Au XXe siècle, aux moyens traditionnels de transmission du langage verbal que constituent le parlé et l’écrit, s’est ajouté un troisième moyen, le transmis. Si, dans un premier temps, il s’est surtout agi d’un « parlé à distance » (téléphone, radio, cinéma, télévision), on est ensuite passé à « l’écrit à distance » (sites Internet, courrier électronique, chats, SMS). Les progrès technologiques ont été suivis d’une transformation linguistique : le code s’est adapté aux différents supports qui l’ont véhiculé. Les technologies électroniques de la parole, comme le note Spina (2001 : 31), ont donné une nouvelle impulsion au mode de communication orale. À la fin du XIXe siècle, en effet, l’invention du téléphone a représenté une véritable révolution. Aujourd’hui, après plus d’un siècle, le téléphone a dépassé ses limitations traditionnelles, il s’est fait petit et discret et, à la transmission du son, il a ajouté la possibilité de faire circuler de brefs messages de texte et même des e-mails.La diffusion de la communication SMS a transformé un instrument dévolu à l’échange oral en technologie d’écriture, mais l’originalité du support permet à l’écriture SMS de reproduire les structures morphologiques de l’interaction orale, malgré sa nature d’écrit. Ainsi, la vitesse de composition du message n’est pas la seule propriété qui permette à l’écriture SMS de s’approcher de l’oralité : la syntaxe y apparaît souvent comme plutôt élémentaire, avec une prédominance de parataxes et de constructions elliptiques de la phrase plutôt que d’hypotaxes, traits typiques du discours oral. Mais le SMS joue aussi sur les finalités communicatives en abaissant le registre formel de la langue et en favorisant ainsi un nouveau langage. Notre thèse, si elle n’est pas la première à analyser un corpus de SMS, est sûrement en revanche l’une des premières à comparer la typologie des processus observés dans deux langues, l’italien et le français, pour en définir mécanismes parallèles et diversités. / Verbal language has traditionally been communicated by two means: speech and writing. In the twentieth century, however, a third means came into existence: transmitted language. Initially this consisted mostly of language “spoken at a distance” (telephone, radio, cinema, television), but it then extended to include language “written at a distance” (Internet sites, electronic mail, online chat, SMS). Technological progress was followed by a transformation of the language, and the code has been adapted to the different media used to convey it. Electronic technologies of the word, as Spina notes (2001: 31), have given a new impetus to the oral mode of communication, based on the spoken word.At the end of the 19th century, the invention of the telephone was a real breakthrough, allowing the creation of new, and previously unavailable, forms of communication. Today, little more than a century later, the phone has exceeded even its traditional limitations and to the transmission of sound has been added the ability to write short text messages, and even to send e-mail. The spread of SMS communication has transformed an instrument devoted to oral exchange into a technology of writing: in fact, the originality of the support allows text messaging, despite its written nature, to reproduce the morphological structures of oral interaction. Thus, the speed of composing the message is not the only property that allows texting to approach orality: the syntax is often seen as rather basic, with a predominance of parataxis and elliptical constructions rather than hypotaxis, features that are typical of spoken discourse. But texting also plays on communicative purpose by adopting a more informal register and thus fostering a new language. The present thesis, while not the first study to analyze a corpus of SMS, is surely one of the first to compare the types of processes found in both languages, French and Italian, in order to define parallel mechanisms and differences.

