The physics of transition metal oxides is controlled by the combination and competition of several degrees of freedom, in particular the charge, the spin and the orbital state of the electrons. One important parameter responsible for the physical properties is the density of charge carriers which determines the oxidization state of the transition metal ions. The central objective in this work is the study of transition metal oxides in which the charge carrier density is adjusted and controlled via lithium intercalation/deintercalation using electrochemical methods. Lithium exchange can be achieved with a high degree of accuracy by electrochemical methods. The magnetic properties of various intermediate compounds are studied. Among the materials under study the mixed valent vanadium-oxide multiwall nanotubes represent a potentially technologically relevant material for lithium-ion batteries. Upon electron doping of VOx-NTs, the data confirm a higher number of magnetic V4+ sites. Interestingly, room temperature ferromagnetism evolves after electrochemical intercalation of Li, making VOx-NTs a novel type of self-assembled nanoscaled ferromagnets. The high temperature ferromagnetism was attributed to formation of nanosize interacting ferromagnetic spin clusters around the intercalated Li ions. This behavior was established by a complex experimental study with three different local spin probe techniques, namely, electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and muon spin relaxation spectroscopies. Sr2CuO2Br2 was another compound studied in this work. The material exhibits CuO4 layers isostructural to the hole-doped high-Tc superconductor La2-xSr2CuO4. Electron doping is realized by Li-intercalation and superconductivity was found below 9K. Electrochemical treatment hence allows the possibility of studying the electronic phase diagram of LixSr2CuO2Br2, a new electron doped superconductor. The effect of electrochemical lithium doping on the magnetic properties was also studied in tunnel-like alpha-MnO2 nanostructures. Upon lithium intercalation, Mn4+ present in alpha-MnO2 will be reduced to Mn3+, resulting in a Mn mixed valency in this compound. The mixed valency and different possible interactions arising between magnetic spins give a complexity to the magnetic properties of doped alpha-MnO2.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer the advantages of (i) employing less expensive catalysts compared to the expensive Pt catalyst used in proton exchange membrane fuel cells and (ii) directly using hydrocarbon fuels without requiring external fuel reforming due to the high operating temperature. However, the conventional high operating temperatures of 800 - 1000 °C lead to interfacial reactions and thermal expansion mismatch among the components and limitations in the choice of electrode and interconnect materials. These problems have prompted a lowering of the operating temperature to an intermediate range of 500 - 800 °C, but the poor oxygen reduction reaction kinetics of the conventional La[subscript 1-x]Sr[subscript x]MnO₃ perovskite cathode remains a major obstacle for the intermediate temperature SOFC. In this regard, cobalt-containing oxides with perovskite or perovskite-related structures have been widely investigated, but they suffer from large thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) mismatch with the electrolytes. With an aim to lower the TEC and maximize the electrochemical performance, this dissertation focuses on perovskite-related and trigonal RBaCo₄O₇-based oxide cathode materials. First, the effect of M = Fe and Cu in the perovskite-related layered LnBaCo₂₋xMxO₊[delta] (Ln = Nd and Gd) oxides has been investigated. The Fe and Cu substitutions lower the polarization resistance and offer fuel cell performance comparable to that of La[subscript 1-x]Sr[subscript x]CoO₃₋[delta] perovskite due to improved chemical stability with the electrolyte and a better matching of the TEC with those of standard electrolytes. Second, the perovskite-related intergrowth oxides Ln(Sr,Ca)₃Fe₁.₅Co₁.₅O₀ and La₁.₈₅Sr₁.₁₅Cu[subscript 2-x]Co[subscript x]O[subscript 6 +delta] and their composites with gadolinia-doped ceria (GDC) have been investigated. The electrical conductivity, TEC, and catalytic activity increase with increasing Co content. The composite cathodes exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance due to lower TEC and increased triple-phase boundary. Third, RBa(Co,Zn)₄O₇ (R = Y, Ca, and In) oxides with a trigonal structure and tetrahedral-site Con+ ions have been investigated. The chemical instability normally encountered with this class of oxides has been overcome by appropriate cationic substitutions as in (Y₀.₅Ca₀.₅)Ba(Co₂.₅Zn₁.₅)O₇ and (Y₀.₅In₀.₅)BaCo₃ZnO₇. With an ideal matching of TEC with those of standard electrolytes, the RBa(Co,Zn)₄O₇ (R = Y, Ca, and In) + GDC composite cathodes exhibit low polarization resistance and electrochemical performance comparable to that of perovskite oxides. / text

