Bakgrund: Patienter tillbringar längre tid på akutmottagningen under 2018 jämfört med året innan. De lämnas ofta ensamma under många timmar i väntan på handläggning eller vårdplats. Kommunikationen och informationen mellan vårdpersonal och patienter är stundtals bristfällig vilket kan påverka patientens upplevelse av vistelsen på akutmottagningen. Syftet med studien var att beskriva patienters upplevelse av kommunikation och information vid ett besök på akutmottagningen. Metoden som användes var en allmän litteraturöversikt av både kvantitativa och kvalitativa artiklar. Sexton artiklar inkluderades. En innehållsanalys gjordes på artiklarnas resultat inklusive identifiering av meningsbärande enheter, kodning och syntetisering av innehållet till kategorier. Resultatet bildade tre huvudkategorier: Upplevelse av organisationen, upplevelse av vårdmiljön och upplevelse av vårdrelationen. Patienterna var i behov av en tydligare information gällande verksamhet och handläggning. Även brister i kommunikationen gällande exempelvis uppdatering av väntetider, undersökningar och provresultat framkom. Patienterna önskade en mer frekvent interaktion med sjukvårdspersonalen och kunde stå ut med väntetiderna bara de fick kontinuerlig information om förseningarna. Slutsats: Patienter kan känna sig övergivna och bortglömda på akutmottagningen. Att arbeta med personcentrerad vård på en akutmottagning är en utmaning även om behovet finns. En förbättrad kommunikation mellan vårdpersonal och patient kan påverka patientens upplevelse av akutsjukvård i en redan sårbar situation. / Background: Patients are spending more time at the emergency department in 2018 compared to the previous year. They are often left alone for many hours while waiting for treatment or care. A lack of communication and information between healthcare professionals and patients might affect the patient's experience of the stay at the emergency department. The aim of the study was to describe patients’ experience of communication and information during a visit at the emergency department. The method used was a general literature review of both quantitative and qualitative articles. Sixteen articles were included. A content analysis was performed, including identifying meaning units, coding and synthesizing the content into categories. Results: Three main categories emerged: Experience of the organization, experience of the care environment and experience of the care relationship. Patients were in need of clearer information about the expected course of events and management. Also lack of communication such as updating of waiting times, examinations and test results were identified. The patients wanted more frequently interactions with the healthcare staff and could endure the waiting times if only they were given information about the delays. Conclusion: Patients might feel abandoned and forgotten at the emergency department. To use a person-centered care at an emergency department is a challenge, even if the need exists. An improved communication between nursing staff and patients might affect the patient's experience of emergency care in an already vulnerable situation.

Inadvertent tracheal tube misplacement and particularly endobronchial intubation are well-known complications of emergency endotracheal intubation (ETI) in pediatric trauma patients, which require repositioning of the tube to avoid impairment of gas exchange. The main aim of study was to identify the frequency of tube misplacement and associated factors of pediatric trauma patients who received ETI either by prehospital physician-staffed emergency medical service (EMS), or at emergency department (ED) admission to a single level-1 trauma center. Sixty-five patients (median age 14 years and median injury severity score 29) were included. Of these, 30 underwent helicopter EMS ETI, 29 ground EMS ETI, and 6 ED ETI. Seventeen cases (26%) of tracheal tube misplacement were recognized. After multivariable analysis, tracheal tube misplacement was independently negatively associated with body weight (OR 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76–0.99; p = 0.032) and helicopter EMS ETI (OR 0.20; 95% CI, 0.04–0.97; p = 0.036). Two of nineteen patients received tube thoracostomy due to endobronchial intubation. Mortality and length of stay were comparable in patients with misplaced tubes and correctly placed tubes. The results suggest that particularly small children require attention to avoid tracheal tube misplacement, which emphasizes the need for special training. Helicopter EMS physicians’ expertise might be beneficial in prehospital pediatric trauma patients requiring advanced airway management.

