used. A cross-sectional design, with a survey as the data collection technique, was used. Measuring instruments that were utilised included an adapted Job Demands-Resources scale (AJDRS), a self-developed Burnout Scale (BS), a self-developed Work Engagement Scale (WES), an adapted Psychological Conditions Questionnaire (PCQ), and a biographical questionnaire. The statistical analyses were carried out with the help of the SPSS programme (IBM SPSS statistics, version 21) and MPLUS version 7.11 (Muthén, & Muthén 1998-2013). The statistical methods utilised in the three articles included descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, principal factor analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, MANOVA, ANOVA, differential item functioning (DIF), and structural equation modelling. Evidence was established for the factorial validity and reliability of the AJDRS. The results indicate that the job demands experienced by employees in an agricultural research organisation are: overload and job insecurity; while job resources were: organisational support, growth opportunities, control, rewards, and physical resources (equipment). It was furthermore found that there were differences in the perceived job demands and resources of employees. In addition, the BS was found to consist of three reliable factors, i.e. fatigue, emotional exhaustion/withdrawal, and cognitive weariness. The results also showed construct equivalence for the Burnout construct, and no item bias for the language groups examined. Age was found to affect the level of perceived burnout of the employees. Furthermore, job resources (growth opportunities, control, and organisational support) were found to be positively associated with engagement, while lack of resources and job demands (overload) are positively associated with burnout of employees. Psychological meaningfulness, safety and availability are positively associated with work engagement, and negatively associated with burnout. The psychological conditions of availability, safety, and meaningfulness mediated the relationship between job resources and work engagement, as well as between lack of job resources and burnout. Psychological availability and meaningfulness mediated the relationship between job demands and burnout; however, the mediation effect of psychological safety on the relationship between job demands and burnout could not be established. Recommendations are made for practice, as well as future research. / PhD (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

