<p>This dissertation traces the complex factors that influenced the World War II-era transition of some archaeologists and physical anthropologists who studied the ancient Middle East into roles that impacted U.S. policy towards the Middle East. The first chapter focuses on the archaeological expeditions and disciplinary practices that first exposed these social scientists to the inhabitants of the region that came to be known as the Middle East. Their experiences during the 1920s and 1930s influenced the opinions they formed and would later put to political use. The second chapter traces the various roles they took on in service of the U.S. government during the Second World War. Although many academics performed a variety of duties during the war, they were all united by a common belief: that academic knowledge of foreign peoples was going to be necessary in the postwar world. The third chapter analyzes two attempts, at the University of Chicago and Princeton University, to institutionalize the teaching of knowledge about the modern Middle East. Both efforts failed to fully implement the visions of their founding scholars, who each attempted to modulate the impact of some of the negative practices they had witnessed during their wartime government work. The fourth chapter argues that one archaeologist who worked for the Central Intelligence Agency during the Cold War exemplifies the cozy manner in which scholars and the U.S. government collaborated during the postwar period. That chapter analyzes the modifications the scholar made to his published work on Iran, changes that were made in light of his government activities there.

No description available.

<p> This dissertation explores the process, effects, and results of codification of Egyptian personal status laws as seen through the eyes of the <i> 'ulam&amacr;'.</i> The codification process began in the mid-1800s and continued until the abolishment of the Shar&imacr;'a courts in 1955 with the absorption of personal status statutes into the newly drafted civil code and the national courts that administered them. Throughout this time period the codification process entailed finding appropriate rulings from the annals of Islamic law and structuring these rulings using the model and language of European legal codes, usually the French code. </p><p> Prior to the abolition of the Shar&imacr;'a courts in 1955 the area of personal status law was the exclusive domain of the <i>'ulam&amacr;' </i> and the Shar&imacr;'a. In Egypt, personal status laws were exclusively based on H&dotbelow;anaf&imacr; law, and issues of consolidation and codification of these laws first took place <i>within</i> the framework of classical Islamic law, not outside of it. To understand the significance of the process of codification of personal status law, therefore, one must examine the attitudes of the <i>'ulam&amacr;'</i> regarding it and consider its place within the edifice of Islamic law. </p><p> From a prima facie reading it would seem that a codification of Islamic law is something that the <i>'ulam&amacr;'</i> would consider an anathema. There were those, however, who supported it. In fact early drafts of codified personal status and civil laws were written and compiled by certain <i> 'ulam&amacr;'.</i> There were also others who had mixed feelings about it. The purpose of this study is to acknowledge and understand these various positions since they have been largely ignored throughout the secondary literature, and when they have been considered, have been viewed as uniform and singular. </p><p> Ultimately this dissertation seeks to draw out these nuances and to draw conclusions as to why the codification of Islamic law is today a forgone conclusion amongst the <i>'ulam&amacr;'.</i></p>

<p> This paper is a case study of the Soma mining disaster that took place on May 13, 2014. The disaster ultimately resulted in the deaths of 301 miners. To better understand how this incident was portrayed in newspaper coverage, a textual analysis of frames was conducted. In order to garner the broadest possible scope regarding the depiction of this disaster, newspapers with varying political and religious affiliations were examined. These frames were analyzed to identify elements of classical propaganda in news organizations regardless of political or religious affiliation. </p><p> Coverage from four daily newspapers (<i>Yeni &Scedil;afak, Sabah, Cumhuriyet</i>, and <i>Everensel</i>) was analyzed for frames that emphasize nationalism, Islamism, or worker-employer relations. The study found that the most commonly used elements of classical propaganda were: emotional appeals and flag waiving&mdash;or the invocation of nationally held symbols to motivate action or thought the audience would not have done on their own volition.</p><p>

<p> Under the Supervision of Professor Gregory Carter While the punk rock and heavy metal subcultures have spread through much of the world since the 1980s, a heavy metal scene did not take shape in Morocco until the mid-1990s. There had yet to be a punk rock band there until the mid-2000s. In the following paper, I detail the rise of heavy metal in Morocco. Beginning with the early metal scene, I trace through critical moments in its growth, building up to the origins of the Moroccan punk scene and the state of those subcultures in recent years. I also discuss in depth the organization of concerts and music festivals in Morocco. I argue that Moroccan youth creatively engage with globalized media, to create original, subjective interpretations of said media. This paper is split into sections of analysis and sections of narrative based on interviews I conducted with members of the Moroccan punk and metal scenes.</p><p>

This thesis examines the representation of Muslim women in Canadian media, specifically in CBC's Little Mosque on the Prairie ( LMOTP) which represents women in non-Orientalist, realistic portrayals. This thesis traces Luhmann's (1987) theory on representation of society, Millar's (1793) observations about women in society and Hall's (1997) "Other"; and combines them with Said's (1978) Orienralism, Kristeva's (1991) theories on foreigners and Bhabha's (1994) Third Space to study the representation of Muslim women in LMOTP. A qualitative and quantitative content analysis of the first eight episodes investigates how the image of the Muslim woman has been (re)constructed on CBC. This thesis finds that Muslim women in LMOTP are not oppressed or stereotyped; they participate in Canadian culture and the workplace; and they are not considered outsiders. These characters portray Muslim women in Canada who exist in Third Spaces which allow Canadian and Islamic practices to merge resulting in uniquely Canadian artifacts like LMOTP.

