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<p>The aims of this thesis were to study the in vivo relevance of membrane transporters for intestinal absorption and the hepatic disposition of drugs in humans and preclinical models. Fexofenadine is a substrate for ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) and members of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP/SLCO) family. It is marginally metabolised in humans. </p><p>The influence of known inhibitors of ABCB1 and OATPs on the membrane transport and pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine was investigated in Caco-2 and porcine models and in humans. The permeability of fexofenadine remained low, even when significantly altered by the addition of an inhibitor. Using the Loc-I-Gut^® technique in vivo in humans, it was possible to see that the jejunal effective permeability of fexofenadine was unchanged when given with verapamil. However, the systemic exposure and apparent absorption rate of fexofenadine increased. This suggests that the first-pass liver extraction of fexofenadine was reduced by verapamil, probably through the inhibition of sinusoidal OATP-mediated and/or canalicular ABCB1-mediated secretion. The unchanged permeability can be explained by simultaneous inhibition of jejunal apical OATP-uptake and ABCB1-efflux, which would leave fexofenadine to be transported by passive trancellular diffusion. A Loc-I-Gut^® perfusion in the porcine model enabling blood sampling in the portal and hepatic veins and bile collection revealed increased jejunal permeability, but no subsequent verapamil-induced elevation in the systemic exposure of fexofenadine. This indicates a species-related difference in the localisation of and/or the substrate specificity of fexofenadine for the transporters involved. The absence of an effect on the first-pass liver extraction in the porcine model might be caused by the observed lower liver exposure of verapamil.</p><p>Finally, a novel intubation technique enabling dosing of fexofenadine in the jejunum, ileum and the colon showed that fexofenadine was absorbed less along the length the intestine in agreement with the properties of a low permeability drug.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2003. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-113).

Two classes of ion-channels comprising 22 members were prepared. Three members were linear oligo-esters with terephthalate core designed to span both leaflets of the bilayer; these were prepared in a modular synthesis in three linear steps. 19 half-channels based on cyclodextrins with functionalized primary-rims were prepared by the Huisgen Cu+-catalyzed [3+2]-cyclization; three distinct synthetic protocols were established to be applicable to these substrates. The voltage-clamp experiment was used to characterize the ion transport properties of these 22 compounds as well as 5 oligo-esters previously prepared by solid-phase synthesis. All but two were active in bilayers, with the majority of these compounds showing highly complex conductance activities. Exponentially voltage-dependent currents were observed for two compounds (both terephthalate-derived); exclusive “square-top” activities were observed for one solid-phase–derived compound and one cyclodextrin-based channels; fractal openings were observed for at least two cyclodextrin-based channels. An “activity grid” notation was proposed as an empirical, coarse, but model-free method of treating the complex data. Through an exhaustive analysis of previously published synthetic ion channels, disparate compounds were found to share modes of activity. Supporting software were developed to facilitate the preparation of activity grids from current traces acquired for the aforementioned 27 compounds. Resulting activity grids for individual experiments were collated to generate an activity profile for each compound, from which a structure–activity map was established and could be compared to the literature data. Four core findings emerged. First, the activity grid notation is sufficiently expressive to denote highly complex mixture of activities. Second, systematic application of the notation reduces selection bias in data analysis. Third, many synthetic ion channels share highly sim- ilar activities and suggests the participation of the lipids, water, and ions in pore-formation. Lastly, the cyclodextrin half-channels are generally membrane active, and their activities are clearly modulated by structural variations. / Graduate

