South African nurses have accepted the challenge that was brought about by the Health Reform Policy of 1990 which opened health service centres to people of all racial and cultural groups. However, recent studies on multicultural nursing have revealed that problems have occurred when delivering care across cultural barriers. Most of these studies have approached these problems from the patients point of view, where issues of dehumanized care, labelling and discrimination have been reported. Therefore, this study was an attempt to look into these problems from the nurses point of view, by exploring the source of these problems, their effect on health care delivery and possible solutions. The researcher focussed on three critical issues, namely, lack of cultural knowledge, negative attitudes, as well as difficulty in communication. Through focus group interviews (FGI) and responses to given scenarios, student nurses who had experienced problems with culturally different patients were given a chance to reflect on their experiences, report on these experiences and recommend possible solutions to the experienced problems. The results revealed that: 1. The major source of the problems was lack of experience due to inadequate exposure to culturally diverse groups which in tum led to inappropriate decisions and actions at care delivery level. 2.Difficult perceptions and negative attitudes lead to the formation of stereotypes which block the delivery of culturally congruent care. 3 .Inability to communicate due to differences in spoken language lead to difficulty in building the trust relationship and hence inadequate care delivery. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / The purpose of this study was to examine the problem of access to health care centres in the Western Cape and to forward recommendations that will improve access to health care facilities in the Western Cape. The first objective of the study was to identify trends in primary health care looking at Nigeria, with the view of learning lessons of experience. Secondly, the study provided an overview of the South African health care system. The study further examined the problems around access to Gugulethu Community Health Clinic. The research objectives were directly linked to the composition of chapters. The study utilised a mixed-method approach of quantitative and qualitative approaches. This method is called multi-method approach. The purpose of combining the two approaches was to understand the research problem from a subjective and objective point of view, as well as to provide an in-depth understanding of a research topic, which led to more reliable research results. Data collection was acquired by utilising a structured questionnaire and personal observations. Two groups of respondents participated in the study inter alia: the patients and the staff of Gugulethu Community Health Clinic.

Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree: Master of Management Sciences: Marketing, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / The immigration Act 19 of 2004 requires that all international students have proof of medical aid cover for a whole year from a provider that is registered with the South African Council for Medical Schemes in terms of Medical Schemes Act, 1998. Some medical insurance companies provide gifts to students to gain a larger market share in educational institutions. Health insurance products are very crucial in the lives of students and therefore the students must be familiar of medical product benefits and exclusions. Students lack relevant knowledge of health insurance products. Students seem have a perception that medical insurance products cover all healthcare expenses. Dissatisfied customers will tarnish the image of the respective medical aid companies, hence customer attrition. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the influence of promotional tools in awareness creation on higher education international students’ selection of medical products. The study was descriptive and quantitative in nature. A structured questionnaire with close-ended and scaled response questions was used as the research instrument. The sample comprised 400 international students studying at two universities in KwaZulu-Natal. Non probability sampling was used to select the sample. The results indicate that the respondents are very sensitive to price and majority of them are influenced by advertising and word of mouth. The results indicate that students react differently to each promotional tool. / M

This descriptive study aimed to assess the Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) policy implementation in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) among healthcare workers in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality public health care facilities. A convenience sampling method was used to gather information from nurses (n=32) rendering maternal and child health services in nineteen permanent Nelson Mandela Bay public health care facilities (MOU’s, paediatric sections, well baby clinics and PMTCT sites). Recommendations included to the need develop indicators for measuring the IYCF policy objectives and regularly collect data on infant and young child feeding, standardising infant feeding education given by peer educators / lay counsellors from various organisations, capacity building and training of staff on IYCF and scaling up monitoring and evaluation of the IYCF policy impact.

This study explored and described the strategies used by nurses to manage newly diagnosed HIV positive pregnant women who do not return to the clinic within a month following diagnosis, for continuity of care. The main aim was to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT). Method: The study sites were two accredited antiretroviral- ante-natal care (ARV-ANC) clinics at the Dimbaza community health centre (CHC) and the East London Hospital Complex (ELHC) which comprises of Cecilia Makiwane and Frere hospitals, in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality (BCM). The majority of health personnel at these clinics are professional nurses. An in-depth semi structured interview guide was used to collect data through focus group interviews from professional nurses who work in these units. They were required to share their experiences about intervention strategies used for newly diagnosed HIV- positive, pregnant women who fail to return for continuity of care within a month after diagnosis. Results: Follow up of these women is done by tracking them (by calling them; calling the clinic nearest to their homes and doing home visits). Decentralisation of further management and care to the nearest clinic was also cited, especially for the patients who stay far from these accredited sites. Family support was also mentioned as a strategy to intervene for the non-compliant patients. Challenges: The challenges that were encountered with these interventions include wrong contact details, wrong addresses and being evasive when visited at home. Another challenge cited was related to the stigma attached to the diagnosis and the tracking devices used, for example, the car as it is familiar to the community it serves. Despite known benefits for early initiation of HIV treatment newly diagnosed HIV- positive, pregnant women continue to refrain from accessing care after diagnosis, thus posing a risk to the transmission of HIV to the baby and further comprising their own health. They miss out on general HIV management and ante-natal care. Conclusion: The identified intervention strategies used by nurses to follow up newly diagnosed HIV- positive, pregnant women need to be reinforced and strategies put in place to control the related challenges for a better response by the patients.

