Minorities hold a significantly smaller percentage of executive positions in companies within the S&P500. However, whether these minorities are under compensated relative to their non-minority counterparts has not been previously investigated. Using Compustat data, this paper documents the differences in compensation between minorities and non-minorities as a whole, minority and non-minority CEOs, and the differences in compensation for minorities and non-minorities within industries. I show that there is no minority/white wage gap overall, and in some cases, minorities earn a premium compared to non-minorities.

This thesis analyzes the history behind reapportionment and how the task of redistricting has differed in the past decades. For the most part, there was always been a public outcry when the task was in the hands of the Legislature. Fear of political gerrymandering and the creation of safe districts was enough for people to pass a series of initiatives to try and correct the system. While many initiatives failed to pass, Proposition 11, passed in 2008, created the Citizen’s Redistricting Commission—a 14-member committee put in charge of drawing this years’ plans. This paper also looks at population trends in the past decade and takes into account the impact of the increase in Latinos in the state of California.

Since de-institutionalization, numerous community based treatment modalities have been implemented to provide treatment for individuals diagnosed as seriously and persistently mentally ill. CTOs are a recent addition to the community mental health care system designed to provide outpatient mental health services to seriously mentally ill clients and using legal mechanisms to enforce a contractual obligation to participate in those services. Although there is a growing body of literature on CTOs and other mandated outpatient treatment programs for people diagnosed with mental illnesses, the research predominantly focuses on the perspectives of service providers and family members. Little attention has been given to how clients view the experience of receiving the treatment and no attention has been given to the experience of clients who are of ethno-racial minority background. As Ontario is a racially and ethnically diverse environment in which many people of minority backgrounds are placed on CTOs. This study, utilizing a phenomenological methodology, interviewed twenty-four participants of ethno-racial minority background who are either on CTOs or have been on a CTO in the past. The focus of the study was to explore the views and lived experience of the participants regarding the treatment. The outcome of the study showed that the participants did not experience the treatment as racially motivated but felt it was necessary and beneficial. The participants discussed the impact of power in the treatment process. Implications of the study were that it would enhance the mental health literature by providing an understanding of serious mental illness among individuals of ethno-racial minority background. The study would provide insight for policy makers and practitioners on providing effective support for the marginalized.

For various reasons, certain races tend to play particular sports. Sports with low costs of participation (e.g., basketball and football) have higher percentages of minority participants relative to sports with high costs of participation (e.g., golf). In addition to the cost of participation being a deterrent, stereotypes can also play a role into who plays various sports. Certain races tend to feel most competent in a particular sport (e.g., African Americans in basketball). This study focuses on the degree to which stereotypes contribute to the under representative rates of minorities in golf, compared to their overrepresented White counterparts. Data were collected from 217 students at a large US public university. A pilot test was used to develop a scale depicting the "general golfer." In the primary study, participants used a 7-point scale to rate the degree to which the "general golfer," Whites, Asians, Hispanics, and African Americans exhibited these characteristics. Examples of these characteristics include "refined", "etiquette", and "skillfulness." The scale items were all reliable. The correlation between the general golfer and Whites was the strongest (r = .50), followed by Asians (r = .36), Hispanics (r = .29), and African Americans (r = .23). The correlation between the general golfer and Whites was significantly stronger than correlations between the general golfer and African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians, t's > 2.3, p's < .05. In addition, Whites were viewed as more appropriate for golf relative to racial minorities. Stereotypes can influence which races people view as appropriate and not appropriate for golf. These stereotypes can in turn impact participation, or lack thereof, of certain races in golf. If certain racial groups are not considered appropriate for a sport in which mental strength, etiquette, and persistence are valued, this could also impact access to jobs in which these characteristics are also valued. In addition, these stereotypes can potentially lead to self-limiting behavior by the negatively affected races.