Bakgrund: Forskning inom omvårdnad har betonat vikten av ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt i vårdmötet, varje patient ska betraktas som en unik individ med olika behov att tillgodose. För patienter med ett akut vårdbehov kan ambulanssjukvården vara det allra första mötet som de gör med hälso- och sjukvården. Tidigare forskning har beskrivit att omhändertagandet i prehospital akutsjukvård fokuserat på det medicinska tillståndet framför de emotionella behoven, vilket har betytt att behov ur ett holistiskt perspektiv inte alltid har tillgodosetts. Forskning från patienters perspektiv är bristfälligt, vilket innebär att patienters upplevelser och känslor inte prioriterats. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att få sina grundläggande vårdbehov tillgodosedda i prehospital akutsjukvård. Metod:Litteraturöversikt med systematisk sökstrategi. Datainsamling gjordes via två databaser, PubMed och CINAHL. Totalt inkluderades 15 kvalitativa artiklar, publicerade mellan 2011–2023, analyserades med en integrerad analysmetod. Resultat: Beskrev patienternas positiva och negativa upplevelser i ett prehospitalt omhändertagande. Resultatet presenteras i tvåkategorier och fem underkategorier. Kategorierna som arbetades fram beskrev övergripande känslan av att vara patient i prehospital akutsjukvård, vilket belyser känslan av att överlämna sig själv och hur det är att vara patient i en ambulans. Ambulansteamets förhållningssätt belyser viktiga hörnstenar som delaktighet, värdet av dialog, att känna sig bekräftad eller stigmatiserad vid psykisk ohälsa. Resultatet utifrån artiklarna belyser fördelar medpersoncentrerad vård. Slutsats: Patienter som fick sina grundläggande vårdbehov tillgodosedda hade en positiv effekt på dem och även en positiv upplevelse utav ambulanssjukvården oavsett utfall. Genom att fokusera på patientperspektivet är det möjligt för framtida hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal att öka förståelsen och därmed förbättra kvalitén på vården, med betoning på personcentrerad vård. Det är viktigt att varje individ får vård och omsorg utifrån ett helhetsperspektiv där både de fysiska och emotionella behoven tillgodoses, oavsett om det gäller medicinsk vård eller omvårdnad. / Background: Research in nursing has emphasized the importance of a person-centered approach in the care encounter, where each patient should be seen as a unique individual with different needs to be met. For patients with an acute care need, ambulance care may be their very first encounter with health care. Previous research has described that care in prehospital emergency medicine has focused on the medical condition rather than the emotional needs, meaning that holistic needs have not always been met. Research from the perspective of patients is lacking, hindering a comprehensive description of their experiences and emotions. Aim: describe patients' experiences of having their basic care needs met in prehospital emergency care. Method: A literature review with a systematic search strategy. Data was collected from two databases, PubMed and CINAHL. A total of 15 qualitative articles published between 2011–2023 were included and analyzed using an integrated analysis method. Results: Described patients' positive and negative experiences in prehospital care. The results were presented in two main categories and five subcategories. The categories described the overall feeling of being a patient in prehospital emergency care, highlighting the feeling of surrendering oneself and what it is like to be a patient in an ambulance. The approach of ambulance staff highlighted important aspects such as participation, the value of dialogue, feeling validated or stigmatized in cases of mental illness. The results from the articles emphasized the benefits of person-centered care. Conclusion: Patients whose basic care needs were met had a positive impact on them and a positive experience with ambulance care regardless of the outcome. By focusing on the patient perspective, future healthcare professionals can increase understanding and improve the quality of care, with an emphasis on person-centered care. It is important that each individual receives care and support from a holistic perspective where both physical and emotional needs are met, whether it is medical care or nursing care.