The two-dimensional electronic systems (2DESs) have kept surprising physicists for the last few decades. Examples include the integer and fractional quantum Hall effects, cuprate superconductivity, and graphene. This thesis is intended to develop suitable theoretical tools which can be generalized to study new types of 2DESs with strong correlation feature. The first part of this thesis describes the investigation of heterostructures made by Mott insulators. This work is mostly motivated by the significant improvement of techniques for layer-by-layer growth of transition metal oxides in the last few years. We construct a toy model based on generalized Hubbard model complemented with long-ranged Coulomb interaction, and we study it by Hartree-Fock theory, dynamical mean-field theory, and Thomas-Fermi theory. We argue that interesting 2D strongly correlated electronic systems can be created in such heterostructures under several conditions. Since these 2D systems are formed entirely due to the gap generated by electron-electron interaction, they are not addiabatically connected to a noninteracting electron states. This feature makes these 2D systems distinguish from the ones created in semiconductor heterostructures, and they may be potential systems having non-Fermi liquid behaviors. The second part of this thesis is devoted to the study of collective excitations in high-temperature superconductors. One important achievement in this work is to develop a time-dependent mean-field theory for t-U-J-V model, an effective low energy model for cuprates. The time-dependent mean-field theory is proven to be identical to the generalized random-phase approximation (GRPA) which includes both the bubble and ladder diagrams. We propose that the famous 41 meV magnetic resonance mode observed in the inelastic neutron scattering measurements is a collective mode arising from a conjugation relation, which has been overlooked in previous work, between the antiferromagnetic fluctuation and the phase fluctuation of the d-wave superconducting order parameter near momentum ([pi, pi]). Furthermore, we find that this collective mode signals the strength of the antiferromagnetic fluctuations which are responsible for the suppression of the superfluid density in the underdoped cuprates even at zero temperature. Finally, we perform a complete analysis on an effective model with parameters fitted by experimental data of Bi2212 within the GRPA scheme and conclude that the short-range antiferromagnetic interactions which are a remnant of the parent Mott-insulator are more likely the pairing mechanism of the High-T[subscript c] cuprates. / text

This thesis is comprised of three parts. The first part concerns the investigation of the topochemical reduction of LaSrNiRuO₆ in order to prepare LaSrNiRuO₄ via anion deintercalation. The second part discusses the oxide-for-hydride anion exchanges performed in SrV_1-xTi_xO₃, and the resulting SrV_1-xTi_xO_2-yH_1+y reduction products. Finally, the results from redox-neutral topochemical cation exchange reactions conducted in the three-dimensional perovskite structure of NaTaO₃ are presented along with the characterisation of a novel product of composition Ni_0.5TaO₃. The topochemical reduction of LaSrNiRuO₆ using CaH2 was carried out to produce a novel extended oxide phase with composition LaSrNiRuO₄. This phase is composed of sheets of apex-linked Ni¹⁺O₄ and Ru²⁺O₄ squares in a checkerboard ordered arrangement. To the best of our knowledge, this material is the first example of a B-cation ordered infinite-layer oxide phase. The low oxidation states of the transition-metal cations are confirmed by DFT calculations from which a spin moment S = ½ is determined for the nickel while the ruthenium centres adopt an intermediate-spin S = 1 configuration. LaSrNiRuO4 behaves paramagnetically at room temperature. However, upon cooling (T < 250 K) a phase transition is observed in which the nickel spins interact ferromagnetically, while the ruthenium cations appear to undergo a change in spin configuration to a diamagnetic spin state. A possible explanation is given for this observation based on an ordered arrangement of local Jahn-Teller distortions. While investigating the preparation of LaSrNiRuO₄, it was observed that different samples of the