Sexual minority women have been repeatedly overlooked in violence against women research. As a result, we know little about the experiences and needs of non-heterosexual or gender non-conforming survivors. Given the paucity of information available on this topic, this study was exploratory in nature and used a phenomenological approach. Open-ended, unstructured interviews focused on the lived experience of surviving sexual violence and the impact that this experience has had on the survivors’ same-sex sexuality. While a number of reoccurring themes generated from this project are well represented within the broad and well-developed canon of sexual violence research, participants also introduced features unique to LBQ and same-sex attracted women. Results from this project are intended to begin a long overdue dialogue about the needs of this understudied community of survivors.

SAMMANFATTNING Studien var en jämförande longitudinell studie där syftet var att undersöka om den självskattade hälsan förbättrades för personer (n=14) som deltagit i hälsokurs inom arbetsmarknadsprojektet Romano Zor. Frågeställningen var: förändras självskattad hälsa över tid för deltagare i ett arbetsmarknadsprojekt? Datainsamlingsmetod var Hälsoenkät SF-36 som mäter självrapporterad fysisk och psykisk hälsa, med åtta delskalor. Resultatet visar att romerna, i basmätningen (n=28), skattade sin hälsa sämre än personerna i normdata grupperna, i samtliga skalor. I fem delskalor skattar deltagarna (n=14), som svarade på enkäten även vid andra mätningen, sin hälsa sämre efter att de genomgått projektet (mätning över tid). Kvinnorna skattar generellt sin hälsa sämre än männen. Undantaget en fråga som rör förändring av hälsan över tid, där kvinnorna skattar bättre hälsa än männen. I denna fråga skattar majoriteten av deltagarna en bättre eller likvärdig hälsa i andra mätningen, jämfört med bas mätningen. Slutsats: personer med romskt ursprung som deltar i en hälsokurs i ett arbetsmarknadsprojekt, skattar en förbättrad  hälsa över tid i några hälsofaktorer, mätt med hälsoenkät SF 36. / ABSTRACT The study was a comparative longitudinal study where the aim was to investigate whether self-rated health improved for persons (n=14) who participated in the health course in a labor project Romano Zor. The issue was: changed self-rated health over time for participants in a social project? Data collection method was a health survey SF-36, which measures self-rated physical and mental health, with eight sub-scales. The results show that the Roma, in the base measurement  (n = 28), rated their health worse than their counterparts in standard data groups, in all scales.  In five sub-scales underestimate the participants (n = 14), respondents were also at the second measurement, their health worse after they completed the project (measurement over time). The women generally underestimate their health worse than men. The exception a matter related to changes in health over time, with women underestimating better health than men. In this case overestimate the majority of the participants a better or equivalent health in the second measurement, compared to base measurement. Conclusion: The people of Roma origin who participate in a health course in a labor market project, estimate health improvement over time in any health factors, as measured by the health questionnaire SF- 36.

Minority government is defined by the relationship between the legislative and executive branches of government in parliamentary democracies; it means single-party cabinet or coalition cabinet, which are not supported by a parliamentary majority in Parliamentary and Semi-Presidential countries. For instance, in Taiwan, Chen Shui-bian won the Presidential Election in 2000, but he just garnered 39.3¢Mof the popular vote, so he was a minority president. After election, the president Chen Shui-bian appointed Chang Chun-hsiung as Premier (Executive Yuan); therefore, ¡§Chen Shui-bian government¡¨ indeed was a minority government. Because the ¡§regime turnover¡¨ happened in Taiwan is the first time, as a ruling party, Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) didn¡¦t deal with very well in cabinet portfolios, policy concession or policy implementation. On the other hand, the political disturbance has been existed in the executive-legislative relations since 2000. Under this context, to understand why minority governments form and how they operate become an important issue. As we noted, there is not rich literature on minority governments, so this is why the study focus on initially exploring minority government. This essay includes two research subjects: The first point is to analyze theory of minority government. By following the documents of the scholars¡¦ comparison and research, I try to explain why a minority government form from the part of the institution and strategy; I also introduce the operation and performance of minority government briefly. The second point is to do the studies of cases of minority government and performance in Norway and Fourth Republic France: From the two empirical cases, I expect to find a suitable solution for the constitutional deadlock at present in Taiwan.