It is important that organisations are aware of factors that might affect the levels of well-being of employees, as employees are instrumental to the achievement of organisational goals. Well-being of employees can be conceptualised in terms of burnout and engagement. Studies have shown that different factors contribute to the employee experience of burnout and engagement. These factors include job demands and resources and psychological conditions (psychological meaningfulness, psychological availability and psychological safety). Although various studies regarding burnout and engagement can be found in literature, three research gaps have been identified from the studies. First, a reliable and valid instrument is needed to measure job demands and resources in a specific organisation. Second, given the cost of some measures of burnout, inadequacies in conceptualisation of the burnout construct and the inadequate psychometric properties of others, an inexpensive measure is needed which can be used to measure burnout in a valid and reliable way. Third, no studies seem to be found which focus on the effects of job demands and resources on burnout and engagement via specific psychological conditions (i.e. psychological meaningfulness, availability and safety). The general objective of this research therefore was to investigate the well-being of employees in a South African agricultural research organisation. It focused on job demands, job resources, burnout, work engagement and psychological conditions. The objective of the first study was to investigate the job demands and resources of employees in a South African agricultural research organisation. The study specifically examined the validity and reliability of a scale adapted to measure job demands and resources of the employees and established the prevalent job demands and resources of the employees. Differences that may exist based on the employees‟ demographic variables were also investigated. The aim of the second study was to provide an overview of current burnout measures that are used in the literature. From the literature, gaps were identified and used to develop a new Burnout Scale for use with employees within a South African agricultural research organisation. The research then examined the construct validity, reliability, construct equivalence and item bias of the newly-developed Burnout Scale. The research also investigated whether any differences in burnout existed in relation to the employees‟ demographic variables. The third study investigated the relationships between specific job demands, job resources, psychological conditions, burnout, and work engagement by testing a structural model of burnout and engagement in a sample of employees within a South African agricultural research organisation. The research method for each of the three articles consisted of a brief literature review and an empirical study. A non-probability availability sample of 443 agricultural employees was used. A cross-sectional design, with a survey as the data collection technique, was used. Measuring instruments that were utilised included an adapted Job Demands-Resources scale (AJDRS), a self-developed Burnout Scale (BS), a self-developed Work Engagement Scale (WES), an adapted Psychological Conditions Questionnaire (PCQ), and a biographical questionnaire. The statistical analyses were carried out with the help of the SPSS programme (IBM SPSS statistics, version 21) and MPLUS version 7.11 (Muthén, & Muthén 1998-2013). The statistical methods utilised in the three articles included descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha coefficients, principal factor analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, MANOVA, ANOVA, differential item functioning (DIF), and structural equation modelling. Evidence was established for the factorial validity and reliability of the AJDRS. The results indicate that the job demands experienced by employees in an agricultural research organisation are: overload and job insecurity; while job resources were: organisational support, growth opportunities, control, rewards, and physical resources (equipment). It was furthermore found that there were differences in the perceived job demands and resources of employees. In addition, the BS was found to consist of three reliable factors, i.e. fatigue, emotional exhaustion/withdrawal, and cognitive weariness. The results also showed construct equivalence for the Burnout construct, and no item bias for the language groups examined. Age was found to affect the level of perceived burnout of the employees. Furthermore, job resources (growth opportunities, control, and organisational support) were found to be positively associated with engagement, while lack of resources and job demands (overload) are positively associated with burnout of employees. Psychological meaningfulness, safety and availability are positively associated with work engagement, and negatively associated with burnout. The psychological conditions of availability, safety, and meaningfulness mediated the relationship between job resources and work engagement, as well as between lack of job resources and burnout. Psychological availability and meaningfulness mediated the relationship between job demands and burnout; however, the mediation effect of psychological safety on the relationship between job demands and burnout could not be established. Recommendations are made for practice, as well as future research. / PhD (Industrial Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The purpose of this research is to determine whether a relationship exists between two constructs, namely managerial motivation and sense of coherence and to determine whether any variance exists between two groups of people in terms of the mentioned constructs. The study was conducted on a total sample of 124 employees of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) which was divided into two groups, namely managers and supervisors in view of the position they held at the Agricultural Research Council. The results of the study indicated that a significant positive relationship exists between the dimensions of managerial motivation and the dimensions of sense of coherence of the total sample. There is also a significant variance in terms of two dimensions between the two groups, namely power motive as dimension of managerial motivation and meaningfulness as dimension of sense of coherence. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

This investigation can be described as a long journey to a final destination: a truth in religion. We start by considering dualism of the subjective and the objective, the classical model of cognition that underlies notions of truth. Dualistic notions of cognition lead to serious problems, especially for religious truth. Religions claim to state truths about the nature of the universe and human destiny, but these truths are incompatible. With a dualistic model this problem of diversity of religious truths leads to fundamentalism or relativism. Thus, this research aims to turn to the roots of the cognitive situation and investigate the way we cognize and relate to the world to provide a better model. As we consider the philosophical theories and empirical investigations of cognition, we come to the conclusion that dualism of the subjective and objective is not tenable. As the findings of contemporary mind sciences and phenomenologically oriented research indicate, human cognition is embodied, embedded, enacted, extended, and shaped by language. Thus, I propose to re-conceptualize the cognitive situation to provide a better philosophical account. I put forward a tripartite model of cognition, which unites language, action, and environment. The consequent application of this model to the issues of truth and religion shows that we can avoid the problem of diversity of truth claims. A tripartite model allows us to explain how we can maintain religion as true, despite the diversity of religious truth claims. Additionally, as this model is fundamental, its application leads to various new findings and inferences, which render anew the world and the way humans relate to it. Thus, our journey brings us to new frontiers of investigation.

