Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are an iconic species of wildlife, and populations of mule deer across much of the western U.S. have experienced recent fluctuations in size. Factors that affect the survival and subsequent recruitment of juveniles may be the preeminent cause of population fluctuations for mule deer in many areas. Many factors, including habitat loss, extreme weather, intense predation, timing and synchrony of parturition, and competition with other species may be influencing these changes. We studied two potential factors that can influence the survival of neonate mule deer in southern Utah. To better understand how predation affects mule deer, we first implemented a study of the response of mule deer to removal of coyotes in southern Utah. We monitored survival and cause-specific mortality of neonate mule deer in areas where coyotes were removed and where they were not removed. We used multi-model inference within Program MARK and a known-fate model to estimate survival of neonate mule deer in both treatments (removal and non-removal), and to investigate factors potentially influencing survival. Our results indicated that coyote control can decrease mortality and increase survival of neonate mule deer in some situations. Removal of coyotes was most effective when removal efforts occurred for multiple consecutive years, and when control efforts occurred in or near fawning habitat. Second, we examined how synchrony of parturition affects the survival and cause-specific mortality of neonate mule deer. Reproductive synchrony is a strategy that influences the survival of juveniles and the growth of populations. Our objective was to test three possible explanations for the synchrony of parturition in mule deer; 1) pressure of predation on newborns, 2) a hybrid of predation and environmental effects, and 3) weather and food availability. To determine the effects of the timing of parturition on the survival and predator-related mortality of neonate mule deer, we used multi-model inference within Program MARK and a known-fate model. Our results indicated that the timing of parturition influenced survival and predator-related mortality of neonate mule deer. There was a lag between the onset of parturition of mule deer and predation of mule deer by fawns; individuals born close to the onset of parturition had higher survival and lower predator-related mortality than those whose births were delayed relative to the onset of parturition. Since predators selected for neonate mule deer that were born late, predator learning may partially explain reproductive synchrony in mule deer. Environmental factors may have a greater effect than predation on the survival of early-born individuals.

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Tanto o Pavilhão Brasileiro da Exposição de Saint Louis, ocorrido em 1904, de autoria do engenheiro Francisco Marcelino de Souza Aguiar, como o da Feira de Nova York, de 1939, dos arquitetos Lucio Costa e Oscar Niemeyer, carregavam a missão arquitetônica de representar a identidade do país. Manifestaram-se distintos em suas arquiteturas pela formação de seus autores e pelo lugar e época em que foram construídos. Esses edifícios revelam dimensões da vida nacional em ressonância com as relações políticas, comerciais e culturais tecidas para a sua realização. O conjunto de circunstâncias sobre as quais essas arquiteturas se fundamentam contraria suas aparentes oposições e lhes confere sentidos complementares. Uma construção diplomática que transpôs percalços políticos, conciliando-os para um projeto de modernização e superação do país frente aos passados recentes de cada um dos períodos. Esse trabalho diplomático estreitou relações da jovem República do Brasil com os EUA, paradigma de nação nova que reunia as condições materiais e tecnológicas para a construção dos dois pavilhões. Tomar esses dois casos como exemplares permite compreender os aspectos de diálogo entre tradições europeias e suas emulações americanas. Caminhos complementares da arquitetura e da diplomacia revelam as vontades correntes de modernização e da busca do estabelecimento de maioridade do país, assim como a intenção de sua inclusão como agente no \"Jogo de Nações\" que se abriu no século 20. / Both the Brazilian Pavilion at the 1904 Saint Louis Word\'s Fair, authored by engineer Francisco Marcelino de Souza Aguiar, and the one at the New York Fair in 1939, by the architects Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, laded the architectural mission of representing the country\'s identity. They were distinct in their architectures due to the training of their authors and the place and time they were built. These buildings show the dimensions of national life to be in resonance with the political, commercial and cultural relations woven for their implementation. The set of circumstances these architectures are based on contradicts the apparent oppositions and gives them complementary directions. A diplomatic construction that has transposed political mishaps by conciliating them around a project to modernize the country as to the recent pasts of each of the periods. This diplomatic performance straitened the relations of the young Republic of Brazil with the United States, paradigm of a new nation that matched both the material conditions and the technology for the construction of the two pavilions. Taking these two cases as exemplary allows us to understand the aspects of the dialogue between the European traditions and their American emulations. The complementary paths of both architecture and diplomacy reveal the wish for modernisation and the search for the establishment of the country\'s majority, as well as the intention of its inclusion as a player in the \"Game of Nations\" which opened up in the 20 century

