Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background Caesarean section deliveries are the most common procedures performed by obstetricians in Zimbabwe. Surgical site infections (SSI) following caesarean section delivery result in increased hospital stay, treatment, cost, hospital readmission rates and related maternal morbidity and mortality. There is no national surveillance system for SSIs in Zimbabwe, however, information is available on number of cases of post-operative wound infection after caesarean section, but the denominator and definition used is not consistent. The objective of this study were develop and strengthen the surveillance system in Zimbabwe, to establish a clinical-based system in a setting with limited microbiological access, to measure post-operative SSI after caesarean section and to describe the associated risk factors and to determine whether feedback of SSI data has any effect on the surgical site infection incidence rate. Methodology This was a before and after study with two rolling cohort periods conducted at two Central hospitals in Harare, Zimbabwe. An Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) intervention was conducted in-between. During the pre-intervention period, baseline demographic and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire, and during the post-intervention period the impact of the interventions was measured. Convenience sampling was employed. Results A total of 290 women consented to participate in the study in the pre intervention period, 86.9% (n= 252) completed the 30-days post-operative follow-up and the incidence rate of SSI was 29.0% (n=73, 95% CI:23.4-35.0) Interventions developed included: training in Infection Prevention and Control for health workers; implementation of a protocol for cleaning surgical instruments; dissemination of information on post-operative wound management for the women. After implementation of the intervention, 314 women were recruited for the post-intervention, 92.3%(n= 290) completed the 30-day follow-up and there was a significant (p<0.001) reduction in the incidence rate of SSIs to 12.1 % (n=35, 95% CI: 8.3 -15.8) during this period. Development of SSI after caesarean section was found to be significantly associated with emergency surgery (p<0.001), surgical wound class IV (p=0.001) and shaving at home (p<0.001) at both pre- intervention and post-intervention periods. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za iii Conclusion This study shows that caesarean section can be performed with low incidence of SSI if appropriate interventions such as training in IPC, adequate cleaning of equipment and education in wound-care for the mother are adhered to. It also demonstrated a simple surveillance data collection tool can be used on a wide scale in resource limited countries to assist policy makers with monitoring and evaluation of SSI rates as well as assessment of risk factors. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond Keisersnitte is die mees algemene prosedure wat uitgevoer word deur obstetriese dokters in Zimbabwe. Chirurgiese wond infeksies wat op keisersnitte volg lei tot verlengde hospitaal verblyf, behandeling, koste, heropname koerse en verwante moederlike morbiditeit en mortaliteit. Alhoewel daar geen nasionale waaktoesig sisteem vir chirurgiese wondinfeksies is nie, is informasie beskikbaar vir ‘n aantal gevalle wat post-operatiewe wondinfeksie na ‘n keisersnit onwikkel het, maar die noemer en definisie word inkonsekwent gebruik. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die waaktoesig sisteem in Zimbabwe te ontwikkel en te versterk, om ‘n klinies-gebasseerde sisteem te vestig in ‘n opset met beprekte mikrobiologiese toegang, om postoperatiewe chirurgiese wond infeksies na keisersnitte te meet en om die geassosieerde risikofaktore te beskryf en om vas te stel of terugvoering van chirurgiese wondinfeksie data enige effek op die infeksiekoerse na keisersnitverlossings gehad het. Metodologie Hierdie was ‘n voor-en-na studie met twee kohort periodes uitgevoer by twee sentrale hospitale in Harare, Zimbabwe. ‘n Infeksievoorkoming en –beheer intervensie was tussenin uitgevoer. Tydens die pre-intervensie periode was basislyn demografiese en kliniese data ingesamel deur middel van ‘n gestruktureerde vraeboog, en gedurende die post-intervensie fase was die impak van die intervensies gemeet. Gerieflikheidsteekproefneming was geimplementeer. Resultate ‘n Totaal van 290 vroue het toestemming verleen om aan die studie deel te neem in die pre-intervensie periode, waarvan 86.9% (n=252) die 30 day post-operatiewe opvolg voltooi het en die insidensiekoers van chirurgiese wondinfeksies was 29.0% (n=73, 95% CI:23.4-35.0) Intervensies wat onwikkel was het ingesluit: opleiding in Infeksie Voorkoming en -Beheer vir gesondheidswerkers; die implementering van ‘n protokol om chirurgiese instrumente skoon te maak; disseminering van informasie oor post-operatiewe wondhantering vir vroue. Na die implimentering van die intervensie was 314 vroue gewerf in die post-intervensie fase, waarvan 92.3% (n=290) die 30 dae opvolg voltooi het. Daar was ‘n beduidende (p<0.001) verlaging in die insidensiekoers van chirurgiese wondinfeksies na 12.1% (n=35, 95% CI: 8.3-15.8) gedurende hierdie periode. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za v Daar was bevind dat chirurgiese wondinfeksies beduidend geassosieer was met noodchirurgie (p<0.001), chirurgiese wondklassifikasie IV (p=0.001) en skeer van hare by die huis (p<0.001) by beide die pre-intervensie en post-intervensie periodes. Gevolgtrekking Hierdie studie wys dat keisersnitte uitgevoer kan word met ‘n lae insidensie van chirurgiese wondinfeksies indien toepaslike intervensies, soos opleiding in infeksievoorkoming en beheer, voldoende skoonmaak van toerusting en opvoeding in wondsorg vir die moeders. Dit het ook aangedui dat ‘n eenvoudige data-insameling instrument op ‘n wye basis gebruik kan word in beperkte-hulpbron lande om beleidmakers te help met monitering en evaluering van chirurgiese wondinfeksie koerse, asook die assessering van risikofaktore.