LaSrNiRuO₆ starting materials exhibited markedly different reactivity. The observed differing reactivity is inconsistent with the crystal structure and composition of the LaSrNiRuO₆ samples, from which all the materials are identical. Careful investigation of the X-ray diffraction data collected from the LaSrNiRuO6 materials revealed that the reactivity of the samples is a consequence of the microstructure. By quenching or slow-cooling the materials during their synthesis, the size of the crystalline domains formed is affected and this in turn is observed to define the extent to which the topochemical deintercalation of oxide anions takes place. A mechanism to explain this effect is presented in which the greater 'plasticity' of small crystalline domains helps to limit the influence of lattice strain during the reaction. Similar with the observations for the LaSrNiRuO₆ phases, it was found that the reactivity of SrV_0.95Ti_0.05O₃ samples towards topochemical oxide-for-hydride exchange is also determined by the characteristics of the starting materials. The cooling rate can lead to phase segregation in SrV_0.95Ti_0.05O₃ samples which in turn affects the reduction behaviour. A modification of the energy profile for the oxide-for-hydride exchange in SrV_1-xTi_xO₃ phases is proposed on the basis of the electronic configuration that the transition-metal cations adopt upon reduction (d²,V³⁺ and d¹,Ti³⁺). Finally, topochemical exchange reactions can also be carried out between cations in complex transition metal oxides when the mobility of the species to be exchanged is sufficiently greater with respect to the host lattice. The preparation of Ni_0.5TaO₃ from exchange of Na⁺ by Ni²⁺ in NaTaO3 represents a synthetic approach not yet widely explored in the long-standing challenge that the preparation of magnetoelectric multiferroic materials represents. The topochemical reactions studied in this work highlight the possibility of directing and modifying the product phases, by tuning features of the reagents. This is in contrast with the limited control available in thermodynamic processes.

Le cœur de technologie d'une batterie réside principalement dans les matériaux actifs des électrodes, qui est fondamental pour pouvoir stocker une grande quantité de charge et garantir une bonne durée de vie. Le dioxyde d'étain (SnO₂) a été étudié en tant que matériau d'anode dans les batteries Li-ion (LIB) et Na-ion (NIB), en raison de sa capacité spécifique élevée et sa bonne tenue en régimes de puissance élevés. Cependant, lors du processus de charge/décharge, ce matériau souffre d'une grande expansion volumique qui entraîne une mauvaise cyclabilité, ce qui empêche la mise en oeuvre de SnO₂ dans des accumulateurs commerciaux. Aussi, pour contourner ces problèmes, des solutions pour surmonter les limites de SnO₂ en tant qu'anode dans LIB / NIB seront présentées dans cette thèse. La partie initiale de la thèse est dédié à la production de SnO₂ et de RGO (oxyde de graphène réduit)/SnO₂ par pyrolyse laser puis à sa mise en oeuvre en tant qu'anode. La deuxième partie s'attarde à étudier l'effet du dopage de l'azote sur les performances et permet de démontrer l'effet positif sur le SnO₂ dans les LIB, mais un effet néfaste sur les NIB. La partie finale de la thèse étudie l'effet de l'ingénierie matricielle à travers la production d'un composé ZnSnO₃. Enfin, les résultats obtenus sont comparés avec l'état de l'art et permettent de mettre en perspectives ces travaux. / The heart of battery technology lies primarily in the electrode material, which is fundamental to how much charge can be stored and how long the battery can be cycled. Tin dioxide (SnO₂) has received tremendous attention as an anode material in both Li-ion (LIB) and Na-ion (NIB) batteries, owing to benefits such as high specific capacity and rate capability. However, large volume expansion accompanying charging/discharging process results in poor cycleability that hinders the utilization of SnO₂ in commercial batteries. To this end, engineering solutions to surmount the limitations facing SnO₂ as an anode in LIB/NIB will be presented in this thesis. The initial part of the thesis focuses on producing SnO₂ and rGO (reduced graphene oxide)/SnO₂ through laser pyrolysis and its application as an anode. The following segment studies the effect of nitrogen doping, where it was found to have a positive effect on SnO₂ in LIB, but a detrimental effect in NIB. The final part of the thesis investigates the effect of matrix engineering through the production of a ZnSnO₃ compound. Finally, the obtained results will be compared and to understand the implications that they may possess.