Objetivo: Desenvolver e testar um sistema de monitoramento à distância por short message service (SMS) para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) agudamente descompensada. Método: A elaboração do protótipo foi desenvolvida em três etapas: a primeira, foi a definição de todas as funcionalidades previstas; a segunda, procurou a codificação dos módulos do programa; a terceira, consistiu na realização dos testes, para garantir seu funcionamento pleno. O programa desenvolvido enviava dois tipos de mensagens: com perguntas, que deveriam ser respondidas pelos pacientes, e com reforços educativos, que não necessitavam de respostas. Além disso, o sistema gerava alarmes em caso de ausência de resposta ou conforme um fluxograma para detectar congestão. Esta dinâmica permitia o contato imediato com o participante para confirmar os dados recebidos e dar orientações sobre as medidas necessárias para auxiliá-lo. Para o teste do protótipo, foram acompanhados 10 pacientes com internação por descompensação aguda da IC que estavam nas unidades clínicas ou na unidade de cuidados coronarianos do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. Após a alta, as mensagens que exigiam respostas foram enviadas durante uma semana (duas pela manhã e duas à noite). Os SMS educativos foram enviados uma vez a cada dois dias. Resultados: Participaram do teste do protótipo, 10 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 67±13 anos. Os pacientes eram predominantemente do sexo masculino e moravam acompanhados por familiares. A fração de ejeção média foi de 35±7%. Dos 30 pacientes potencialmente elegíveis no período de teste, 14 foram incluídos. Destes, quatro não tiveram alta no momento do teste e um não completou o seguimento de sete dias por internação por síndrome coronariana aguda. Dos 264 SMS enviados, 247 foram respondidos. Dez dos SMS não respondidos coincidiram com a falta de luz gerada por fortes tormentas que ocorreram na cidade. Os demais SMS não foram respondidos porque os pacientes não os viram (quatro) ou porque eles esqueceram (três). O alarme foi acionado sete vezes: três pacientes acordaram com falta de ar durante duas noites consecutivas e quatro pacientes se sentiram mais cansados durante dois dias consecutivos. Nenhum paciente aumentou dois Kg em três dias. Todos os pacientes tomaram as medicações prescritas durante o seguimento. A enfermeira do estudo orientou os pacientes que geraram alarme no sistema. Conclusões: O sistema de monitoramento à distância foi desenvolvido com êxito e, durante o teste, foi possível detectar algumas limitações – que foram corrigidas. Entre os participantes que completaram o estudo, observamos uma alta taxa de resposta e evidência preliminar de melhorias na autogestão da IC. / Objective: To develop and test a short message service remote monitoring system for patients with acute decompensated heart failure (HF). Method: The elaboration of the prototype was developed in three stages: the first one was the definition of all the expected functionalities; the second sought coding of the program modules; the third consisted of the tests, which ensured its full operation. The program sent two types of messages: questions that should be answered by the patients, and educational reinforcements that did not require answers. In addition, the system generated alarms in case of no response or according to a flow chart to detect congestion in the patient previously created by the team. This system allows the immediate contact with the participant to confirm the received data and to give the necessary orientations to him. For the prototype test we included 10 patients hospitalized for acute decompensation of HF who were in the clinical units or coronary care unit of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre. After discharge, messages that required responses were sent for one week (two in the morning and two in the evening). The educational SMS was sent once every two days. Results: Ten patients participated in the prototype test. The mean age was 67 ± 13. The patients were predominantly males and lived with relatives. The ejection fraction was 35 ± 7%. Of the 30 potentially eligible patients in the trial period, 14 were included. Of these, four were not discharged at the time of the test and one did not complete the seven-day follow-up for hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome. Of the 264 SMS sent, 247 were answered. Ten of the unanswered SMS coincided with the lack of light generated by the strong storms in the city. The remaining SMS were not answered because the patients did not see them (four) or they forgot these (three). The alarm was triggered seven times: three patients woke up with shortness of breath for two consecutive nights and four patients felt more fatigued for two consecutive days. No patient increased two Kg in three days. All patients took the prescribed medications during follow-up. The study nurse guided the patients who generated alarm in the system. Conclusions: The remote monitoring system was successfully developed and during the test it was possible to visualize some limitations that were corrected. Among the participants who reform the study, we observed a high response rate and preliminary evidence of improvements in self-management of HF.

Magister Artium - MA / Contemporary research has pointed to the importance of social media in the lives of young people today. This project aims to explore the emerging discourse conventions and generic structures of chat conversations on social networking media applications such as MXit, BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) and WhatsApp. The data for this project was acquired from undergraduate students between first- and third-year of study at the University of the Western Cape across four years (2010-2012 and 2014). The data is of three types: instant messaging chats which were collected from 2010 to 2012, and questionnaires and a focus group interview which were conducted in 2014. The main theoretical frameworks used for this project are genre and register theory by Martin and Rose (2003), Eggins and Slade (1997), Chandler (1997), Eggins (2004), Halliday and Hasan (1985). Bock (2013) and Spilioti (2011) were also used for the chat analyses. In this project I argue that although generic structures in instant messaging (IM) are conventionalised they still show a great amount of hybridity and fluidity. One of the main findings illustrates how different participants choose to begin and end their chats, whether it is with or without a greeting, and although they may be flouting the conventions of IM chatting they are not necessarily considered to be impolite. Furthermore, the findings of this project explores how the evolution and advancement of technology has contributed to the style of chatting as well as the norms of instant messaging as a genre.