<p> This research project examines the tactics used by Ibn Sa&rsquo;ud and the officials of the early Saudi State during the years 1922 to 1932&mdash;when it existed as the Kingdom of Najd and eventually the Hijaz&mdash;to project sovereignty through institutions like the passport, operation of consuls abroad, and claiming various populations as subjects. Ultimately, this project finds that these actions were significant contributors to the formation of Saudi Arabia and establishment of Saudi sovereignty. It adds another explanatory dimension, one not often explored, for understanding the history of the Saudi Kingdom. Moreover, the project shows that the assertiveness of Najdi officials to operate in the name of a sovereign nation forced the British to more clearly articulate their own claims, dispensing with their preferred state of ambiguity, and sometimes causing local officials to establish official British policy on the spot. This combination of British and Najdi action (and reaction) contributed significantly to the overall form and shape of national borders, mobility of individuals, and designation of nationality across the Persian Gulf and in the world writ large. Ibn Sa&rsquo;ud and his officials were not attempting to enter a game where the rules were already fully established. Rather, they were part of the fabric of individuals and forces that came to make sense of a newly forming international regime of nation-states, nationality, and greater controls on human mobility.</p><p>

<p> The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitudes of Saudi teachers towards teaching PE for girls at public schools in Jeddah city and to explore the factors that may affect these attitudes. The researcher explored the reasons behind the PE ban for girls in these schools. The number of participants was Four hundred and sixty-two teachers who completed the survey (N = 462). T-Test and One-Way ANNOVA were the two methods to analyze the data collected. </p><p> The results indicated that about 95.1% of them agreed that regular practice of physical education can affect positively the appearance and the psychological condition of girls. Almost 89% of participants agreed that Islamic instructions imply that both males and females have the right to participate in physical activities and 66% of participants believed that the ban of women to practice sport is a part of discrimination against women. In addition, about 90% of participants agreed that PE classes should be performed for girls in public schools and throughout all educational levels (elementary, middle, and high). Participants believed that the reasons behind the PE ban for girls are the lack of knowledge about the importance of PE 75.1%, the government policy 70.4%, and the social traditions 75.1%. </p><p> Statistically, male educators scored a significant larger mean on the measure of attitudes towards teaching PE for girls than female educators. Teachers from middle schools and high schools had a statistically significant larger means for the attitude towards teaching PE for girls than teachers from elementary schools, while there was no statistically significant difference between teachers from middle and high school levels.</p><p>

<p> The Gulf Coast Cooperation region has seen rapid growth over the past 30 years. The State of Qatar is one such country that has been building their infrastructure and has required the use of migrant laborers to build physical structures within Qatar. Through a Sequential Explanatory Mixed-Method analysis of 1 year of Patient Care Reports (PCR) from the Hamad Medical Corporation Ambulance Service (HMCAS) in Qatar, the study looked at provisional diagnoses and factors considered for specific ambulance transport triggers amongst the unskilled/low-level migrant workers. Potential causal factors for the rising use of emergency services for non-emergency medical issues was the focus of this exploration. The study identified common themes, as well as conditions that prompt the migrant worker to utilize pre-hospital emergency services. The process was accomplished through a review of PCRs from the Ambulance Service, and thematic analysis using triangulation. Recommendations toward improving service and cost effectiveness- for the health care system in Qatar were derived.</p><p>

<p> Saudis in the private sector tend to change employers, and this study sought information on whether training and education experience, and access to these, influenced their career choices. A study of a Saudi conglomerate was used as representative of larger firms who offered training to their employees; and the sample, 105 Saudi nationals, were self-selected for an online survey. Analysis of demographics, and the participants' employment and training experience and intentions are presented. Analysis included medians and percentages of demographic characteristics and employee experiences and intentions, then descriptive analyses for relationships between the main questions and the demographic characteristics.</p><p> The results were a sample median of 35.5 years of age, with 84.5 percent under the age of 41 years. The participants were well educated with 87.6 percent holding Bachelor's degrees or higher; a further 80 percent had family responsibilities. The median work experience was four years; however, 33.3 percent had two years or less in the workforce, and 42.9 percent had changed their employer three or more times (median 2 employers). Over half (58.1%) attended pre-employment training comprising job skills training (31.4%) and workplace behavior training (12.4%). Upon recruitment, nearly two-thirds (62.1%) attended induction courses and 41 percent of these courses were a week or longer. On-the-job training was conducted by a supervisor (30.5%) or a team member (42.9%).</p><p> A majority (76.2%) of the participants were in training, predominantly (45.7%) with their employer for promotion or higher pay (23.8%). The remainder were training in other parts of the conglomerate (16.2%) or externally (30.5%). Further, over half (58.1%) of the participants stated that their acquired knowledge and skills were portable and could be used with another employer; nearly a half (47.6%) also stated an intention to change employers. Significant relationships between the demographic variables and survey responses were that older and more experienced employees assisted recruits; whilst older employees, those with family responsibilities and those who had more employers also intended to move. Those with higher qualifications were seeking more pay. In conclusion, experience with, and access to training and education were not associated with intention to stay with their employer.</p><p>