La détection infrarouge, autrefois réservée aux applications militaires et spatiales, connait depuis une dizaine d’années une mutation importante et s’ouvre de plus en plus vers des marchés "grand public". Cette démocratisation est principalement liée aux développements rapides que connaissent les technologies utilisant des bolomètres "non refroidis", qui profitent de leurs compatibilités avec les filières de la microélectronique.La technologie utilisée au CEA/LETI repose sur l’utilisation d’un matériau thermomètre à base de silicium amorphe (également noté "a-Si"). Ce dernier comporte de nombreux avantages dont, principalement, son excellente compatibilité avec les outils "classiques" de la microélectronique. Cependant, l’intégration d’un matériau thermomètre plus performant que le a-Si est nécessaire pour répondre aux défis à venir.Conscient de l’importance de cette problématique "matériau" le laboratoire CEA/LETI développe depuis plusieurs années des matériaux à base d’oxydes de métaux de transition déposés en couches minces.Cette étude s’appuie sur l’ensemble des variantes d’oxydes de métaux de transition étudié dans ce cadre. Cette palette de matériaux, qui se sont révélés très différents dans leur structure et, corrélativement, les mesures de transport dans chacun de ces types, nous ont permis de relier structure et mécanismes de conduction spécifiques à chacun. Une attention particulière a été portée aux mesures de TCR, ou « Temperature Coefficient of Resistance », (facteur à maximiser) et de bruit en 1/f (source de bruit à minimiser), les deux paramètres de choix pour le matériau thermistor.Des grandes tendances qui pilotent la performance d’un matériau thermistor pour la bolométrie ont pu être déduites de ces investigations. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse permettent d’évaluer le potentiel de tel ou tel compétiteur avant d’en entreprendre le développement. / InfraRed detection, formerly reserved to defense and spatial applications, is currently undergoing deep changes which open new opportunities. Uncooled microbolometer technologies, compatible with classical semiconductors processes, are now able to produce low cost thermal imagers and this will open the door to customer markets in a close future.The technology developed in the CEA/LETI laboratory use the amorphous silicon (noted "a-Si") as the thermistor material. This material has many advantages, in particular, its excellent compatibility with the classical tools used in microelectronic industry. However, better performance in the thermistor material is still needed to address future applications.To handle this challenge, CEA/LETI laboratory is currently developing thermistors made of transition metal oxides thin films. The study presented hereby is based on various transition metal oxides samples deposited in the CEA/LETI Laboratory.Characterization of the structure and the electronic transport for each of these samples allowed us to put in evidence correlations between microscopic structure and conduction mechanisms. Two main figures of merit impacting the overall material performance were investigated : the TCR, Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (which must be maximized) and the 1/f noise (which must be minimized).Finally we conclude this work by highlighting majors outlines governing the performance of a thermistor.

Two novel lithium host materials were investigated using structural and electrochemical analysis; the cathode material Li₂CoSiO₄ and the LiMO₂ class of anodes (where M is a transition metal ion). Li₂CoSiO₄ materials were produced utilising a combination of solid state and hydrothermal synthesis conditions. Three Li₂CoSiO₄ polymorphs were synthesised; β[subscript(I)], β[subscript(II)] and γ₀. The Li₂CoSiO₄ polymorphs formed structures based around a distorted Li₃PO₄ structure. The β[subscript(II)] material was indexed to a Pmn2₁ space group, the β[subscript(I)] polymorph to Pbn2₁ and the γ₀ material was indexed to the P2₁/n space group. A varying degree of cation mixing between lithium and cobalt sites was observed across the polymorphs. The β[subscript(II)] polymorph produced 210mAh/g of capacity on first charge, with a first discharge capacity of 67mAh/g. It was found that the β[subscript(I)] material converted to the β[subscript(II)] polymorph during first charge. The γ₀ polymorph showed almost negligible electrochemical performance. Capacity retention of all polymorphs was poor, diminishing significantly by the tenth cycle. The effect of mechanical milling and carbon coating upon β[subscript(II)], β[subscript(I)] and γ₀ materials was also investigated. Various Li[subscript(1+x)]V[subscript(1-x)]O₂ materials (where 0≤X≤0.2) were produced through solid state synthesis. LiVO₂ was found to convert to Li₂VO₂ on discharge, this process was found to be strongly dependent on the amount of excess lithium in the system. The Li₁.₀₈V₀.₉₂O₂ material had the highest first discharge capacity at 310mAh/g. It was found that the initial discharge consisted of several distinct electrochemical processes, connected by a complicated relationship, with significant irreversible capacity on first discharge. Several other LiMO₂ systems were investigated for their ability to convert to layered Li₂MO₂ structures on low voltage discharge. While LiCoO₂ failed to convert to a Li₂CoO₂ structure, LiMn₀.₅Ni₀.₅O₂ underwent an addition type reaction to form Li₂Mn₀.₅Ni₀.₅O₂. A previously unknown Li₂Ni[subscript(X)]Co[subscript(1-X)]O₂ structure was observed, identified during the discharge of LiNi₀.₃₃Co₀.₆₆O₂.

Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ana Carolina Santos de Souza Galvão / Nanoparticulas derivadas de oxidos metalicos, em suas formas livres ou associadas a moleculas organicas ou drogas antineoplasicas, tem sido empregadas no diagnostico e tratamento do cancer. Neste cenario, destaca-se o uso de oxidos nanoestruturados derivados de zinco. Recentes estudos demonstraram a capacidade de nanoparticulas de ZnO, individualmente ou em associacao a agentes quimioterapicos, de sensibilizacao de celulas tumorais resistentes a multiplas drogas (fenotipo MDR), que possuem em sua membrana proteinas de efluxo que impedem o acumulo destas drogas no interior das celulas. A falta de seletividade e dificuldade de internalizacao pelas celulas de alguns compostos utilizados no tratamento de cancer, sao considerados os maiores empecilhos para o tratamento quimioterapico, tornando a modificacao da superficie de materiais nanoestruturados com atividade antitumoral, atraves da funcionalizacao, forma de aumentar a incorporacao e consequente atividade citotoxica destes compostos em celulas tumorais. Neste trabalho, as nanoparticulas foram funcionalizadas com L-glutamina, devido a grande importancia deste aminoacido no metabolismo de celulas cancerigenas e ao fato destas apresentarem maior captacao desse aminoacido que celulas nao tumorais. A citotoxicidade de nanoparticulas funcionalizadas com L-glutamina ou nao funcionalizadas foi avaliada em celulas de leucemia mieloide cronica K562 e sua versao com fenotipo MDR Lucena-1. A atividade citotoxica de ZnO foi comprovada pelos ensaios de exclusao de Trypan Blue e reducao de MTT, com IC50 de 20 evalencia de dupla marcacao nas celulas K562 tratadas com as nanoparticulas ZnO e ZnO_Gln, enquanto que para Lucena-1 observou-se porcentagens semelhantes de celulas duplamente marcadas e marcadas apenas com Anexina V. Para avaliar se ha influencia de especies reativas de oxigenio (EROs), geradas peLucena-1. Atraves das analises das possiveis vias de morte celular via analise de Western Blotting, estudando principalmente as proteinas e os eventos envolvidos no processo de morte celular programada (Bcl2, Bad, Bid, Caspase-3 e PARP) e autofagia (Beclin-1 e P62), observou-se que mais de uma via de morte foi ativada nas celulas tratadas com as nanoparticulas, o que corrobora com o descrito em literatura, considerando autofagia e apoptose sao as principais vias de morte ativadas pela acao citotoxica das nanoparticulas de ZnO. Outro evento observado foi a alteracao da atividade da proteina PgPieloide cronica K562 e a linhagem com fenotipo MDR Lucena-1 e a utilizacao deste aminoacido na funcionalizacao de nanomateriais pode ser uma importante ferramenta a ser explorada. / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biossistemas, 2015. / Nanoparticles derived from metal oxides, in their free forms or associated with organic molecules or antineoplastic drugs, have been employed in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In this scenario, we highlight the use of zinc-based nanostructured oxides. Recent studies demonstrated the ability of ZnO nanoparticles, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, sensitization of tumor cells multidrug resistant (MDR phenotype), which have on their membrane efflux proteins that prevent the accumulation of these drugs within cells. The lack of selectivity, and difficulty internalization by cells of some compounds used in the treatment of cancer, are considered the major obstacles to chemotherapy, making the nanostructured surface modification of materials having anti-tumor activity through the functionalization way to increase the cytotoxic activity and subsequent incorporation of these compounds in tumor cells. In this work, the nanoparticles were functionalized with L-glutamine, due to the great importance of this amino acid in cancer cell metabolism and the fact that these have higher uptake of this amino acid to non-tumor cells. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles functionalized with L-glutamine functionalized or not was evaluated in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells K562 and its version with MDR phenotype-Lucena 1. The cytotoxic activity of ZnO was confirmed by Trypan Blue exclusion and MTT reduction assays, with IC50 of 20 d K562 with ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO_Gln, while for Lucena-1 was observed similar percentages of doubly labeled cells and marked only with Annexin V. To assess whether there is influence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by nanoparticles of ZnO and ZnO_Gln in their cytotoxic activity in ceC promoted protection against the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles even in higher concentrations of