Os resíduos sólidos podem conter substâncias químicas com características tóxicas, dentre elas os metais pesados presentes em diversos materiais provenientes de indústrias, funilarias, atividades agrícolas, laboratórios, hospitais e residências. A contaminação por metais pesados apresenta um amplo espectro de toxicidade que inclui efeitos neurotóxicos, hepatotóxicos, nefrotóxicos, teratogênicos, carcinogênicos ou mutagênicos. Em Ribeirão Preto – SP há em funcionamento desde 1989, um aterro sanitário (AS) para resíduos domiciliares e um incinerador de resíduos de serviços de saúde (IRSS). Este estudo teve como objetivo fazer um diagnóstico dos níveis de metais pesados na área do AS e IRSS de Ribeirão Preto, entre 2000 e 2001. Foram realizadas análises de amostras de solo, água, chorume e vegetais, em pontos previamente demarcados na área, tendo sido avaliada a presença de mercúrio (Hg), cobre (Cu), chumbo (Pb), cádmio (Cd), manganês (Mn), zinco (Zn) e cromo (Cr) por Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica. Visando a obtenção de parâmetros locais, foram também analisadas amostras coletadas na Estação Ecológica na mata Santa Teresa, zona de preservação permanente do município, para comparação de valores. Pela análise dos resultados verificou-se, de um modo geral, que os níveis de metais pesados presentes nas amostras de solo e vegetais na área apresentaram concentrações significativamente superiores às detectadas nas amostras coletadas na mata Santa Teresa, evidenciando-se uma tendência de maiores concentrações no sentido Norte, fato que pode estar associado com a declividade geográfica da área, com a direção dos ventos e com a localização do incinerador. Destacam-se neste estudo os níveis de Cd, Mn e Cu presentes em amostras de solo em níveis que superaram os valores máximos estabelecidos para solos de uso agrícola no Estado de São Paulo pela CETESB, órgão estadual ambiental. O chorume também apresentou níveis de Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu em concentrações superiores às normatizadas para efluentes líquidos, segundo o Decreto 8486/76 do estado de São Paulo. A água subterrânea da área estudada não apresentou níveis de metais acima dos valores máximos permitidos, de acordo com a Portaria 1469/2000 do Ministério da Saúde. Considerando a carência de pesquisas dessa natureza no Brasil, este estudo tem gerado informações que podem constituir-se em ferramenta para a tomada de decisões político-administrativas pelas autoridades responsáveis pelo gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos, não apenas do Município de Ribeirão Preto e região, mas, também, podendo servir de parâmetro para realidades similares no país. / Solid waste may content toxic chemical substances such as heavy metals that are present in materials generated by industries, agricultural activities, laboratories, hospitals and houses. The contamination with heavy metals has a wide spectrum of toxicity that includes neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic or mutagenic effects. Since 1989, a municipal landfill site (MLS) for urban waste disposal has been in operation in Ribeirao Preto (Sao Paulo, Brazil) integrated with a medical waste incinerator plant (MWIP). This study aimed to do a diagnostic of the heavy metal levels in MLS and MWIP area, in 2000 and 2001. The total cadmiun (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cooper (Cu) and mercury (Hg) levels were analysed by Atomic Absortion Spectrophotometry in soil, water, percolated liquid and vegetables, in previously delimitated points. Samples from Santa Teresa Forest Ecological Station of Ribeirao Preto were collected as control samples. The results showed that, in general terms, the heavy metals detected in soil and vegetal samples in that area showed significant higher concentrations when compared with Santa Teresa Forest samples. The highest concentrations were detected to the North direction, these results can be associated with the topographic gradient in the area, the prevailing winds and the Incinerator localization. Special atention should be given to Cd, Mn and Cu levels detected in soil samples, that showed higher concentrations that those recomended for agricultural soil in Sao Paulo State by the Environmental Sanitation Company (CETESB). The percolated liquid also showed Cd, Pb, Mn and Cu levels higher than the maximum recomended levels according to the Sao Paulo State Law (Decreto 8486/76). The water samples showed levels according to the Brasilian Health Ministry Law (Portaria 1469/2000). Taking into account that few researches had been developed on this thematic in Brasil, the obtained results constituted an instrument for the decision makers and public managers, not only for Ribeirao Preto and region but for other cities around the country.