Objetivo: Desenvolver e testar um sistema de monitoramento à distância por short message service (SMS) para pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) agudamente descompensada. Método: A elaboração do protótipo foi desenvolvida em três etapas: a primeira, foi a definição de todas as funcionalidades previstas; a segunda, procurou a codificação dos módulos do programa; a terceira, consistiu na realização dos testes, para garantir seu funcionamento pleno. O programa desenvolvido enviava dois tipos de mensagens: com perguntas, que deveriam ser respondidas pelos pacientes, e com reforços educativos, que não necessitavam de respostas. Além disso, o sistema gerava alarmes em caso de ausência de resposta ou conforme um fluxograma para detectar congestão. Esta dinâmica permitia o contato imediato com o participante para confirmar os dados recebidos e dar orientações sobre as medidas necessárias para auxiliá-lo. Para o teste do protótipo, foram acompanhados 10 pacientes com internação por descompensação aguda da IC que estavam nas unidades clínicas ou na unidade de cuidados coronarianos do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. Após a alta, as mensagens que exigiam respostas foram enviadas durante uma semana (duas pela manhã e duas à noite). Os SMS educativos foram enviados uma vez a cada dois dias. Resultados: Participaram do teste do protótipo, 10 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 67±13 anos. Os pacientes eram predominantemente do sexo masculino e moravam acompanhados por familiares. A fração de ejeção média foi de 35±7%. Dos 30 pacientes potencialmente elegíveis no período de teste, 14 foram incluídos. Destes, quatro não tiveram alta no momento do teste e um não completou o seguimento de sete dias por internação por síndrome coronariana aguda. Dos 264 SMS enviados, 247 foram respondidos. Dez dos SMS não respondidos coincidiram com a falta de luz gerada por fortes tormentas que ocorreram na cidade. Os demais SMS não foram respondidos porque os pacientes não os viram (quatro) ou porque eles esqueceram (três). O alarme foi acionado sete vezes: três pacientes acordaram com falta de ar durante duas noites consecutivas e quatro pacientes se sentiram mais cansados durante dois dias consecutivos. Nenhum paciente aumentou dois Kg em três dias. Todos os pacientes tomaram as medicações prescritas durante o seguimento. A enfermeira do estudo orientou os pacientes que geraram alarme no sistema. Conclusões: O sistema de monitoramento à distância foi desenvolvido com êxito e, durante o teste, foi possível detectar algumas limitações – que foram corrigidas. Entre os participantes que completaram o estudo, observamos uma alta taxa de resposta e evidência preliminar de melhorias na autogestão da IC. / Objective: To develop and test a short message service remote monitoring system for patients with acute decompensated heart failure (HF). Method: The elaboration of the prototype was developed in three stages: the first one was the definition of all the expected functionalities; the second sought coding of the program modules; the third consisted of the tests, which ensured its full operation. The program sent two types of messages: questions that should be answered by the patients, and educational reinforcements that did not require answers. In addition, the system generated alarms in case of no response or according to a flow chart to detect congestion in the patient previously created by the team. This system allows the immediate contact with the participant to confirm the received data and to give the necessary orientations to him. For the prototype test we included 10 patients hospitalized for acute decompensation of HF who were in the clinical units or coronary care unit of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre. After discharge, messages that required responses were sent for one week (two in the morning and two in the evening). The educational SMS was sent once every two days. Results: Ten patients participated in the prototype test. The mean age was 67 ± 13. The patients were predominantly males and lived with relatives. The ejection fraction was 35 ± 7%. Of the 30 potentially eligible patients in the trial period, 14 were included. Of these, four were not discharged at the time of the test and one did not complete the seven-day follow-up for hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome. Of the 264 SMS sent, 247 were answered. Ten of the unanswered SMS coincided with the lack of light generated by the strong storms in the city. The remaining SMS were not answered because the patients did not see them (four) or they forgot these (three). The alarm was triggered seven times: three patients woke up with shortness of breath for two consecutive nights and four patients felt more fatigued for two consecutive days. No patient increased two Kg in three days. All patients took the prescribed medications during follow-up. The study nurse guided the patients who generated alarm in the system. Conclusions: The remote monitoring system was successfully developed and during the test it was possible to visualize some limitations that were corrected. Among the participants who reform the study, we observed a high response rate and preliminary evidence of improvements in self-management of HF.