nanoparticles (30 ug / ml) in both the lines cell. In the potentiation of cell death caused by ZnO nanoparticles in cell lines studied, functionalization with L-glutamine promoted greater incorporation o562 cells treated with pure functionalized nanoparticles and in relation to the control compared to cells of Lucena-1 strain. Through analysis of the possible ways of cell death via Western blot analysis, the proteins and particularly studying the events involved in programmed cell death (Bcl2, Bad, Bid, caspase-3 and PARP) and autophagy (beclin-1 and P62), there was more than one death pathway was activated in cells treated with nanoparticles, which corroborates with what is described in literature, considering autophagy and apoptosis are the main routes of death activated cytotoxic action ofytotoxic effect of ZnO in the chronic myelogenous leukemia line K562 and the line Lucena MDR-1 phenotype and use this amino acid in the functionalization of nanomaterials can be an important tool to be exploited.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:09:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RenataMB_TESE.pdf: 1339744 bytes, checksum: 24902b1b3636b97bbd787863d62c1f99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a thermochemical conversion process for production energy which have been very atratactive due to energetic use of its products: gas (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etc.), liquid (bio-oil) and charcoal. The bio-oil is the main product of fast pyrolysis, and its final composition and characteristics is intrinsically related to quality of biomass (ash disposal, moisture, content of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) and efficiency removal of oxygen compounds that cause undesirable features such as increased viscosity, instability, corrosiveness and low calorific value. The oxygenates are originated in the conventional process of biomass pyrolysis, where the use of solid catalysts allows minimization of these products by improving the bio-oil quality. The present study aims to evaluate the products of catalytic pyrolysis of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) using solid catalysts as tungsten oxides, supported or not in mesoporous materials like MCM-41, derived silica from rice husk ash, aimed to reduce oxygenates produced in pyrolysis. The biomasss treatment by washing with heated water (CEL) or washing with acid solution (CELix) and application of tungsten catalysts on vapors from the pyrolysis process was designed to improve the pyrolysis products quality. Conventional and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass was performed in a micro-pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC/MS. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, X ray fluorescence, temperature programmed reduction and thermogravimetric analysis. Kinetic studies applying the Flynn and Wall model were performed in order to evaluate the apparent activation energy of holoceluloce thermal decomposition on samples elephant grass (CE, CEL and CELix). The results show the effectiveness of the treatment process, reducing the ash content, and were also observed decrease in the apparent activation energy of these samples. The catalytic pyrolysis process converted most of the oxygenate componds in aromatics such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, etc / A pir?lise r?pida da biomassa lignocelul?sica ? um processo de convers?o termoqu?mica para produ??o de energia que vem se tornando muito atratativo devido ao aproveitamento energ?tico de seus produtos: g?s (CO, CO2, H2, CH4, etc), l?quido (bio-?leo) e carv?o vegetal. O bio-?leo ? o principal produto da pir?lise r?pida, sendo a sua composi??o e caracter?sticas finais intrinsecamente relacionadas ? qualidade da biomassa (elimina??o de cinzas, teor de umidade, teor de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina) bem como ? efici?ncia da remo??o dos compostos oxigenados que causam caracter?sticas indesej?veis como aumento da viscosidade, instabilidade, corrosividade e baixo poder calor?fico. Os compostos oxigenados s?o originados no processo de pir?lise convencional da biomassa onde o uso de catalisadores s?lidos, em geral, permite a minimiza??o destes produtos melhorando a qualidade do produto final, o bio-?leo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os produtos da pir?lise catal?tica do capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) utilizando catalisadores s?lidos, ?xidos a base de tungst?nio, suportados ou n?o em materiais mesoporosos do tipo MCM-41, derivados da s?lica da casca do arroz, visando ? redu??o de compostos oxigenados produzidos na pir?lise. O tratamento da biomasssa atrav?s da lavagem com ?gua aquecida (CEL) ou lavagem com