The primary aim of this study is to explore the connection between rural - urban migration and unemployment in Turkey and examine whether this internal migration has an effect on increasing the unemployment rates. By using Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) panel data techniques and fully identifying these very concepts: migration from rural areas to urban areas, unemployment and internal migrations effects on the unemployment, an attention will be taken to the (negative) impact of internal migration on unemployment in Turkey.

Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2007

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Social Sciences, Discipline of Geographical and Environmental Studies, 2004. / "July 24, 2004" Includes bibliographical references (leaves 297-319).

With the rapid development in electronic packaging due to product miniaturisation, the size of solder joints is decreasing considerably, thus the failure of solder interconnects induced by electro-migration (EM) and thermo-migration (TM) became a reliability concern. The incorporation of foreign reinforcement can effectively improve properties of the solder alloys. However, this presents an imperative need for a further investigation to elaborate the underlying fundamentals associated with the reliability of reinforced solders. In this study, the Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) based solder alloy powders as matrix were incorporated with Fullerene (FNS), TiC and Ni-coated graphene (NG) reinforcements to form composite solders through powder metallurgical method. These composite solders were then characterised in terms of their microstructure, physical property, solderability, followed by a systematic investigation of their performance under isothermal ageing, current stressing and large thermal gradient, respectively. The results showed that three types of reinforcements were successfully incorporated into the solder matrix; with all reinforcements added being embedded in the solder matrix or around the intermetallic compounds (IMC). The average loss of FNS and TiC particles in the solders was approximately 80% after the initial reflow, while this was only 40% for NG particles. It has been observed that β-Sn and Ag3Sn in the SAC solder alloys can be refined by adding appropriate amount of FNS and TiC, which is beneficial to the wettability with a reduced coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) with the minimal influence on the melting point and electrical resistivity of solder alloys. For the SAC alloys without reinforcements, obvious extrusion of interfacial IMC at the anode was present after 360 hours of current (1.5×104 A/cm2) stressing, while the changes of surface profiles of all reinforced solders were unnoticeable. Under the current stressing regimes, a continuous increase of interfacial IMCs at the anode of the original SAC alloys was observed, but decreased at the cathode with stressing time. For the composite solders, both anode and cathode showed a continuous growth of interfacial IMCs; the growth rates of IMCs at the anode were greater than that at cathode. In addition, NG and TiC were found to be most effective to retard the growth of Cu3Sn IMC under current stressing. A gradient in hardness across the stressed SAC joints was present, where it was harder at anode. However, no such obvious gradient was found in SAC/FNS and SAC/NG solder joints. FNS and NG were proven to be beneficial to prolong the service life of solder joints up to approximately 7.6% and 10.4% improvements, respectively. Thermal stressing made the interfacial IMC in the original SAC joints to grow at the cold end considerably; causing serious damage at the hot end after 600 hours under temperature gradient of 1240K/cm stressing; a large number of IMCs, cracks and voids appeared in the SAC solder joints. However, a uniform increase of IMCs at both sides in the composite solders was observed without apparent damages at the interfaces under the same thermal stressing conditions, indicating an effective reduction of the elemental migration in the reinforced solders. Although there were also some voids and IMCs formed in the composite solder joints after a long-term thermal stressing, the integrity of the composite solder joints was enhanced compared with the SAC alloys. During thermal stressing, the dissolution rate of Cu atom into the SAC solder joints was estimated to be 3.1×10-6 g/h, while the values for SAC/FNS, SAC/NG and SAC/TiC were only 1.22×10-6 g/h, 1.09×10-6 g/h and 1.67×10-6 g/h, respectively.