abstract: This study tested the preliminary effectiveness of a health belief and text messaging intervention for parents of five- to eight-year-old children to determine whether health beliefs and influenza vaccine receipt differ when compared to a text messaging control group. Children are almost four times more likely to be infected with influenza than adults (Belshe Piedra, & Block, 2009), shed the greatest quantities of influenza virus, and have been recognized as vectors for spread of disease (Neuzil, Mellen, Wright, Mitchel, Jr., & Griffin, 2002b). The influenza immunization rate for school-age children is less than 56% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2014). Reasons for the low vaccination rate include parents’ misperceptions of influenza disease and vaccinations (Bhat-Schelbert et al., 2012; Taylor et al., 2002). There are few theory-based interventions for increasing influenza vaccination rates of school-age children; however, promising results have been found when using the constructs of the health belief model (HBM) (Chen et al., 2011; Coe, Gatewood, Moczygemba, Goode, & Beckner, 2012). Mobile technology using Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging may increase vaccination rates to a greater extent than traditional vaccine reminders (Daley et al., 2002; Grajalva, 2006). Prior to starting this study, only one randomized controlled trial testing text messaging to increase children’s influenza vaccination rates was found (Stockwell et al., 2012). In this study, text messaging was effective in promoting behavioral changes leading to a 4% increase in influenza vaccination (27.1% vs. 22.8%, RR = 1.19, p < .001). This study was a randomized controlled trial using a two-group pre- and posttest experimental design. This study found that a theory-based intervention (SayNo2Flu) guided by the HBM and combined with the use of mobile technology (SMS text messaging) did change parents’ influenza vaccination perceptions. It had an overall increase of 38.1% in Influenza vaccination rates in the intervention group (OR: 4.46, 95% CL, 1.705-11.706, p < .001). These results offer some insight into the use of theory-based preventative interventions for parents of young school-age children. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Nursing and Healthcare Innovation 2015

abstract: It is vital for schools to have qualified teachers educating our children. Institutions with teacher preparation programs supply a valuable service to their communities by providing classrooms with devoted professionals who thrive on helping children learn, and the Teachers College, where this study is set, is one such institution. The Teachers College offers two pathways to gain teacher certification: a traditional bachelor’s degree in teaching areas such as elementary, secondary, or special education, as well as master’s degrees in those same teaching areas which offer students with a bachelor’s degree in an area other than teaching, another pathway to teacher certification. Many people who receive their bachelor degrees and then return to college to earn advanced K-12 teacher education degrees are from the millennial generation. The decision to return to college to earn a master’s degree with teacher certification can be a stressful one. Millennial students seeking teacher certification often have fulltime jobs and families, and therefore need the process of returning to school to be quick and efficient. How well these prospective students communicate with the admissions staff at their school of choice will determine if they receive the information needed to complete their applications. The focus of this study is to investigate if a proactive advising text message innovation developed for this study called TextEd, used during the admission process for graduate level, teacher certification programs at the Teachers College, affected applicant communication levels and customer satisfaction through the application process. More specifically, surveys and interviews were conducted with applicants from three teacher certifications programs to determine if TextEd was an effective tool for communication with millennial applicants. Results indicated that applicants’ preferred method of communication was their cell phone, and an increased level of customer satisfaction occurred when using a proactive advising approach with text messaging during the admissions process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Leadership and Innovation 2018

abstract: Children are five times more likely to be overweight at the age of 12 years if they are overweight during the preschool period, and 60% of overweight preschoolers are overweight at the age of 12 years (Matusik & Malecka-Tendera, 2011). Primary care interventions are urgently needed to improve healthy lifestyle behaviors in families. Parental influence plays an important factor in the development of healthy behaviors in children. Cognitive behavioral interventions have demonstrated preliminary success in promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors in both adults and children. Mobile technology used to supplement interventions aimed at behavior change offers an outlet to bridge gaps in health disparities and generate innovative evidence. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to establish the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of a cognitive-behavioral intervention (TEXT2COPE) synergized with mobile technology on the healthy lifestyle behaviors of parents of overweight and obese preschoolers. Primary aims of the proposed pilot study were to (a) examine the feasibility and acceptability of the TEXT2COPE program among parents of overweight or obese preschoolers with mobile phones; (b) evaluate the preliminary effects of the TEXT2COPE program on healthy lifestyle behaviors in families with overweight or obese preschoolers; and (c) evaluate the relationship among the study variables (i.e., cognitive beliefs, perceived difficulty, and healthy lifestyle behaviors). Findings indicate that this program is feasible and acceptable in this population. The intervention improved healthy lifestyle beliefs and behaviors in parents. Further supported are the interconnected relationships between parental beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Nursing and Healthcare Innovation 2014