Tanto o Pavilhão Brasileiro da Exposição de Saint Louis, ocorrido em 1904, de autoria do engenheiro Francisco Marcelino de Souza Aguiar, como o da Feira de Nova York, de 1939, dos arquitetos Lucio Costa e Oscar Niemeyer, carregavam a missão arquitetônica de representar a identidade do país. Manifestaram-se distintos em suas arquiteturas pela formação de seus autores e pelo lugar e época em que foram construídos. Esses edifícios revelam dimensões da vida nacional em ressonância com as relações políticas, comerciais e culturais tecidas para a sua realização. O conjunto de circunstâncias sobre as quais essas arquiteturas se fundamentam contraria suas aparentes oposições e lhes confere sentidos complementares. Uma construção diplomática que transpôs percalços políticos, conciliando-os para um projeto de modernização e superação do país frente aos passados recentes de cada um dos períodos. Esse trabalho diplomático estreitou relações da jovem República do Brasil com os EUA, paradigma de nação nova que reunia as condições materiais e tecnológicas para a construção dos dois pavilhões. Tomar esses dois casos como exemplares permite compreender os aspectos de diálogo entre tradições europeias e suas emulações americanas. Caminhos complementares da arquitetura e da diplomacia revelam as vontades correntes de modernização e da busca do estabelecimento de maioridade do país, assim como a intenção de sua inclusão como agente no \"Jogo de Nações\" que se abriu no século 20. / Both the Brazilian Pavilion at the 1904 Saint Louis Word\'s Fair, authored by engineer Francisco Marcelino de Souza Aguiar, and the one at the New York Fair in 1939, by the architects Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, laded the architectural mission of representing the country\'s identity. They were distinct in their architectures due to the training of their authors and the place and time they were built. These buildings show the dimensions of national life to be in resonance with the political, commercial and cultural relations woven for their implementation. The set of circumstances these architectures are based on contradicts the apparent oppositions and gives them complementary directions. A diplomatic construction that has transposed political mishaps by conciliating them around a project to modernize the country as to the recent pasts of each of the periods. This diplomatic performance straitened the relations of the young Republic of Brazil with the United States, paradigm of a new nation that matched both the material conditions and the technology for the construction of the two pavilions. Taking these two cases as exemplary allows us to understand the aspects of the dialogue between the European traditions and their American emulations. The complementary paths of both architecture and diplomacy reveal the wish for modernisation and the search for the establishment of the country\'s majority, as well as the intention of its inclusion as a player in the \"Game of Nations\" which opened up in the 20 century

On April 9, 1940, Germany invaded Denmark. Instantly, the fate and status of Greenland, a Danish colony, was thrust into limbo. During the war, Greenland’s vital mineral resources and location made it significant for the warring parties on both sides of the Atlantic. However, conflicting international corporate and political interests made any act to defend the island on the part of the Allies, or the officially neutral Americans, problematic. Within a year of the Danish occupation, the American government had signed an agreement for the defense of Greenland, extending the protection of both the Monroe Doctrine and the American military to the island. This action was an important step in the formal expansion of American influence in the Western Hemisphere that occurred during the Second World War. This thesis argues that global economic, political, and technological changes led to Greenland’s increased geopolitical significance and set the stage for a shift in the balance of power within the North Atlantic Triangle. It demonstrates how decisions relating to the security of the island came to be made and how conflicting interests within and between governments affected the genesis of the occupation. It explores how Winston Churchill’s decision to mine the North Sea led to the American occupation of Greenland and examines the ways in which the effects of Churchill’s actions raised concerns in Canada about the possibility of a British defeat, which in turn led Mackenzie King, the Canadian Prime Minister, to align his foreign policy closer to that of the United States’ President Roosevelt. This thesis also asserts that Roosevelt successfully used the potential foreign occupation of Greenland to demonstrate to the American public the dangers of foreign conflicts to the United States and to further his hemispheric security objectives both domestically and abroad. These events had a profound and lasting impact on the relationships within the North Atlantic Triangle and on political identity in Greenland, and signalled an important shift in the foreign policy of the United States toward greater American involvement in world affairs.

This work, the way its name suggests it, is intent on the theme of process of achievement of the Latin American states' independence of Spain and Portugal, and on situating of this process in the context of the events of this time in further world's parts, and mainly in the context of the policies of single powers which had, or could have, some interests in the said spaces. Likewise the name itself suggests, its chief interest is intent primarily on the period of the years 1815-1826. While in Europe the Napoleonic Wars had definitively ended, and a new order here was creating, according to principles of the Vienna Congress, and under the supervision of the Holy Alliance, Spanish America had gone through first phase of her own wars of liberation, and it could seem, on the beginning, the situation here was coming anew to profit of the Spanish monarchy, recuperating from the precedent years of the French rule and the war with French intruders. However, the struggle of independence of single Hispanic-American states was continuing, like the Portuguese Brazil reached for own independence of colonial metropolis as well. In the Spanish America's case, Spain, really isolated, despite the negative attitudes of the Holy Alliance's monarchical governments towards the development in her oversea possessions, and...

Pin-up images have played an important role in American culture, in both their illustrated and photographic configurations. The pin-up is viewed as a significant representational cultural artifact of idealistic and aspirational femininity and of consumerism and material wealth, especially reflective of the mid-twentieth century period in America spanning the 1930s to the 1960s. These images not only reflect great shifts in social mores and women’s social status, but also affected changes in both areas in turn. Furthermore, pin-up images internationally circulated in magazines, advertising and promotional material, contributed to the manner in which America was idealized in Europe and beyond. Crucially, they influenced how an eroticized and glamorous, yet unrealistic, example of femininity came to be generalized as a desirous model of femininity. In recent years there has been vital, though limited, scholarly research into the cultural and social impact of pin-up imagery, to which this thesis adds to. This thesis takes a genealogical approach, charting the development of popular female-centric “pin-up” imagery in America since the 1860s and up to the 1960s, and its resurgence since the 1980s onwards. In doing so this thesis aims to provide a social, political and cultural context to the emergence of a specific archetypal sexualized femininity, with the aim of challenging the tendency to dismiss sexualized imagery as “anti-feminist” or as trivial. Toward that end, I examine the complexity of intentions behind the production of “pin-up” images. In taking this revisionist approach I am better able to conclusively analyze the reasons for the resurgence and reappropriation of pin-up imagery in late-twentieth- and early-twenty-first-century popular culture, and consider what the gendered cultural implications may be.