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

Bibliography: leave 85-90. / Health care systems play an important role in maintaining good health in communities. In South Africa, Africans are continually faced with the dilemma of choosing western or traditional values. The literature has shown that African people use both western and traditional systems simultaneously. The South African government is also considering to include traditional healers in the national health policy .This study examines the opinions of African parents or caretakers of children at Red Cross War Memorial Children' s Hospital regarding their use of western and traditional health systems and their opinion regarding their linkage. The research method for this exploratory study was a focus group and structured interview. The results indicated that in the communities from which the respondents were drawn there are many Africans who consult traditional healers. The results further indicated that many Africans consult both western doctors and traditional healers for the same medical problem. The results also indicated that the respondents considered it necessary to link traditional healers to western health settings. Recommendations for future research are included.

Text in Afrikaans / Die probleem wat in die studie ondersoek word is: wat die aard van die behoefte aan gemeenskapgesondheidsinligtingdienste (GGID) in Suid-Afrika, met besondere verwysing na Bloemfontein en Mangaung, is. Daar word van 'n verkennende studie gebruik gemaak om die navorsingsdoelstellings te bereik. Die metodes wat gebruik is, is literatuurstudie, gevallestudie en opname. Die tegnieke wat gebruik is, is vraelys, skedule en onderhoud. 'n Oorsig oor gesondheidsorg, met die klem op primere gesondheidsorg as agtergrond vir gesondheidsopvoeding en -inligting, word gegee. Daar word verwys na die rol van verskillende biblioteektipes en die bibliotekaris. Redes vir die ontstaan van gemeenskapgesondheidsinligting, die verspreiding van GGID in die buiteland en die fvksionering daarvan word beskryf. 'n Ondersoek is in Mangaung en Bloemfontein gedoen om die behoefte aan GGID en die aard van gesondheidsinligting te probeer bepaal. 'n Model word saamgestel uit die behoeftebepaling en die literatuurstudie / The subject investigated by this study is: the nature of the need for community health information services (CHIS) in South Africa, with special reference to Bloemfontein and Mangaung. An exploratory study has been used to achieve the research objectives. The methods used are review of the literature, case study and a survey. The techniques used are a questionnaire, schedule and interview. A review of health care, emphasizing primary health care as a backgound to health education and information, is given. The role of different types of libraries and the librarian is discussed. Reasons for the development of community health information, the distribution of CHIS overseas and their functioning are described. An investigation was done in Bloemfontein and Mangaung to gauge the need for CHIS and the nature of health information. A model has been formulated, based on this survey and the literature review / Information Science / M. Bibl. (Inligtingkunde)

Risk management strategy is a broad discipline aimed at identifying, evaluating and handling risks by both physical and financial means. The medical aid industry in South Africa has experienced a disproportionate increase in expenditure relative to the overall economic growth. These cost pressures have placed restraints on their ability to obtain new members, which is vital when subsidizing higher risks with younger healthier members, and has resulted in losses for many schemes. Compounding the problem has been political and regulatory health care reforms as well as technological advances, which have initiated a complete restructure of the industry. This dissertation reviews the risk management strategies implemented by medical insurers in South Africa. An analysis of alternate risk management strategies is taken with the view of recommending a tentative means of making medical aids more efficient in an increasingly difficult market. / Business Management / M. Comm. (Business Management)

Text in Afrikaans / Die probleem wat in die studie ondersoek word is: wat die aard van die behoefte aan gemeenskapgesondheidsinligtingdienste (GGID) in Suid-Afrika, met besondere verwysing na Bloemfontein en Mangaung, is. Daar word van 'n verkennende studie gebruik gemaak om die navorsingsdoelstellings te bereik. Die metodes wat gebruik is, is literatuurstudie, gevallestudie en opname. Die tegnieke wat gebruik is, is vraelys, skedule en onderhoud. 'n Oorsig oor gesondheidsorg, met die klem op primere gesondheidsorg as agtergrond vir gesondheidsopvoeding en -inligting, word gegee. Daar word verwys na die rol van verskillende biblioteektipes en die bibliotekaris. Redes vir die ontstaan van gemeenskapgesondheidsinligting, die verspreiding van GGID in die buiteland en die fvksionering daarvan word beskryf. 'n Ondersoek is in Mangaung en Bloemfontein gedoen om die behoefte aan GGID en die aard van gesondheidsinligting te probeer bepaal. 'n Model word saamgestel uit die behoeftebepaling en die literatuurstudie / The subject investigated by this study is: the nature of the need for community health information services (CHIS) in South Africa, with special reference to Bloemfontein and Mangaung. An exploratory study has been used to achieve the research objectives. The methods used are review of the literature, case study and a survey. The techniques used are a questionnaire, schedule and interview. A review of health care, emphasizing primary health care as a backgound to health education and information, is given. The role of different types of libraries and the librarian is discussed. Reasons for the development of community health information, the distribution of CHIS overseas and their functioning are described. An investigation was done in Bloemfontein and Mangaung to gauge the need for CHIS and the nature of health information. A model has been formulated, based on this survey and the literature review / Information Science / M. Bibl. (Inligtingkunde)