A l'approche de l'élargissement de l'UE de 2004, les Etats membres de l'Union européenne ont adopté des dispositions transitoires à la libre circulation des travailleurs, à savoir une période dérogatoire de sept ans durant laquelle ils pouvaient continuer à appliquer leur législation relative aux permis de travail. Initialement isolée, l'Allemagne est parvenue en quelques années à imposer sa préférence à ce sujet à l'ensemble de l'Union européenne. Cette thèse fait trois constats. Le premier est que si la libre circulation des travailleurs se situe à l'intersection des politiques d'élargissement, de marché du travail et de politique migratoire, c'est la composante migratoire qui a dominé la prise de décision. Plus précisément, les dispositions transitoires étaient perçues comme un outil de migration sélective afin de choisir les profils jugés comme étant les plus désirables - et ce même si les désirs politiques ne correspondaient pas à la réalité du marché. La seconde est qu'il n'y a eu que très peu d'Européanisation et d'harmonisation dans ce processus de décision, les Etats membres dominant les négociations. Enfin, le troisième constat est que les acteurs politiques ont principalement pris en compte des considérations électorales, et non des considérations économiques, dans l'adoption de ces dispositions transitoires. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The diploma thesis deals with migration of human population in the Czech Republic, with a focus on position of the capital city of Prague in the process. The thesis concerns on migration trends among regions of the Czech Republic, and deals with the process of suburbanization within the specific relationship between Prague and districts of the Central Bohemian Region. The subject of my diploma is also internal and external migration of foreigners as a more significant phenomenon in czech society, with the emphasis on Prague as well. The thesis includes evaluation of the basic structural characteristics of inmigrants and outmigrants (migration by age, sex, educational attainment) and also examination of reasons of migration in the area and its consequences with expectations about future trends. There are common used, relative indicators of migration in the thesis. The analysis was carried out in 1994--2007, in some cases in shorter period.

Today, it is a very crucial problem that many European countries are encountering demographic challenges stemming from the population decline and aging and according to many studies and future projections, this demographic trend will reach more critical levels for the next 50 years. The most prominent impact of this demographic situation will be on social security systems that the functioning and sustainability of pension and health care systems will be severely damaged with regard to the rapidly increasing number of elderly and the decline in number of young labor force resulting from the low births rates all over Europe. In this context, labor migration that received significant attention, has risen up to the agenda of Europe to serve as a policy option to mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic challenges. Taking its impetus from the mentioned demographic problem, this thesis aims to analyze the discussions over labor migration as a foreseen policy option to compensate the shortage of labor force in Europe. It also intents to bring relevant data and current debates together to generate a ground in order to open this critical issue to discussion and to elaborate the feasibility of labor migration need for Europe. In this regard, the thesis scrutinizes the reactions of European states regarding their reluctance to open their borders again for &ldquo / mass influx&rdquo / and examines briefly the other preferred and enforced policies that exclude migration option, such as aiming to increase fertility rates, ameliorate social security systems or encourage the native labor force participation. By taking all these into account, this thesis aspires to attract attention to this urgent problem and evaluates the labor migration need in Europe by presenting the relevant reactions and appraisals shaping the migration policies both at the nation state and EU level. Finally, this thesis attempts to contribute to the literature in terms of generating a base for further intensified discussions and studies which constitutes a significant need in the context of interaction between demography and migration in Europe.

abstract: Most studies on refugee populations tend to focus on mental health issues and communicable diseases. Yet, reproductive health remains a major aspect of refugee women's health needs. African refugee women in the United States continue to experience some difficulties in accessing reproductive health services despite having health insurance coverage. The purpose of this study was to understand the reproductive health journey of African refugee women resettled in Phoenix, Arizona. This study also explored how African refugee women's pre-migration and post-migration experiences affect their relationships with health care providers. The study was qualitative consisting of field observations at the Refugee Women's Health Clinic (RWHC) in Phoenix, verbally administered demographic questionnaires, and semi-structured one-on-one interviews with twenty African refugee women (between the ages of 18 and 55) and ten health care providers. The findings were divided into three major categories: pre-migration and post migration experiences, reproductive health experiences, and perspectives of health care providers. The themes that emerged from these categories include social isolation, living between two cultures, racial and religious discrimination, language/interpretation issues and lack of continuity of care. Postcolonial feminism, intersectionality, and human rights provided the theoretical frameworks that helped me to analyze the data that emerged from the interviews, questionnaire and fieldnotes. The findings revealed some contrasts from the refugee women's accounts and the accounts of health care providers. While refugee women spoke from their own specific social location leading to more nuanced perspectives, health care providers were more uniform in their responses leading to a rethink of the concept of cultural competency. As I argue in the dissertation and contrary to conventional wisdom, culture per se does not necessarily translate to resistance to the American health care system for many African refugee women. Rather, their utilization (or lack thereof) of health services are better conceived within a broader and complex context that recognizes intersectional factors such as gender, racialization, language, displacement, and class which have a huge impact on the reproductive health seeking patterns of refugee women. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Gender Studies 2011