Previous studies in the area of parental involvement in the education system were based on inconsistent parameters or definitions of the construct (Baker and Soden, 1997). The present study seeks to more clearly define and quantify parental involvement and examine the reduction of academic risk factors for economically disadvantaged students through a program of parental involvement in the educational setting. This study compares the academic achievement (ITBS scores) of 70 students enrolled in 1st thru 5th grades at an elementary public charter school in relation to the level of documented parental involvement (PI). Data indicate that in comparison to students enrolled at two neighborhood traditional public elementary schools, students at the charter school are 1.2 to 1.7 times more likely to pass the state mandated TAKS test in grades three through five. However, statistical analyses did not support the hypothesis that level of parental involvement was associated with academic achievement.

Little uniquely identifiable information about Hispanic women who gain entrance into medical school is known. A few studies that focus just on stress in Hispanic women in medical school have found “unique” stressors. This research examines stress in Hispanic women students (all four years) at Texas A&M University System – Health Science Center – College of Medicine (TAMUS-HSC) at College Station and at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) at Galveston, Texas. Twenty- four women took part in this project. Data was gathered using a packet of questionnaires, incorporating Sheridan and Radmacher’s Comprehensive Scale of Stress Assessment and the Personal Style Inventory (1987 and 1991) and The Community Oriented Primary Care (COPC) Student Project: Stress in First-Year Medical Students (Lensky, Noori, Matsukuma, Melamud & Chen, 1999). Each woman was personally interviewed. The results suggest increased stress and “unique” stressors found by others who have researched Hispanic women in medical school. The intensity of medical school coupled with the stress that engulfs them from fear and sometimes anger (two stress emotions) stemming from worry about failure in school and worry about student loans that they are fearful they may not be able to repay causes high stress. Social, ethnic, and cultural bias and norms barriers to which they struggle to overcome anger them. Results from investigation of coping strategies suggest the women are coping as well as can be expected and are joyous over what they are doing. They rely on social groups to give them support. The knowledge they have obtained that there is prejudice toward their academic qualifications seems to make them more determined. They appear to be non-traditional and strong women who feel they are destined to become medical doctors This research should add valuable information to future research in this area. It is suggested by this author that there is a need for substantial, active, immediate and constant support for all minority students in Texas medicine. It is of necessity that minority mentors be trained and efforts made to put in place a program that works to support the women who are struggling and in fear of failing out.

Extensive research has been conducted on college student retention and graduation and many studies have found certain characteristics to be predictive of successful completion of college. However, few studies have focused on a target population which is primarily Hispanic. This study examined the 1990 entering freshmen class of students at Texas A&M University-Kingsville (TAMUK), of which more than 68% were Hispanic. An attempt was made to examine characteristics that would predict success, defined as graduation from TAMUK. Data derived from institutional records and the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board were examined using descriptive statistics and stepwise multiple logistic regression. Pre-college characteristics studied included age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, high school GPA (Grade Point Average), high school class rank, high school of origin, county of origin, and American College Test (ACT) and the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) scores. In-college characteristics studied included residency status, admission status, enrollment status, number of hours enrolled fall 1990, college major, the Texas Academic Skills Program (TASP) scores, developmental courses, semester GPA??s, academic standing, and finally, attrition, transfer or graduation status. The fall 1990 entering students were evenly divided between males (53.4%) and females (46.6%), were young (79% were age 19 or less), single (91.4%), and Hispanic (68.2%). Almost half (46%) of the students came from high schools within 50 miles of Kingsville. The mean college entrance exam scores (ACT=16.76 and SAT=766) were well below the national means of 21 and 999, respectively. Of the 1106 entering freshmen, 307 (27.7%) graduated from TAMUK within the 10 years under study. An additional 490 (44.3%) transferred to other state institutions, and 309 (27.9%) dropped out of TAMUK and did not enroll in any other state college or university. The fall-tospring attrition rate was only 16.5%; however, the fall-to-fall attrition rate was 50.0% at the end of the first year. Stepwise multiple logistic regression (backward) analysis revealed that only high school GPA and the ACT composite score were statistically significant predictors of graduation.