solu??o ?cida (CELix), bem como a aplica??o de catalisadores a base de tungst?nio nos vapores provenientes do processo de pir?lise, teve a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade dos produtos da pir?lise. A pir?lise convencional e catal?tica da biomassa foram realizadas em um micro pirolisador, Py-5200, acoplado ao GC/MS. Os catalisadores sintetizados foram caracterizados por Difra??o de raios X, Espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho, Fluoresc?ncia de Raios X, Redu??o por Temperatura Programada e An?lise termogravim?trica. Estudos cin?ticos aplicando o modelo de Flynn Wall foram realizados com a finalidade de avaliar a energia de ativa??o aparente da decomposi??o t?rmica da holoceluloce nas amostras de capim elefante (CE, CEL e CELix). Os resultados mostraram a efici?ncia do processo de tratamento, reduzindo o teor de cinzas, como tamb?m foi observada a diminui??o na energia de ativa??o aparente dessas amostras. O processo de pir?lise catal?tica converteu a maioria dos produtos oxigenados do CE em arom?ticos como benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, etc

Submitted by João Paulo Braga (jpbraga_ibilce@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-10T12:08:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação.corrigida . Braga.JP...pdf: 4842769 bytes, checksum: 92b7f70c78131d4df05a4710783f132c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-05-10T17:11:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 braga_jp_me_sjrp_int.pdf: 4842769 bytes, checksum: 92b7f70c78131d4df05a4710783f132c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T17:11:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 braga_jp_me_sjrp_int.pdf: 4842769 bytes, checksum: 92b7f70c78131d4df05a4710783f132c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-04 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos e caracterizados transistores de filme fino (TFTs) de óxidos metálicos processados por solução, tendo como camada ativa filmes de óxido de zinco (ZnO), de óxido de zinco dopado com alumínio (AZO) e de óxido de índio e zinco (IZO). Os dispositivos foram construídos sobre substratos de silício dopado tipo p revestido com uma camada isolante de óxido de silício (Si/SiO2), em estruturas do tipo bottom-gate/top-contact, utilizando dois métodos distintos para a deposição da camada ativa: spray-pirólise e spin coating. Os transistores apresentaram excelentes propriedades elétricas, em especial os dispositivos à base de ZnO depositados via spray-pirólise. Esses dispositivos apresentaram valores de mobilidade dos portadores de carga (elétrons), superiores a 5 cm2V-1s-1 e da razão entre a corrente na acumulação e na depleção (IOn/IOff) superiores a 106, o que representa um desempenho bastante competitivo quando comparados com a literatura atual. A influência da exposição dos dispositivos ao oxigênio atmosférico nas propriedades elétricas dos transistores foi estudada através do monitoramento (pelo período de vários dias) do desempenho dos transistores quando caracterizados em atmosfera inerte (N2) ou no ar. Adicionalmente, os dispositivos apresentaram um proeminente efeito de fotoresposta persistente após a exposição à radiação ultravioleta na região do UVA em níveis de intensidade relativamente baixos (abaixo de 10-3 W.m-2), o que sugere uma potencial aplicação em sensores ou dosímetros de radiação UV. / In the present work, thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on solution-processed metal-oxides were developed and characterized, with the active layer comprising zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) and indium zinc oxide (IZO). The devices were built on p-type doped silicon substrates with a thermally grown thin-layer of silicon dioxide (Si/SiO2), in a bottom-gate/top-contact structure, using two different active layer deposition methods: spray-pyrolysis and spin coating. The transistors presented excellent electrical properties, especially the ZnObased devices deposited by spray-pyrolysis, with charge carrier mobility superior to 5 cm2V-1s -1 and ratio between the accumulation current and the depletion current (Ion/Ioff) greater than 106 , which represents a very competitive performance compared to values from the current literature. The influence of the exposure to atmospheric oxygen on the transistor electrical properties was studied by monitoring (for several days) the TFT performance when characterized in inert atmosphere (N2) or in air. Additionally, the devices presented a prominent persistent photoresponse effect after the exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the UVA range at relatively low intensities (below 10-3 Wm-2), suggesting a potential application as UV-radiation sensors or dosimeters. / 134107/2016-0