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The characterization of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexabromotriphenylene, Br6TP, is presented toward its potential use as an n-type organic semiconductor and metal-free room temperature phosphor. The crystal structure shows both anisotropic two-dimensional BrBr interactions and inter-layer ?-stacking interactions. Photophysical characteristics were evaluated using solid-state photoluminescence and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies, revealing significantly red-shifted excitations in the visible region for the yellow solid material (compared to ultraviolet absorption bands for the colorless dilute solutions). Correlation of spectral, electrochemical, and computational data suggest the presence of an n-type semiconducting behavior due to the electron-poor aromatic ring. The material shows excellent thermal stability as demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis and infrared spectra of a thin film deposited by thermal evaporation. The potential for Br6TP and its analogues toward use in several types of photonic and electronic devices is discussed.

O interesse pelo emprego de materiais cerâmicos na odontologia surgiu, inicialmente, devido ao excelente resultado estético proporcionado pela similaridade aos dentes naturais. Entretanto, a fragilidade, inerente das cerâmicas tradicionais, era uma limitação que impossibilitava a utilização em condições em que o material fosse submetido à solicitação mecânica. Com o desenvolvimento de materiais à base de alumina e zircônia, os quais conciliam aspecto estético, biocompatibilidade e bom desempenho mecânico, o emprego de cerâmicas na fabricação de restaurações dentais começou a ser considerado. A incorporação de fase vítrea de reforço nestas cerâmicas tem como finalidade minimizar as taxas de retração e melhorar a adesão ao agente cimentante resinoso, necessário para união da infraestrutura cerâmica à estrutura dental remanescente. Comercialmente, esses materiais são conhecidos como sistemas In-Ceram®. Considerando-se que o aprimoramento dos métodos de síntese e de técnicas de processamento de pós cerâmicos é um dos fatores fundamentais para o bom desempenho desses materiais, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de obtenção de cerâmicas à base de alumina e/ou zircônia estabilizada com 3 mol% de ítria com infiltração de fase vítrea de aluminoborossilicato de lantânio, partindo-se de insumos obtidos pela rota de coprecipitação de hidróxidos. Os pós sintetizados foram conformados por prensagem uniaxial e pré-sinterizados na faixa de temperatura entre 950 e 1650 ºC, visando a obtenção de corpos cerâmicos porosos. A incorporação da fase vítrea foi realizada pela impregnação do pó de aluminoborossilicato de lantânio, também preparado neste trabalho, e posterior tratamento térmico entre 1200 e 1400oC. As técnicas empregadas para caracterização dos pós incluíram: termogravimetria, difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão, adsorção gasosa (BET) e espalhamento a laser. A sinterabilidade das amostras compactadas de alumina e/ou zircônia foi avaliada por dilatometria. As cerâmicas pré-sinterizadas foram avaliadas por medidas de densidade aparente pelo princípio de Archimedes, difração de raios X e observação da microestrutura por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Testes de impressão Vickers e de citotoxicidade foram realizados após incorporação da fase vítrea. Tendo em vista a integridade estrutural, homogeneidade da microestrutura, elevados valores de tenacidade à fratura (3,6 4,9 MPa.m1/2) e a não citotoxicidade dos materiais preparados, constatou-se, neste trabalho, que as cerâmicas à base de alumina preparadas a partir de pós coprecipitados, são adequadas para obtenção de infraestruturas dentais com infiltração com fase vítrea. / The interest for the use of ceramic materials for dental applications started due to the good aesthetic appearance promoted by the similarity to natural teeth. However, the fragility of traditional ceramics was a limitation for their use in stress conditions. The development of alumina and zirconia based materials, that associate aesthetic results, biocompatibility and good mechanical behaviour, makes possible the employment of ceramics for fabrication of dental restorations. The incorporation of vitreous phase in these ceramics is an alternative to minimize the ceramic retraction and to improve the adhesion to resinbased cements, necessary for the union of ceramic frameworks to the remaining dental structure. In the dentistry field, alumina and zirconia ceramic infiltrated with glassy phase are represented commercially by the In-Ceram® systems. Considering that the improvement of powders synthesis routes and of techniques of ceramic processing contributes for good performance of these materials, the goal of the present work is the study of processing conditions of alumina and/or 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics infiltrated with aluminum borosilicate lanthanum glass. The powders, synthesized by hydroxide coprecipitation route, were pressed by uniaxial compaction and pre-sintered at temperature range between 950 and 1650oC in order to obtain porous ceramics bodies. Vitreous phase incorporation was performed by impregnation of aluminum borosilicate lanthanum powder, also prepared in this work, followed by heat treatment between 1200 and 1400oC .Ceramic powders were characterized by thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, gaseous adsorption (BET) and laser diffraction. Sinterability of alumina and /or stabilized zirconia green pellets was evaluated by dilatometry. Pre-sintered ceramics were characterized by apparent density measurements (Archimedes method), X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Vickers impression tests and citotoxicity essays were performed after glass phase incorporation. Considering the structural integrity of samples, homogeneity of microstrutures, high fracture toughness values (3.6 4.9 MPa.m1/2) and no citotoxity effects, it was verified that alumina based ceramics, prepared from coprecipitated powders, are adequate for production of dental frameworks infiltrated by vitreous phase.