The aims of this thesis were to study the in vivo relevance of membrane transporters for intestinal absorption and the hepatic disposition of drugs in humans and preclinical models. Fexofenadine is a substrate for ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) and members of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP/SLCO) family. It is marginally metabolised in humans. The influence of known inhibitors of ABCB1 and OATPs on the membrane transport and pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine was investigated in Caco-2 and porcine models and in humans. The permeability of fexofenadine remained low, even when significantly altered by the addition of an inhibitor. Using the Loc-I-Gut® technique in vivo in humans, it was possible to see that the jejunal effective permeability of fexofenadine was unchanged when given with verapamil. However, the systemic exposure and apparent absorption rate of fexofenadine increased. This suggests that the first-pass liver extraction of fexofenadine was reduced by verapamil, probably through the inhibition of sinusoidal OATP-mediated and/or canalicular ABCB1-mediated secretion. The unchanged permeability can be explained by simultaneous inhibition of jejunal apical OATP-uptake and ABCB1-efflux, which would leave fexofenadine to be transported by passive trancellular diffusion. A Loc-I-Gut® perfusion in the porcine model enabling blood sampling in the portal and hepatic veins and bile collection revealed increased jejunal permeability, but no subsequent verapamil-induced elevation in the systemic exposure of fexofenadine. This indicates a species-related difference in the localisation of and/or the substrate specificity of fexofenadine for the transporters involved. The absence of an effect on the first-pass liver extraction in the porcine model might be caused by the observed lower liver exposure of verapamil. Finally, a novel intubation technique enabling dosing of fexofenadine in the jejunum, ileum and the colon showed that fexofenadine was absorbed less along the length the intestine in agreement with the properties of a low permeability drug.

Proteingebundene Maillard-Reaktionsprodukte (MRP) und Crosslink-Aminosäuren (CLAS) werden mit der Nahrung täglich in nicht unerheblichen Mengen aufgenommen. In Humanstudien wurde gezeigt, dass einzelne dieser Produkte resorbiert werden. Die Beteiligung einzelner MRP und CLAS an pathophysiologischen Prozessen wird diskutiert. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurden MRP (Fructoselysin, Lactuloselysin, CML, CEL, Pyrralin, MG-H1, Pentosidin) und CLAS (LAL, Glutamyllysin) in Casein angereichert und die Caseine einer simulierten gastrointestinalen Verdauung unterzogen. Mit der posttranslationalen Modifizierung ging eine Verschlechterung der Verdaubarkeit einher. Dies zeigte sich daran, dass während der Verdauung bei zunehmendem Modifizierungsgrad Peptide mit Molmassen > 1000 Da schlechter abgebaut wurden und somit die Bildung von Peptiden < 1000 Da abnahm. Die Verschlechterung der Verdaubarkeit ließ sich vor allem auf die Quervernetzung der Caseine, weniger auf die Modifizierung von Aminosäuren zurückführen. Zudem wurde die Freisetzbarkeit einzelner Aminosäuren durch posttranslationale Modifizierung gesenkt. Dies konnte praktisch ausschließlich auf die Modifizierung von Lysinresten, nicht auf die Quervernetzung, zurückgeführt werden. Vor allem Aminosäuren, die im Casein in der Nähe von Lysinresten überrepräsentiert sind, wurden mit zunehmender Modifizierung schlechter freigesetzt. Die modifizierten Aminosäuren selbst wiesen ein sehr differenziertes Freisetzungsmuster auf. Amadori-Produkte wurden sehr gut freigesetzt, quervernetzende Aminosäuren dagegen nur zu einem geringen Anteil. Als Referenzsubstanzen für chromatographische Messungen und als Testsubstanzen für Inhibitions- und Transportexperimente wurden im zweiten Teil der Arbeit insgesamt 19 freie MRP (Fructoselysin, Lactuloselysin, Tagatoselysin, Ribuloselysin, Carboxymethyllysin, Carboxyethyllysin, Pyrralin, Formylin, Maltosin, MG-H1, 3-DG-H, PIO, Argpyrimidin, Pentosidin) und CLAS (Lysinoalanin, π- und τ-Histidinoalanin, Ornithinoalanin, Lanthionin) in hohen Ausbeuten synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Zwölf der Produkte (Fructoselysin, Carboxymethyllysin, Carboxyethyllysin, Pyrralin, Formylin, Maltosin, MG-H1, Argpyrimidin, Lysinoalanin, π- und τ-Histidino¬alanin und N-ε-(γ-Glutamyl)-Lysin) wurden erstmals auch Dipeptidderivate (Ala-Xaa bzw. Xaa-Ala) synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Mithilfe von Kompetitionsexperimenten an Caco-2-Zellen konnte gezeigt werden, dass freie MRP und CLAS die Aufnahme von L-[3H]Lysin kaum hemmten und somit nicht mit Transportsystemen für basische Aminosäuren wechselwirken können. Der überwiegende Teil der dipeptidgebundenen Derivate hemmte jedoch in konzentrationsabhängiger Weise den Transport von [14C]Gly-Sar . Diese Dipeptide stellen somit z.T. hoch affine Inhibitoren des Peptidtransporters dar. Die Affinität zum Transporter ist stark sequenzabhängig. Caco-2-Zellen, die als Monolayer wachsen, wurden auf porösen Polycarbonatmembranen kultiviert und zu Transportstudien eingesetzt. Keines der freien MRP und CLAS wurde aktiv über den Monolayer transportiert. Wurden die Derivate dagegen dipeptidgebunden eingesetzt, stieg, außer bei fructosylierten Peptiden, der transepitheliale Transport stark an. Allerdings wurden die Peptide meist nicht intakt transportiert, sondern intrazellulär gespalten und die freien Aminosäuren basolateral abgegeben. Zum Teil reicherten sich die modifizierten Aminosäuren, besonders die hydrophilen, intrazellulär an. Hydrophobe Aminosäuren (Pyrralin, Formylin, Maltosin, Argpyrimidin) konnten die Zelle dagegen schnell verlassen. Diese Aminosäuren sollten daher auch in vivo effektiv resorbiert werden. In Kompetitionsexperimenten an OK-Zellen zeigte sich, dass modifizierte Aminosäuren auch an Nierenzellen nicht mit Transportsystemen für Lysin wechselwirken. Keine der freien Aminosäuren wurde aktiv über den OK-Zellmonolayer transportiert. Somit ist nicht von einer renalen Reabsorption der untersuchten MRP und CLAS auszugehen.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-140).

