Ett grafiskt designprojekt, en booklet med fokus på PMS och PMDS. Innehållet i bookleten är objektivt och subjektivt i form av information samt visualiseringar. Personer med PMS eller PMDS har kommit till uttryck genom sina berättelser och självporträtt. / A graphic design project, a booklet that focuses on PMS and PMDD. The content of the booklet is objective and subjective with information and visualizations. Persons with PMS or PMDD has manifested through their stories and self-portraits.

<p>The purpose of this investigation was to study sexual function in women with neurological disorders at fairly distinct and separate locations. The dissertation comprises descriptive, retrospective, quantitative studies on sexual functioning in women with hypothalamo-pituitary disorders (HPD) (<i>n</i>:48), multiple sclerosis (MS)(<i>n</i>:47), and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (<i>n</i>:42). The results werecompared with those in an age-matched control group (C) (<i>n</i>:42), and as reported by representative Swedish women (<i>n</i>:742) in the Swedish sex survey SiS). The studies were based on comprehensive interviews, neurological examinations, incl. Vibration Perception Thresholds (IDDM), concentrations of prolactin and testosterone in serum (HPD), and a checklist on life satisfaction (IDDM, C, and SiS).</p><p>Sexual dysfunction was prevalent in almost all women with HPD and MS, and in 40% of the IDDM group. The problem of insufficient vaginal lubrication was more common in those with neurological disorders than among women in the SiS group. Sexual problems caused by reduced libido and orgasmic difficulties were more commonin the HPD and MS groups than in the SiS group. In the HPD group, women with intrasellar adenomas had better sexual function than women having expansively growing pituitary adenomas with both intra- and suprasellar extension. Normal serum testosterone values correlated to masturbation activity. Amenorrhea and older age werecorrelated with sexual problems in all groups. In the MS group, symptoms of a weak pelvic floor and of bladder and bowel dysfunction were correlated with reduced lubrication and orgasmic ability. In the IDDM group, signs of autonomic neuropathy were correlated with sexual dysfunction. Concerning life satisfaction generally,proportionately fewer women with IDDM were satisfied or very satisfied, though differing significantly from the other two groups in only two domains of life: contacts with friends, and physical health.</p>

The purpose of this investigation was to study sexual function in women with neurological disorders at fairly distinct and separate locations. The dissertation comprises descriptive, retrospective, quantitative studies on sexual functioning in women with hypothalamo-pituitary disorders (HPD) (n:48), multiple sclerosis (MS)(n:47), and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (n:42). The results werecompared with those in an age-matched control group (C) (n:42), and as reported by representative Swedish women (n:742) in the Swedish sex survey SiS). The studies were based on comprehensive interviews, neurological examinations, incl. Vibration Perception Thresholds (IDDM), concentrations of prolactin and testosterone in serum (HPD), and a checklist on life satisfaction (IDDM, C, and SiS). Sexual dysfunction was prevalent in almost all women with HPD and MS, and in 40% of the IDDM group. The problem of insufficient vaginal lubrication was more common in those with neurological disorders than among women in the SiS group. Sexual problems caused by reduced libido and orgasmic difficulties were more commonin the HPD and MS groups than in the SiS group. In the HPD group, women with intrasellar adenomas had better sexual function than women having expansively growing pituitary adenomas with both intra- and suprasellar extension. Normal serum testosterone values correlated to masturbation activity. Amenorrhea and older age werecorrelated with sexual problems in all groups. In the MS group, symptoms of a weak pelvic floor and of bladder and bowel dysfunction were correlated with reduced lubrication and orgasmic ability. In the IDDM group, signs of autonomic neuropathy were correlated with sexual dysfunction. Concerning life satisfaction generally,proportionately fewer women with IDDM were satisfied or very satisfied, though differing significantly from the other two groups in only two domains of life: contacts with friends, and physical health.