Digital evidence is becoming more and more frequent and important in investigations carried out by the police. To make the correct judgements, the police force needs to know what one can do with ICQ and in what ways it can be exploited. This thesis aims to point out weaknesses in ICQ that can aid the police in their work. But these weaknesses can not only be used by the police, also crackers can perform malicious acts with them. Therefore, I investigated if the use of ICQ resulted in non-secure sessions. To investigate ICQ’s security, I divided a session into an authentication phase, sending of messages, and the protection of stored messages in a history file. While investigating ICQ, I sniffed its Internet traffic and monitored files on the computer’s hard drive with MD5 checksums. I have investigated the following three ICQ applications: ICQ Pro 2003a, ICQ2Go and the Linux clone Licq. The result of the entire investigation showed that ICQ had a non-secured authentication phase, non-secured messages and no protection for stored messages. From these results the main conclusion was derived: The use of ICQ resulted in non-secure instant messaging sessions. Your ICQ account can be hijacked and another person can impersonate you and send messages that you dislike. Also, your messages can be intercepted on the Internet and their content can be read. If your computer is compromised, all your previous messages on ICQ Pro 2003a and Licq can be read. / Martin Kling Fältv 17 SE-291 39 Kristianstad martinkling@hotmail.com 0733691999

Opera är främst en webbläsare, men innehåller även klienter för bl.a. mail och chat. Innan den här rapporten skrevs saknades dock en klient för instant messaging-protokollet Jabber. Denna rapport beskriver arbetsgången och resultatet av utvecklandet av en Jabberklient till Opera. Eftersom det inte fanns nog med tid att utveckla en fullfjädrad Jabberklient beslutades det att målet skulle vara ett s.k. ”proof of concept”. Kraven sattes till grundläggande instant messagingfunktionalitet, som närvarostatushantering och möjlighet att skicka och ta emot meddelanden. Målet uppfylldes och resultatet blev en Jabberklient med grundläggande funktionalitet. I enlighet med direktiven lades relativt lite fokus på gränssnittet. Klienten har kända brister och användarvänligheten går att öka. Resultatet skulle kunna utgöra grunden för en komplett Jabberklient. Kvar att göra är att förbättra gränssnittet för att matcha resten av Opera i användbarhet. Alla krav i Jabberspecifikationen bör också uppfyllas, speciellt eftersom företaget är stolt över att Opera följer standarder väl1. För att inte vara sämre rustad än andra Jabberklienter bör även extra funktionalitet läggas till, såsom samtalshistorik, filöverföring och möjligheten att använda andra instant messaging-protokoll via Jabberkontot. / Opera is first and foremost a web browser, but it also has e-mail and chat clients. Before this thesis was written however, it did not have a client for the instant messaging protocol Jabber. This thesis describes the workflow and the results of the development of a Jabber client for Opera. Since there wasn’t enough time to develop a full-featured Jabber client, it was decided that the goal would be a proof of concept. The requirements were basic instant messaging functionality, which means the proper handling of presence information and the ability to send and receive instant messages. The goal was achieved and the result was a Jabber client with basic functionality. In accordance with the directives, the user interface was not a primary focus. The client has known flaws and the usability is not as good as it could be. The result could be used as the foundation of a releasable Jabber client. One of the things left to do is to improve the user interface so it matches the usability of the rest of Opera. All the requirements of the Jabber specification should also be fulfilled, especially since the company takes pride in the standards compliance of Opera2. In order to match the features of other Jabber clients, extra functionality should be added as well. Some examples would be message history, file transfer and the ability to use other instant messaging protocols through the Jabber account.

RSS is a format for easy information sharing between computers. A RSS-file, also known as a feed or a channel, consist of a list of items. The items are structured with XML-tags and have to be processed in some way before it can be read. RSS¬readers, web-browsers with RSS support and e-mail-clients with RSS support can be used to display the feed. This thesis is focused to investigate if RSS can be used within an enterprise for internal communication. We look at different computer based communication tools that are available today and compare them with RSS. All the different tools has there advantages as well as disadvantages, we have tried to find out if there is room for one more information channel within an enterprise. Our study shows that RSS is not suitable as a stand alone solution for internal combination. RSS main strengths lies in mass information that has to be pushed out in one direction.