This dissertation compares and connects the parallel histories of two indigenous community-controlled health services, the Seattle Indian Health Board (SIHB) and The Aboriginal Medical Service (AMS) of Sydney. These were among the first clinics of their kind to be established and run by and for urban indigenous communities in the U.S. and Australia. Formed in the 1970s within months of each other, I bring their seemingly disconnected histories together to illuminate a larger transnational history about the political ramifications of twentieth-century postwar urbanization (and the associated growth of an indigenous diaspora) on native people’s concepts and practices of political sovereignty. By considering how these clinics provided a key forum for new urban pan-indigenous forms of political and cultural identity—and claims to indigenous rights—to be expressed and recognized, my work makes two significant contributions. First, it reveals the importance of health as an arena of indigenous political action in the twentieth century. Second, it underscores that indigenous sovereignty, as a political project, must be understood as both adaptive and responsive to change. Drawing on archival research and oral histories conducted over two years across Australia and the United States—including interviews with activists and health workers who were on the front lines of indigenous politics in the 1950s-1970s—I explain why in their pursuit of self-determination, urban pan-indigenous communities steadily turned away from a purely western conception of sovereignty as jurisdiction over land. The health struggles of urban indigenous peoples since the Second World War are a pointed demonstration of how the loss of even limited territorial sovereignty (that is, relocation from reserves and reservations) led to damaging structural invisibility, discrimination, and neglect within the social welfare system. Thus, this dissertation shows how and why the communities in Seattle and Sydney were driven to pursue other forms of practiced, or what I call “deterritorialized”, sovereignty centering on their rights to self-governance through the creation and transformation of various social organizations (in this case health clinics) in line with distinctive cultural perspectives. This is the first book-length study to take healthcare reform seriously as an arena in which indigenous political actors worked to redefine the reach and the meaning of indigenous sovereignty for communities without recourse to land or nationhood in the assertion of their sovereign rights. Moreover, by bringing a comparative view to this historical inquiry, my work reminds us that trans-Pacific networks of ideas and people formed a shared context for these peoples and histories. I argue that indigenous health activists in the U.S. and Australia became active at precisely the same moment, because each saw their struggle for recognition and self-determination as part of a global challenge to racism during the Civil Rights era. Moreover, these indigenous community-controlled clinics should be recognized as part of broader changes taking place in grassroots health advocacy at the time, as reflected in the contemporaneous community and women’s health movements, and the movement to form People’s Free Clinics by the Black Panthers. In its consideration of the unique problems of recognition faced by urban pan-indigenous communities, “Sovereign Bodies” also contributes towards an understanding of processes of ‘place-making’ in a period of great mobility following the Second World War. This dissertation argues that the indigenous urban health clinics very quickly came to represent the social production of a new kind of political space: not a tribal homeland or even a mosaic of different homelands, but a generic native space in the city that gave physical form to new ideas of a non-territorial, or ‘deterritorialized’ sovereignty. Moreover, it shows that at work in the efforts of Seattle and Sydney’s urban indigenous health activists, was the idea of a ‘portable’ or ‘mobile’ indigenous status. This was intended, among other things, to allow indigenous people to live in cities—or wherever they choose for that matter—without having to give up their identity, cultural practices, or their legal status as indigenous people and ensuing ability to make special claims on the government. At stake in their health activism, this dissertation argues, was a form of place-making that aimed to make indigenous people at home everywhere within the national spaces of the U.S. and Australia.