This dissertation is based on seventeen months of ethnographic fieldwork that followed the development and diffusion of extended-cycle hormonal contraception, or birth control that is designed to eliminate monthly bleeding. It encompassed several sites and multiple constituencies: a clinical trial, documented medical conferences, users, potential users, and refusers of the pharmaceuticals, along with key academic and popular proponents of their adoption. Extended-cycle contraception is a critical topic because this new generation of pills, IUDs, shots, and implants is not only refiguring the length of women's cycles, but it is also augmenting the extent to which its users' bodies are medicalized, or subjected to a type of manipulation and regulation that was previously impossible. No longer just for pregnancy prevention, these regimens are increasingly touted as elective enhancement technologies that may improve on the human design, on the one hand, and as crucial preventative medicine for diseases such as reproductive cancers, on the other hand. Remarkably, these pharmaceuticals are as socially complex as they are chemically--they may facilitate the renegotiation of constructions of womanhood, nature, and progress.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-30T17:22:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VIRGÍNIA PALMEIRA MOREIRA - PPGCS DISSERTAÇÃO 2013..pdf: 32184499 bytes, checksum: cf95a28542a239477b565da8675ef9ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-30T17:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VIRGÍNIA PALMEIRA MOREIRA - PPGCS DISSERTAÇÃO 2013..pdf: 32184499 bytes, checksum: cf95a28542a239477b565da8675ef9ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / Capes / O interior do corpo feminino tem sido ao longo do tempo submetido a imagens e representações, que buscam dar significado a eventos que, se iniciando dentro do organismo da mulher, geram comportamentos e condutas que respondem mais a uma dinâmica sociocultural do que propriamente, biológica. Entre estes eventos, nos detemos mais detalhadamente nesta dissertação sobre a menstruação, cuja experiência permeada por múltiplas influências de ordem social, cultural e econômica, as quais se expressam em aspectos como crenças e valores, fazendo daquela, um momento marcante para pensar sobre a dimensão simbólica que envolve o corpo feminino e suas singularidades. Nesta pesquisa temos como objetivo principal analisar as práticas e discursos referentes à menstruação a partir de um conjunto de mulheres pertencentes a diferentes grupos etários, enxergando o contexto social em que estas mulheres estão inseridas, percebendo como suas falas estão organizadas dentro de uma lógica cultural em que as transformações do corpo feminino são marcadas por sentimentos e emoções resultantes da intersecção entre natureza e cultura. / The interior of the female body has been over time subjected to images and representations that seek to give meaning to events, even if starting inside the woman's body, generate behaviors and behaviors that respond more to a socio-cultural dynamics, than, properly, biological. Among these events, we pause in more detail in this dissertation about menstruation, as an axis to reflect on how the menstrual experience is permeated by multiple influences of social, cultural, economic, to express themselves in what looks like beliefs and values, making this, a remarkable moment to think about the symbolic dimension that involves the female body and its singularities. In this research, our main goal, to analyze the practices and discourses of menstruation in a group of women belonging to different age groups, seeing the social context in which these women are embedded realizing how these lines are organized within a cultural logic in that the transformation of the female body are marked by feelings and emotions that make this experience one variable relevant to discuss the body as a space of intersection between nature and culture.

Introduktion: Många kvinnor påverkas negativt av fysiska och psykiska besvär under sin menstruationscykel. Det råder idag stor kunskapsbrist om hur subkliniska menstruella besvär som kraftig menstruationssmärta, riklig menstruationsblödning, premenstruellt syndrom, premenstruellt dysforiskt syndrom, oregelbunden menstruation och menstruationsbortfall kan lindras utan att använda läkemedel. Fysisk aktivitet och kost har visats ge stora hälsoeffekter vid många sjukdomar och besvär och därför var syftet att undersöka om det även ger positiva hälsoeffekter vid menstruella besvär. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att studera om fysisk aktivitet och kost kan minska fysiska och psykiska subkliniska menstruella besvär och därigenom ge ökat välmående. Metod: Sökt i Pubmed med sökorden subkliniska besvär i relation till fysisk aktivitet respektive kost hos fertila tränade och otränade kvinnor utan inverkan av hormonella preventivmedel. Resultat: Studien har visat vissa belägg för att fysisk aktivitet och kost kan lindra några subkliniska menstruella besvär. Premenstruellt syndrom (PMS) kan främst lindras genom lugna, meditativa aktiviteter. Vidare sågs god effekt på PMS av mindre men fler måltider med komplexa kolhydrater, samt intag av vitaminer och mineraler. Yoga har även visats minska menstruationssmärta, och allmän fysisk aktivitet har visat antydan till att förbättra menstruationens regelbundenhet. För att undvika oregelbunden menstruation eller menstruationsuppehåll behövs adekvat energiintag. Övriga subkliniska menstruella besvär saknade tydliga rekommendationer. Konklusion: Studien har visat att fysisk aktivitet och kost kan ha positiva effekter på vissa menstruella subkliniska besvär. För kvinnor med PMS verkar lugna, meditativa former av fysisk aktivitet kunna lindra syndromet. Yoga och fysisk aktivitet har även visats minska dysmenorré. Tillräckligt energiintag är essentiellt för att undvika oregelbunden och utebliven menstruation. Ytterligare studier behövs inom området för att säkerställa resultat och ge generella rekommendationer. / Background: Many women experience physical and psychological symptoms during their menstrual cycle. Research is scarce about how to ease subclinical menstrual disorders like dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric syndrome, oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea without using medicines. Physical activity and diet is proved to have positive effects on several diseases and we therefore wanted to see if positive effects also could be seen on subclinical menstrual disorders. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if physical activity and diet could reduce physical and psychological subclinical menstrual disorders and lead to a better wellbeing. Method: Searching for subclinical menstrual disorders in relation to physical activity and diet in fertile, active and inactive women without the use of hormonal contraceptives was done using Pubmed. Results: The study has shown that physical activity and diet could reduce some of the problems associated with subclinical menstrual disorders. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) could be eased through calm, meditative activities. Positive effects could be seen when eating more often but smaller meals containing complex carbohydrates and by taking additional vitamins and minerals. Yoga has been proved to reduce menstrual pain and there’s also an indication that physical activity could improve the regularity of the menstrual cycle. Adequate energy intake is needed to avoid oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. No clear recommendations were found for the remaining subclinical menstrual disorders. Conclusion: The study has shown that physical activity and diet have positive effects on some subclinical menstrual disorders. Symptoms of PMS could be eased by calm, meditative activities. Yoga and physical activity have been shown to reduce dysmenorrhea. Adequate energy intake is essential to avoid oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea. Further research is needed to give general recommendations.

This study investigates what role menstruation have for women in the village of Nakwa, Tanzania; how inadequate MHM affects the perception of women; and how menstruation is affecting the gender equality within a marriage in Nakwa. Most women in Nakwa village struggle to maintain high standards of cleanliness regarding their own Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM). This is due to many contributing factors relating to ingrained cultural beliefs that menstruation is something shameful and dirty. Most males within the household manage the finances, and menstrual hygiene products are not considered a priority, which further detaches the women from the possession of power over their own MHM. The theoretical framework used in this study is built upon two pillars, the woman as the inferior sex, and menstruation as something dirty and polluting, contributing to menstrual shame. These pillars are constructed upon two academic works; The Second Sex (1953) by Simone De Beauvoir, and Purity and Danger (1984) by Mary Douglas. Substantive previous research is accounted for to support the two pillars. Two weeks of field studies in Nakwa village during February and March 2017 included 23 individual semi-structured interviews and one group interview, with regularly menstruating married women. The results show a linkage between inadequate MHM, devaluation and inferiority of women and gender inequality.

Solicitud de envío manuscrito de artículo científico. / El tema desarrollado en esta investigación se centra en la relevancia que ha tenido hablar de empoderamiento de la mujer en productos de higiene femenina y su relevancia en la percepción del tabú menstrual dentro de un público de mujeres adolescentes entre los 15 a 20 años de Lima que empiezan a descubrir e interactuar por primera vez con este ciclo natural. El caso que se tomó para esta investigación es de la campaña “El Rojo No Me Sonroja” de la marca de toallas higiénicas Nosotras en Perú. La importancia que tiene la presente tesis se da en los distintos aportes que ofrece al mercado publicitario, al sector académico y al contexto actual caracterizado por el empoderamiento femenino. En primer lugar, dentro del mercado de la publicidad permite tener nuevos enfoques en relación a la responsabilidad social que es a lo que apuntan las marcas de hoy en día al tener a un consumidor más preocupado por su contexto social. En segundo lugar, dentro del sector académico, su relevancia se enfoca en debatir más este tema y enriquecer el punto de vista existente por parte de otras investigaciones que tienen una postura de crítica con respecto a cómo ciertas marcas comunican el empoderamiento de la mujer en relación a productos de higiene femenina. En tercer lugar, tiene importancia para el contexto actual el cual se caracteriza por una ideología feminista que bus ca empoderar a la mujer en los diferentes ámbitos de su vida. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la percepción de tabúes menstruales de las mujeres frente a discursos de empoderamiento. Nuestro hallazgo principal es que existe una incongruencia entre lo que las marcas tratan de comunicar como empoderamiento al hablar de la menstruación con las consecuencias que genera. En este caso, las marcas de toallas higiénicas dicen a sus consumidoras que se sentirán empoderadas siempre y cuando usen sus productos, creando prejuicios como que la sangre menstrual es sucia, poco higiénica y vuelve débil a la mujer. / The theme developed in this research focuses on the relevance of talking about the empowerment of women in feminine hygiene products and its relevance in the perception of the menstrual taboo within in an audience of adolescent women between the ages of 15 and 20 from Lima who they begin to discover and interact with this natural cycle for the first time. The case chose for this investigation is the campaign “El Rojo No Me Sonroja” of the sanitary pads brand Nosotras in Peru. The importance of this investigation is related to the different contributions it offers to the advertising market, the academic sector and the current context characterized by female empowerment. In the first place, within the advertising market it allows new approaches in relation to social responsibility, which is what today’s brands are aiming at by having a consumer more concerned about their social context. Second, within the academic sector, which relevance is focused on further debating this issue and enriching the existing point of view by other research that has a critical stance regarding how certain brands communicate the empowerment of women in relation to feminine hygiene products. Third, it is important for the current context, which is characterized by a feminist ideology that looks to empower women in the different areas of their lives. The objective of this research was determine the perception of menstrual taboos by women in the face of empowerment discourses. Our main finding is the incongruity between whats brands try to communicate as empowerment when talking about menstruation with the consequences it generates. In this case, the brands of sanitary pads tell their consumer that they’ll feel empowered as long as they use their products, creating prejudices such as that menstrual blood is dirty, unhygienic and makes women weak. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo analizó los roles de los arquetipos en la estrategia de femvertising sobre la menstruación en la campaña de Kotex #NoMásEstigmas. Los arquetipos poseen beneficios como crear relaciones sólidas e incrementar las intenciones de compra. Sin embargo, muchos de los modelos que se usan actualmente para representar la menstruación se relacionan con la vulnerabilidad, lo cual dificulta su uso dentro de las estrategias de empoderamiento. El enfoque empleado es un estudio cualitativo, su diseño es fenomenológico y se centra en los arquetipos y el femvertising. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 19 mujeres de 23 a 27 años, con educación universitaria completa y con residencia en los distritos de Magdalena del Mar, Jesús María, Pueblo Libre y San Miguel. La campaña de Kotex intenta empoderar la imagen femenina por medio del femvertising, ya que el periodo menstrual aún es censurado y representado como un proceso de vulnerabilidad. No obstante, los arquetipos pueden transformar esta percepción negativa en el público. A lo largo del presente trabajo, se han identificado modelos de mujeres con menstruación que son: (a) discontinuos, relacionados con la vulnerabilidad y (b) continuos, enfocados en la fuerza y seguridad. Estos últimos no se definen en algún modelo actual, pero son los que permitirían impulsar las estrategias de femvertising en torno a la menstruación. Sin embargo, algunas campañas aún tratan de ocultar este proceso físico. En conclusión, se necesitan nuevas propuestas actuales que visibilicen este proceso físico para la sociedad. / The present work analyzes the roles of archetypes in the femvertising strategy on menstruation in the Kotex #NoMásEstigmas campaign. Archetypes have benefits such as creating strong relationships and increasing purchase intention. However, many of the models that are currently used to represent menstruation are related to vulnerability, which makes them difficult to use within empowerment strategies. The approach used is a qualitative study, its design is phenomenological and focuses on archetypes and femvertising. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 women between 23 and 27 years old, with a complete university education and residence in the districts of Magdalena del Mar, Jesús María, Pueblo Libre and San Miguel. The Kotex campaign tries to empower the female image through femvertising, since the menstrual period is still censored and represented as a process of vulnerability. However, archetypes can transform this negative perception in the public. Throughout this work, models of menstruating women have been identified such as: (a) discontinuous, related to vulnerability and (b) continuous, focused on strength and security. The latter are not defined in any current model, but they are the ones that would allow to promote femvertising strategies around menstruation. Despite this, some campaigns still try to hide this physical process. In conclusion, new current proposals are needed to make this physical process visible for society. / Tesis