The purpose of this research is to determine whether a relationship exists between two constructs, namely managerial motivation and sense of coherence and to determine whether any variance exists between two groups of people in terms of the mentioned constructs. The study was conducted on a total sample of 124 employees of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) which was divided into two groups, namely managers and supervisors in view of the position they held at the Agricultural Research Council. The results of the study indicated that a significant positive relationship exists between the dimensions of managerial motivation and the dimensions of sense of coherence of the total sample. There is also a significant variance in terms of two dimensions between the two groups, namely power motive as dimension of managerial motivation and meaningfulness as dimension of sense of coherence. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

The key objective of this study was to determine the relationship between burnout (measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS)), work engagement (measured by the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale), and sense of coherence (measured by the Orientation of Life Questionnaire developed by Antonovsky (1987)). A quantitative study using a cross-sectional survey research design was conducted on a randomly selected sample (N = 178) of nurses at a central hospital in Kwa-Zulu Natal. A theoretical relationship was established between the variables. The empirical relationship revealed statistically significant negative relationship between burnout and work engagement. A statistically significant negative relationship was also established between burnout and SOC. The findings add valuable knowledge to industrial and organisational psychology and can be applied to promote employee and organisational wellness. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

För att främja hälsa och välbefinnande på arbetsplatser börjar ett perspektiv på arbetsmiljöarbete gå från att fokusera på vad som gör människor sjuka, till att fokusera på vad som gör människor friska. Ett hälsofrämjande arbetsmiljöarbete har därmed börjat att växa fram som innebär att utveckla, möjliggöra och bevara det som fungerar bra på arbetsplatsen. Känsla av sammanhang (KASAM), är en teori som myntades av Aaron Antonovsky (2005). Teorin kan användas i ett hälsofrämjande arbetsmiljöarbete då den kan ge en förståelse över vilka faktorer som kan främja hälsa. Begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet är teorins tre komponenter. Genom att stärka komponenterna kan hälsa främjas. Syftet med föreliggande studie är att skapa en förståelse för vilka faktorer som kan stärka känslan av sammanhang i arbetet och vidare beskriva hur känslan av sammanhang upplevs av de anställda på ett detaljhandelsföretag. Genom en abduktiv tematisk analys av åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer, studeras vilka förutsättningar arbetsgivaren ger de anställda för att stärka KASAM. Vidare studeras hur upplevelsen av känslan av sammanhang är ur ett medarbetarperspektiv. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av Antonovskys teori känsla av sammanhang och dess tre komponenter. Utifrån intervjuerna visade det sig att det är ett öppet och familjärt klimat på företaget. Det visade sig även att de anställda stöttar varandra och är engagerade i sitt arbete. Av resultatet framkom att företaget har flera värderingar, varav en är tillsammans, vilket genomsyrar det mesta på företaget. Samtliga av de anställda tar fasta på värderingen tillsammans vilket präglar deras sätt att vara och agera. Genom värderingen tillsammans skapas en gemenskap på det undersökta detaljhandelsföretaget som är av betydelse för att stärka känslan av sammanhang. / To promote health and well-being at workplaces, a perspective on work environment management has shifted from mainly focusing on what makes people sick, to another perspective, what makes them healthy and causes well-being. Health-promoting work environment management has thus begun to emerge, which means developing, enabling and preserving what works well in the workplace. Aaron Antonovsky (2005), founded a theory: Sense of coherence (SOC), which can be used in health-promoting work environment management as it can provide an understanding of which factors that can promote health. The SOC theory's components are comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness and by strengthening the components, health can be promoted. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of which factors that can strengthen the sense of coherence at work and also describe how the sense of coherence is experienced by the employees at a retail company. Through an abductive thematic analysis of eight semi-structured interviews, the prerequisites the employer gives the employees to strengthen SOC are studied. Furthermore, the experience on how the SOC is from the perspective of an employee are studied. The theoretical framework of the study is based on Antonovsky's theory sense of coherence and the three components. Based on the interviews, it turned out that there is an open and familiar atmosphere within the company. It also turned out that the employees support each other and are committed to their work. The results indicate that the company has several values, one of which is togetherness,which permeates most of the company. All employees adhere to the value togetherness, which characterizes their way of being and acting. Through the value togetherness, a fellowship is created within the retail company, which is important for strengthening the sense of coherence.