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T13:10:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Simone Bueno de Oliveira Carvalho.pdf: 993747 bytes, checksum: 954674b3de9434753e7c50407dd3d437 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-28 / Introduction: The Basic Health Care Unit (BHU) has shown a privileged setting of teaching to provide students the early experience and the knowledge of the social reality as well as the integration between the service and the community and therefore the experience of being a physician in a perspective of health social production and of civil rights, which may lead to some disruptures in the established processes that have already been historically constituted. Hence, the student may be an important interlocutor among the service, the university and the community, although such link may represent a considerable difficulty due to the relationship among the actors and the authors of that process. As far as it has been seven years of the curricular reform of the School of Medicine at Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde da PUC-SP, it would be worth researching the current relationship among the health service institutions and the university. Objectives: This study aims to understand the perception of the faculty, the students and the professionals of these units of BHU and to envision possible ways to strengthen this relationship. Methods: This is a qualitative and quantitative study carried out with interviews among the key actors of the partnership of the teaching-medical service integration. The sample of the study has been intentionally selected from 14 faculties of FCMS, among them; four are also professionals of the BHU, 36 students in the 6th grade who graduated in 2011 and 38 professionals of six BHU that receive the students who have the experience to work in it. These employees answered a semi-structured questionnaire about the teaching-medical service integration and its evolution. The discursive responses have been analyzed using the technique of the Collective Subject Discourse and the responses to the closed questions have been analyzed according to the frequency distribution. The research project has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Local Research. Results: It has been found that 73.9% of the respondents, the majority of them are young men and women, have realized an improvement in the integration of teaching and medical service recently as "it is a forward and a backward way" as far as "it is a process," "a learning process that takes time". The opinions have expressed different interests among the actors, but the issues that involved the university service, structure of the units, universities and medical service integration, communication and planning have presented higher amplitude among the groups of participants. However the subjects with higher strength (frequency) and amplitude were the university involvement and communication. The Health-PET has been considered an important tool for the process of teaching- medical service integration / Introdução: A unidade básica de saúde (UBS) tem se constituído em um cenário privilegiado de ensino, por proporcionar ao aluno o contato precoce com a realidade social dos territórios e assim a experimentação do ser médico, numa perspectiva de produção social em saúde e dos direitos civis, levando assim a disrupturas com processos já historicamente constituídos. Nessa perspectiva, o aluno pode atuar como um importante interlocutor entre os serviços, a academia e a comunidade. Todavia, tal articulação encontra alguns nós críticos , constituindo-se em um desafio para atores e autores desse processo. Decorridos sete anos da reforma curricular do curso de Medicina da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde (FCMS) da PUC-SP, nos propusemos investigar como estão às relações entre as instituições, serviços de saúde e academia. Objetivos: Conhecer a percepção de docentes, discentes e profissionais das UBS sobre a integração ensino-serviço e identificar possíveis caminhos para fortalecer essa relação. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo qualiquantitativo conduzido através de entrevistas com atores-chave da parceria ensino-serviço. A amostra do estudo foi selecionada intencionalmente, estando constituída por 14 docentes da FCMS, sendo que quatro docentes também são profissionais das Unidades, 36 alunos do sexto ano, concluintes de 2011 e 38 profissionais das seis UBS parceiras, que recebem alunos. Esses colaboradores responderam um questionário semi-estruturado sobre a integração ensino-serviço e sua evolução. As respostas discursivas foram analisadas segundo a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) e as respostas às questões fechadas foram analisadas segundo a distribuição de freqüência. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa local. Resultados: Verificou-se que 73,9 % dos respondentes, a maioria de adultos jovens e mulheres, perceberam avanços na integração ensino-serviço nos últimos anos, com idas e vindas , pois é um processo , um aprendizado que leva tempo . As opiniões expressam interesses distintos entre os atores, o envolvimento da universidade no serviço, estrutura das unidades, integração universidade-serviço, comunicação e planejamento foram os temas mais fortemente evidenciados pelo grupo de participantes. No entanto os temas mais recorrentes foram o envolvimento da universidade, a comunicação e a estrutura da UBS. O Programa PET-Saúde foi reconhecido pelos colaboradores como um importante dispositivo para o processo de integração ensino-serviço

本研究以大量客製化的方式，在兼顧成本及客製化的雙重需求下，歸納出醫療產業可採取九種大量客製化模式，平衡醫療供需及促進醫療創新。如：〝共享〞─相同的元件，可以被橫跨使用在不同的產品，達到範疇經濟。〝替換〞─不同的元件可以使用在相同的基礎元件上。〝裁切〞─元件可以依客戶的需求做裁減。〝混搭〞─混搭不同的元件形成一個獨特的產品。〝平台化〞─建立一個標準架構，使其可以承載不同的元件。〝介面化〞─允許不同的元件做任意的組合。〝移除〞─移除指定元素，進而產生客製化的產品或服務。〝置入〞─依顧客的需求對於既有的標準產品或服務，進行置入。〝取代〞以置入的方式取代另一被移除元素。 此外，本研究涵蓋非醫療產業(硬體、軟體及服務業)與醫療產業(醫療服務及醫療生技)的跨產業分析比較，一方面可得知醫療服務及醫療生技如何進行大量客製化，另一方面借鏡觀形，了解醫療服務及醫療生技仍有待改進的地方。 最後，為了方便企業找出適合的大量客製化模式，本研究共整理醫療服務及醫療生技的12種大量客製化應用方式，而且這十二種應用方式，並非互相排斥，可混合運用於企業的營運模式之中。

The current system and working status of medical rescue service related to mass accidents has undergone changes in recent years, including gradual development, progress, modification and improvement. Together with that development, the conditions and opportunities needed for provision of timely and high-quality urgent pre-hospital care have transformed and improved automatically. The provision of professional pre-hospital urgent care for conditions endangering human life has been becoming the basic contents of activity of the rescue service. The care can be provided through operation centres that should receive and evaluate distress calls on line 155 and through field rescue vehicles pulling out of a network of trip points all over the country. The unification of the procedures and organization when settling mass accidents constitutes an indispensable measure leading to improvement of such interventions. The adequate procedure may lead to life rescue and to mitigation of the consequences of injuries for a number of persons equal to the number of the whole year of standard activity of the medical rescue service. Of course, the opposite may apply too. Therefore each physician or rescue worker should know the basic rules of behaviour at the point of the accident. The goal of the submitted dissertation is to map the general suggestions for the work of the medical rescue service of the Czech Republic, to analyze three medical rescue services related to mass accidents - that of the South Bohemian Region, the South Moravian Region and the Vysočina Region - and to compare weak and strong points of the medical rescue service of the Czech Republic based on the analysis of the three organizations in connection to mass accidents - of the Medical rescue service of the South Bohemian Region, the South Moravian Region and the Vysočina Region. Based on the SWOT analysis of selected medical rescue services, it was possible to identify their strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Each of the analyzed medical rescue services can see the opportunities of their respective organizations in other points. The medical rescue service of the South Bohemian Region sees its opportunities in the improvement of the education and training centre; the medical rescue service of the South Moravian Region sees its opportunities in the development of solution of mass accidents and the medical rescue service of the Vysočina Region sees its opportunities in finishing the urgent admission and first aid for schools; but all the analyzed medical rescue services see their threats in the expected lack of funds, caused by funding of new ambulances or new trip points or by increasing wages in the public sector. The lack of physicians in permanent employment is not only a matter of the above stated rescue services. The problem has countrywide character at present. The importance of the lack of physicians is not proportionally dependent only on cases of mass accidents. At present, it can be stated in general that there are multiple causes of lack of interest for internal work in rescue service. Low attractiveness of work in ambulance crews of rescue services becomes one of the main causes. Also the working conditions are usually incomparable. The crew of the rescue service must perform actions of pre-hospital urgent care in field under all and any circumstances. Another difference, as compared to the work of a physician in the hospital, consists in the need of right and quick decision-making without the opportunity to consult a specialist and without support of laboratory examinations. So the rescue service physician must constantly master different situations, from childbirth to post-mortem examination.

This thesis is divided into two basic parts a theoretical and a practical one. Its aims are to evaluate the emergency preparedness of the chosen regional emergency squad to emergencies and the efficiency of the feedback on an emergency as well as to compare the amount of human forces and the means used in chosen emergencies. Hypotheses are added to individual aims. The theoretical part constitutes an introduction to the topic. The Integrated Rescue System and the classification of incidents are mentioned in the first chapter. The second chapter is focused on an emergency, its definition and a possible procedure of rescue squads dealing with an emergency as well as on the way the injured are sorted. Following chapters deal with crisis management in health care with an emphasis on crisis management planning and preparation of individual. Last two chapters of the theoretical part are devoted to the Emergency Medical Service of the Central Bohemian Region and material and technical equipment important for a successful dealing with emergencies is mentioned there. In order to achieve the first goal, i.e. to evaluate the emergency preparedness of the chosen regional emergency squad to emergencies, I made a survey via questionnaires which was divided into two parts: The purpose of the first part was to evaluate the preparedness of the Emergency Medical Service of the Central Bohemian Region as a whole, which was achieved via a questionnaire survey conducted among medical employees working in leading positions. In order to compare the survey results with those of the South Moravian and South Bohemian Regions, the questionnaire was borrowed from Mgr. Zuzana Němečková after her personal consent. The second part is based on a survey via questionnaires the target group of which was the medical personnel of the Emergency Medical Service of the Central Bohemian Region. The questionnaire was designed according to a questionnaire by Mgr. Zuzana Táchová after her personal consent in order to compare her results received in Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. České Budějovice Hospital. The results of both surveys are thoroughly analysed in the discussion part. However, as regards the preparedness of the Emergency Medical Service of the Central Bohemian Region, there was no difference found compared to the preparedness of medical facilities of the South Moravian and South Bohemian Regions. On the other hand, there was quite a surprising outcome of the survey conducted among the medical personnel of the Emergency Medical Service of the Central Bohemian Region. From the statistical measurement, it was revealed that the results achieved by the medical personnel working for the Emergency Medical Service of the Central Bohemian Region for a longer time were worse than those achieved by the medical personnel with a shorter work experience. For the purposes of the second and the third aim of this thesis, namely the evaluation of the efficiency of the feedback on an emergency and the comparison of the amount of human forces and the means used in chosen emergencies, I have chosen two emergencies which took place in the Central Bohemian Region. Consequently, I compared both of them with the Recommended Procedure No. 18 issued by the Czech Society for Emergency and Disaster Medicine within the Czech Medical Association of J. E. Purkyně Health Affected in Disasters coping with the situation on scene by the emergency medical service. The outcome of the comparison is thoroughly analysed in the discussion part. In conclusion, it is possible to state the importance of the final report on the intervention.

Medical rescue workers are routinely employed in emergency medicine. In emergencies where a large number of people are affected, knowledge of medical disaster practices is necessary. Within a second, the intervening crews should switch to another mode with a different approach to the patients than they use daily. The diploma thesis has set the following goals: to map the level of knowledge of medical rescuers in the field of emergency response with mass health impairment, their personal experience and, last but not least, education and training. Three research questions were asked to reach these objectives. What are the skills of medical rescuers in dealing with emergency health issues with mass health impairment? How do medical rescuers assess incidents with mass health impairment at which they were present and what is their attitude towards training and education in the field of dealing with emergencies with mass health impairment? The research part consists of interviews with two groups of participants: eight medical rescuers of the Medical Rescue Service of the Pardubice Region and the same number of medical rescuers of the Medical Rescue Service of the South Bohemian Region. These interviews supplemented the information provided by the crisis preparedness managers of both medical rescue services. The survey used a qualitative research strategy, conversations were recorded on a dictaphone, then processed into categories, subcategories, tables and evaluated. From the results of the work, a great difference in the knowledge of health rescuers in the field of emergency health problems can be seen. Participants of the South Bohemian Medical Emergency Rescue Service showed shortcomings in both the basic terminology and the solving of extraordinary events in particular, from reporting the situation with a report form to the classification of the disabled. On the contrary, the majority of participants in the Paramedical Rescue Service of the Pardubice Region would be able to file an initial emergency report and categorize and transport patients correctly. On the basis of the evaluated results, this difference in knowledge can be attributed mainly to the frequency and content of the training provided. In the case of South Bohemian participants, we can find the cause in the absence of practical training. The alarming results were noted in the participants' ability to use the START sorting method, from all of the sixteen respondents only one was able to answer there. The elaborated case report of an extraordinary event points to the fact that theoretical shortcomings can subsequently be transferred into practice.