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Dept. of Biology. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/07/24). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Microbiology) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-223).

Orientador: Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima / Resumo: Um dos principais mecanismos de resistência microbiana são os sistemas de efluxo, que transportam medicamentos antimicrobiano para fora da célula. A eficácia de alguns agentes de inibição dos sistemas de efluxo tem sido reportada para reverter a resistência microbiana e também para potencializar as terapias antimicrobianas. Além disso, métodos alternativos aos agentes antimicrobianos convencionais têm sido investigados, como a Terapia Fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (aPDT). O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar in vitro o efeito da aPDT e de dois inibidores de sistemas de efluxo microbiano (curcumina e verapamil) na resistência à inativação de C. albicans. Foram utilizadas duas cepas de C. albicans, uma susceptível (CaS) e outra resistente (CaR) a fluconazol. Os parâmetros de inativação fúngica foram determinados submetendo-se culturas planctônicas de ambas as cepas à curcumina, ao verapamil, ao fluconazol e também à aPDT (mediada pela curcumina 40 μM (14,73 μg/mL) e luz de LED azul de ≅455 nm a 5,28 J/cm2). As duas cepas foram cultivadas e tratadas associando-se os agentes de inibição do efluxo ao fluconazol em concentrações não letais. Os dados de UFC/mL foram analisados pelos testes paramétricos t de Student, ANOVA/Welch e post-hoc de Games-Howell e pelo teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney (α=0,05; n=12). Os resultados demostraram que aPDT promoveu uma redução significativa (p<0,001) de 4,5 e 4,42 log10 para CaS e CaR, respectivamente. Para CaS, os valores de Concentrações Ini... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One of the major mechanisms of microbial resistance is the efflux systems, or efflux pumps, present in the plasma membrane of microorganisms that carry an antimicrobial drug out of the cell. The efficacy of some inhibitors of efflux systems has been reported to reverse microbial resistance, including C. albicans, and also to potentiate antimicrobial therapies. In addition, alternative methods to conventional antimicrobial agents have been investigated, such as antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT). The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of aPDT and two inhibitors of microbial efflux systems (curcumina and verapamil) on the resistance to inactivation of C. albicans. For this, two strains of C. albicans, one susceptible (CaS) and another resistant (CaR) to fluconazol were used. Fungal inactivation parameters were determined by subjecting planktonic cultures of both strains to curcumina, verapamil, fluconazol, and also aPDT (mediated by curcumin at 40 μM (14.73 μg/mL) and blue LED light of ≅455 nm and 5.28 J/cm2). These strains were then cultured and treated associating one of the efflux inhibitors with fluconazole using non-lethal concentrations. For the statistical analysis, the normality and the homogeneity of variances were evaluated by the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. Data were analyzed by Student's t-tests, Welch-corrected ANOVA and Games-Howell post-hoc and Mann-Whitney non-parametric test (α = 0.05) (n = 12). aPDT promoted a s... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre