Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Glasgow, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 391-410). Print version also available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Jena, 1913.

Inaug.-Diss.--Zürich. / Vita. "Quellennachweis": p. [vii]-xi.

The mercenary profession is arguably the second oldest profession in the world. The context surrounding the mercenary soldier has changed and evolved throughout time while the practice itself has remained almost the same. The mercenary still exists today and although the current international environment has changed the way the profession is viewed, a mercenary is still a soldier who accepts compensation for services rendered. The end of the Cold War proved to be a benchmark in the mercenary trade. The cessation of the rivalry between the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, meant that many smaller countries had to now fend for themselves. The military and monetary aid that had flowed into allied countries from the superpowers ceased. The end of the Cold War created a space for mercenary companies to fill. Mercenarism was growing once again. There has been an increase in the literature on mercenaries since the Cold War. However, there has been little focus on the change from mercenaries to private military companies (PMCs) and their evolving role in international relations. Most of the literature focuses on case studies but lacks an in-depth exploration of the roles PMCs play. This study explores the rise of PMCs since the Cold War, focusing on the changing international environment in which non-state actors (NSAs), and PMCs in particular, have grown in prominence. The roles played by PMCs have also changed from the old stereotype of mercenary warfare to a range of activities that include actual combat as well as logistical support and peacekeeping. / Prof. D. J. Geldenhuys

[No abstract available] / Arts, Faculty of / Classical, Near Eastern and Religious Studies, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (M.S.S.(Political Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Student Number : 0108509M - MA research report - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / This research report begins with a brief review of mercenary history before the twentieth century, followed by chapters on mercenaries and PMCs in post-independence Africa and the use of PMCs by strong states (particularly the United States in Iraq). The fourth section analyses relevant international, regional and national laws, focussing on South African legislation. The final chapter considers pressing questions such as the use of PMCs by the United Nations and the case for banning all PMCs, explores the South African connection, and makes the case for a less hostile, more pragmatic South African approach to PMCs.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2008. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

During the second half of the seventeenth century, alcohol and tobacco were consumed at all levels of the social strata in the Dutch Republic. These products and their consumption were important to long standing traditions and were vital to the Dutch economy. Paradoxically, however, moralists and ministers attempted to curb intoxication by associating it with the loss of one's masculinity or femininity. Intoxicated men and women were stigmatized as morally inept, unruly, and a threat to the family, community, and even the nation. Dutch genre paintings depicting alcohol and tobacco consumption are often described as moral warnings or didactic messages, but these images were more than teaching aids for Dutch youth. The intoxicated characters in these paintings represented a larger social anxiety towards the threat of foreign invasions. Foreign labor, including soldiers, sailors, and maidservants, held a precarious position within the Republic and in Dutch homes, and these foreign workers became easy targets for moralists and ministers who sought to perpetuate the Dutch national myth of superiority through allegories of foreign otherness. There is a large body of scholarly work that explores seventeenth-century Dutch society; however, little attention has been given to the significance of alcohol and tobacco consumption. This paper addresses these concerns with a special emphasis on paintings created during the True Freedom (1650-1672). Through the examination of paintings, moral treatises, and religious sermons, I will discuss depictions of alcohol and tobacco consumption and juxtapose them to the ideal man and woman as described by moralists and ministers. For the seventeenth-century Dutch, images of alcohol and tobacco represented an insidious infection in a pristine community. But these condemnations tell us much more about the anxieties of seventeenth-century Dutch society than about the inherent evils of intoxication.

The research was an investigation into the phenomenon of external military interventions in Africa. The broad interpretation often given to intervention compelled both an African view on the subject and an operational definition. External military intervention was defined as the execution of any military plans by a state or its citizens in another state, in a manner that radically alters the existing socio-political, economic and military conditions in the target state, with or without its consent. The role and effects of external powers in six conflict cases in Africa were examined. A taxonomy on intervention identified the phenomenon in its internal and external manifestations. Apart from the more publicised military role of extra-African powers in the region, the increasing role of African States as intra-continental interventionists was also considered. The research concluded that aspects of the problems perceived as endemically African may have their roots in events influenced by external actions. However, some African states were seen as contributing to this situation as well. The view was expressed that restraints by states in their exercise of power and perceived wisdom may reduce the level of conflicts in the contemporary world. / British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, British Council