The theoretical part presents the various international organizations dealing with the security situation in Europe and also the immigration policy of the Czech Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. Immigration policy in Germany is included on the grounds that in 2015 it was Germany that has become a country facing the greatest influx of migrants, to the point where the number of registered asylum seekers in the local asylum system exceeded 1 million. Germany, unlike the Czech Republic, has long-term experience in the area of asylum and immigration policy. Moreover, it tries to approach the immigration in a positive way, among others in an effort to fill gaps in the labour market. Germany takes providing assistance to people fleeing war as a moral obligation, and urges other countries to show the same solidarity. As a member state of the European Union and other organizations, the Czech Republic must act according to the rules that international communities enforce, thereby it surrenders, to some extent, its sovereignty when taking the relevant decisions. The aim of present work was to determine threats posed by the acceptance of immigrants and to propose ways to minimize these threats. A secondary aim was to compare the system of refugee reception in the Czech Republic and abroad, particularly in the Land of Bavaria, Germany, that the migration wave in 2015 affected the most of all federal states. In order to obtain the documents necessary to achieve the objectives, we started working with the landlord of an accommodation facility intended for applicants of international protection, in Goldbach (Germany). There we tracked the asylum and integration process of accommodated refugees. To compare the approach in the Czech Republic, we chose the progress and development of the Czech project Generation 21 on the resettlement of Iraqi refugees into the country. Additional information was drawn through lectures and panel discussions with experts on this issue. All the data contributed to answering the research question: whether the strategy of the Czech Republic in terms of receiving refugees has any perspective. The chapter "Results" is devoted to the EU's efforts to create a new, more efficient mechanism that would respond more flexibly than the current system of migration and asylum policy in the EU. In May 2015, the EU submitted to its Member States the "European Programme for Migration", that among others proposed so much publicly discussed mechanism of relocation, resettlement, and hotspot system and return policy. In this case, the work evaluated the proposal, using statistical data obtained from the official databases of the EU, and also thanks to the contribution of Czech experts. In addition, this chapter presents statistical data describing the process of migration waves in 2015, which are interlaced with actual data obtained directly from selected immigrants. The first reference to the applicant for international protection in Germany were foreigners from Iraq and Ethiopia, who, a half a year later, were joined by nationals from Syria. The research at the site showed the real functioning of migration and asylum system. 30 % of all asylum applicants from across the EU headed to Germany. The priority of this country was particularly its asylum policy. The Czech Republic, as a transit country with a share of less than 1% of applicants, focused on the control of illegal migration. This position was one of the factors that led to the failure of the project Generation 21. In the course of the operation this project resettled 89 refugees from Iraq, more than half of whom then renounced the asylum in order to travel to Germany. It is the secondary movement of immigrants that is threatening the existence of the Schengen area and points out the unsatisfactory effectiveness of the mechanisms proposed by the EU.

This thesis focuses on the topic of the European migration crisis in the period of 2013- 2018. The main goal is to determine, to what degree does the securitisation discourse in Germany meets the objective reality. The central part of the thesis is represented by the analysis of data about crime in German states. It is focused just on the data regarding the violent crime, that is because of the higher clearance rate a more significant impact of these crimes on the general mood in the society. The data are separated according to the borders of former eastern and western Germany. The result is a comparison of ongoing trends concerning the overall amount of crimes commited and the share of foreigners among the suspects. In the second part, the thesis focuses on comparing the data from the previous part with the development in the Germanys political landscape. Most notably in the case of developments of AfD, as this party is often referred to as an anti-system party. Again, the focus is on the regional differences between the former eastern and western Germany. In the last chapter, the thesis is trying to use the experience learned from eastern Germany and apply them to the Czech Republic. Eastern Germany was chosen for its relative similarities to Czechia given its history in the eastern bloc, similar...