O interesse pelo emprego de materiais cerâmicos na odontologia surgiu, inicialmente, devido ao excelente resultado estético proporcionado pela similaridade aos dentes naturais. Entretanto, a fragilidade, inerente das cerâmicas tradicionais, era uma limitação que impossibilitava a utilização em condições em que o material fosse submetido à solicitação mecânica. Com o desenvolvimento de materiais à base de alumina e zircônia, os quais conciliam aspecto estético, biocompatibilidade e bom desempenho mecânico, o emprego de cerâmicas na fabricação de restaurações dentais começou a ser considerado. A incorporação de fase vítrea de reforço nestas cerâmicas tem como finalidade minimizar as taxas de retração e melhorar a adesão ao agente cimentante resinoso, necessário para união da infraestrutura cerâmica à estrutura dental remanescente. Comercialmente, esses materiais são conhecidos como sistemas In-Ceram®. Considerando-se que o aprimoramento dos métodos de síntese e de técnicas de processamento de pós cerâmicos é um dos fatores fundamentais para o bom desempenho desses materiais, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de obtenção de cerâmicas à base de alumina e/ou zircônia estabilizada com 3 mol% de ítria com infiltração de fase vítrea de aluminoborossilicato de lantânio, partindo-se de insumos obtidos pela rota de coprecipitação de hidróxidos. Os pós sintetizados foram conformados por prensagem uniaxial e pré-sinterizados na faixa de temperatura entre 950 e 1650 ºC, visando a obtenção de corpos cerâmicos porosos. A incorporação da fase vítrea foi realizada pela impregnação do pó de aluminoborossilicato de lantânio, também preparado neste trabalho, e posterior tratamento térmico entre 1200 e 1400oC. As técnicas empregadas para caracterização dos pós incluíram: termogravimetria, difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e de transmissão, adsorção gasosa (BET) e espalhamento a laser. A sinterabilidade das amostras compactadas de alumina e/ou zircônia foi avaliada por dilatometria. As cerâmicas pré-sinterizadas foram avaliadas por medidas de densidade aparente pelo princípio de Archimedes, difração de raios X e observação da microestrutura por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Testes de impressão Vickers e de citotoxicidade foram realizados após incorporação da fase vítrea. Tendo em vista a integridade estrutural, homogeneidade da microestrutura, elevados valores de tenacidade à fratura (3,6 4,9 MPa.m1/2) e a não citotoxicidade dos materiais preparados, constatou-se, neste trabalho, que as cerâmicas à base de alumina preparadas a partir de pós coprecipitados, são adequadas para obtenção de infraestruturas dentais com infiltração com fase vítrea. / The interest for the use of ceramic materials for dental applications started due to the good aesthetic appearance promoted by the similarity to natural teeth. However, the fragility of traditional ceramics was a limitation for their use in stress conditions. The development of alumina and zirconia based materials, that associate aesthetic results, biocompatibility and good mechanical behaviour, makes possible the employment of ceramics for fabrication of dental restorations. The incorporation of vitreous phase in these ceramics is an alternative to minimize the ceramic retraction and to improve the adhesion to resinbased cements, necessary for the union of ceramic frameworks to the remaining dental structure. In the dentistry field, alumina and zirconia ceramic infiltrated with glassy phase are represented commercially by the In-Ceram® systems. Considering that the improvement of powders synthesis routes and of techniques of ceramic processing contributes for good performance of these materials, the goal of the present work is the study of processing conditions of alumina and/or 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramics infiltrated with aluminum borosilicate lanthanum glass. The powders, synthesized by hydroxide coprecipitation route, were pressed by uniaxial compaction and pre-sintered at temperature range between 950 and 1650oC in order to obtain porous ceramics bodies. Vitreous phase incorporation was performed by impregnation of aluminum borosilicate lanthanum powder, also prepared in this work, followed by heat treatment between 1200 and 1400oC .Ceramic powders were characterized by thermogravimetry, X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, gaseous adsorption (BET) and laser diffraction. Sinterability of alumina and /or stabilized zirconia green pellets was evaluated by dilatometry. Pre-sintered ceramics were characterized by apparent density measurements (Archimedes method), X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Vickers impression tests and citotoxicity essays were performed after glass phase incorporation. Considering the structural integrity of samples, homogeneity of microstrutures, high fracture toughness values (3.6 4.9 MPa.m1/2) and no citotoxity effects, it was verified that alumina based ceramics, prepared from coprecipitated powders, are adequate for production of dental frameworks infiltrated by vitreous phase.

Thesis advisor: James Morken / Boronates are extremely useful in synthesis due to the ability of carbon-boron bonds to be transformed into carbon-oxygen, carbon-nitrogen, or carbon-carbon bonds stereospecifically. This makes the stereoselective construction of carbon-boron bonds especially useful. The development of transition-metal catalyzed diboration of alkenes gave synthetic organic chemists a way to quickly make not one, but two carbon-boron bonds in a stereoselective fashion. However, there are many drawbacks to transition-metal catalysis, such as high cost of catalysts and chiral ligands, and air and moisture sensitivity of catalysts. These issues, in addition to difficulties in removing trace amounts of metal contaminants from reaction products have prevented transition-metal-catalysis from being used on the industrial scale. Discussed in this thesis are two different methods for stereoselective, transition-metal-free diboration of alkenes developed by the Morken group. Also discussed is the pioneering work in the area of transition-metal-free diboration done by the Fernández group, which inspired these methodologies. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Chemistry.

Boron trichloride, a cheap and commercially available Lewis acid, has been demonstrated to activate alkynes possessing appropriate nucleophiles, facilitating borylative cyclisation. This reaction furnishes polycyclic compounds possessing a new C(sp2)-B bond externally to the newly formed ring (through concomitant C-C and C-B bond formation). The RBCl2 intermediates generated from cyclisation were esterified with pinacol to furnish air/moisture stable boronic esters. This methodology has been applied to the following classes of starting materials: 1,4-disubstituted but-1-ynes (including N- and O- linked analogues), 2-alkynylanisoles, 2-alkynylthioanisoles and 1,2-bis(alkynyl)benzenes. Thus, borylated scaffolds such as dihydronaphthalenes, dihydroquinolines, 2H-chromenes, benzofurans, benzothiophenes, dibenzopentalenes and benzofulvenes have been synthesised. A variety of functionalities (e.g. amines, esters, nitriles) were tolerated by the reaction, with a number of substrates cyclised on either a gram scale, or under ambient conditions, demonstrating the robust nature of this methodology. An oxidation reaction with [Ph3C][BF4] was carried out on some of the borylated dihydronaphthalene compounds to obtain borylated naphthalenes. Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions were carried out on certain borylated cycles to furnish new C-C bonds and generate analogues of established pharmaceuticals such as Nafoxidine or Raloxifene, demonstrating the synthetic value of these borylated cycles. Additionally, a one-pot borylative cyclisation/Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction was also developed. Throughout this investigation, alternative reactivity has been observed when using BCl3 to activate certain alkynes, including intermolecular 1,2-trans-carboboration and a rare example of N- and O-directed 1,2-trans-haloboration. Additionally, multiple borylative cyclisations have been carried out on an appropriate alkyne to obtain a B-doped polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), which has potential material-based applications.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Aromatic rings are universal motifs in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and wide variety of organic materials. Aromatic halides are widely used as synthetic precursors in all these applications. Therefore, tremendous effort has been devoted to activate aryl halides in the past decades. The common methods to activate aryl halides require the use of transition- metals either in the form of Grignard reagents or through the use of transition-metal catalysis. Over the past decade, photoredox catalysis has attracted significant attention as a cogent tool to develop greener synthetic processes and enable new molecular activation pathways under mild conditions. The most common of these approaches uses a photoredox/nickel dual catalytic cycle. While this technology has greatly expanded the toolbox of organic chemists, this method still requires expensive rare-metal-based catalyts. Herein, we present a series of visible light-induced methods that are transition-metal-free. These new base-promoted transformations and their mechanistic work will be discussed in the following order: We will first present our discovery that the dimsyl anion enables visible-light-promoted charge transfer in cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides. This work was applied to the synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl chalcogenides. This method has a broad scope and functional group tolerance. An electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex between a dimsyl anion and the aryl halide is formed during the reaction and explains the observed aryl radical reactivity observed. Then, a visible-light-induced borylation and phosphorylation of aryl halides under mild conditions was developed. Inspired by the mechanistic breakthroughs observed in the previous work. The mechanism of this reaction also involves an aryl radical that is presumed to be formed also via an EDA complex. In other work, a photo-induced phosphonation of ArI using N,N- diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) and trialkyl phosphites was developed. This method uses very mild conditions, which allowed the preparation a wide variety of functionalized aromatic phosphonates derivatives, including natural products and medicinal compounds. Finally, a photochemical amination of amides was developed via a C(sp 3 )–H bond functionalization process under visible light irradiation. This reaction showed good functional group compatibility without the use of external radical initiators, strong oxidants, or heat source. An EDA complex between N-bromophthalimide and LiOtBu is formed during the reaction.

No description available.