Tendo em vista o grande número de desastres naturais que têm afetado o mundo nos últimos anos e seus efeitos nocivos à economia e ao bem-estar social, é crescente o interesse da literatura, das organizações internacionais pertinentes e dos formuladores de políticas públicas, por avaliações dos impactos dessas catástrofes. O panorama brasileiro não é diferente, todos os anos o país é assolado por uma série de eventos naturais, que carecem de estudos sobre os seus diferentes impactos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é avaliar, por meio de dois artigos, alguns dos efeitos socioeconômicos dos desastres naturais brasileiros. No primeiro estudo, foi verificado o impacto na atividade econômica dos municípios afetados, mensurada pelo Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) per capita, das chuvas e deslizamentos ocorridos na região Serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro em janeiro de 2011. Esse evento, distinto aos demais desastres brasileiros, foi considerado em função do número de afetados e óbitos, o maior desastre natural do Brasil. Para investigar a relação de interesse, aplicou-se o método de controle sintético com procedimento de inferência baseado no descrito por Cavallo et al. (2013). Os resultados indicam que a catástrofe gerou efeitos negativos sobre o crescimento econômico dos municípios afetados. Já o segundo artigo, se propõe a avaliar a relação existente entre os desastres naturais hidrológicos e aspectos de saúde, como a morbimortalidade, nos municípios brasileiros. Essas catástrofes, apesar de não se tratarem do desastre mais comum, apresentam elevada recorrência e se destacam quando se trata do número de afetados e de óbitos. As possíveis implicações econômicas dos efeitos na saúde são variadas, perpassando pela redução da oferta de trabalho, perda de ativos, mudanças nas decisões alocativas das famílias, perda de capital humano, entre outras. Assim, o objetivo do segundo estudo é verificar os impactos regionais diretos e indiretos, de curto a longo prazo, dos eventos hidrológicos sobre a morbimortalidade por faixas etárias. Para isso, foi construído um painel de dados municipal com periodicidade mensal, de 2000 a 2012, com informações dos desastres e das taxas de mortalidade e morbidade. Os resultados indicam que, em curto prazo, se destacam os efeitos diretos como o aumento dos óbitos em virtude da exposição às forças da natureza e aos afogamentos. Em médio prazo, os impactos positivos se concentram, principalmente, nas taxas de morbidade em decorrência das doenças transmitidas pela água, com impactos relevantes na região Nordeste e sobre as crianças. Porém, dentre as enfermidades de médio prazo a mais crítica é a leptospirose. Essa doença é potencializada pelos desastres, tanto em relação às taxas de internações e atendimentos ambulatoriais quanto das taxas de mortalidade, em grande parte das regiões do Brasil. Já as doenças de longo prazo são pouco afetadas pelos eventos hidrológicos, com reflexos apenas para a morbidade em função da desnutrição na região Nordeste. Portanto, as evidências encontradas nesta tese indicam que os desastres naturais brasileiros demandam atenção, posto que geram uma série de impactos socioeconômicos nocivos no país. / In view of the large number of natural disasters that have affected the world in recent years and their detrimental effects on economy and social welfare, there is a growing interest in literature, relevant international organizations, and public policy makers on the impacts of these disasters. The Brazilian scenario is no different, every year the country is plagued by a series of natural disasters, which require studies on their different impacts. In this context, the objective of this research is to evaluate, through two articles, some of the socioeconomic effects of Brazilian natural disasters. In the first study, the impact in terms of economic growth of the affected municipalities was evaluated, measured by the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of the rains and landslides that occurred in the mountain region of Rio de Janeiro in January 2011. This event, distinct from the Brazilian disasters, was considered due to the number of people affected and deaths, it was the greatest natural disaster in Brazil. To investigate the relation of interest, the synthetic control method was applied with an inference procedure similar to that described by Cavallo et al. (2013). The results indicate that the event had negative effects on the economic growth of the affected municipalities. The second study seeks to evaluate the relationship between hydrological natural disasters and health aspects, such as morbidity and mortality, in Brazilian municipalities. These disasters, although not very common, present high recurrence and stand out when it comes to the number of people affected and deaths. The economic implications of health effects are varied, ranging from the reduction of job offers to loss of assets, changes in the allocative decisions of families, loss of human capital, among others. Thus, the objective of the second article is to verify the direct and indirect short- and long-term regional impacts of hydrological events on health on different age groups. For this purpose, a municipal data panel was compiled monthly with information from the disasters and mortality and morbidity rates from 2000 to 2012. The results indicate that, in the short term, the direct effects such as the increase of mortality rates due to exposure to forces of nature and to drownings stand out. In the medium term, the positive impacts are mainly on morbidity rates, due to waterborne diseases, with relevant impacts on the Northeast region and on children. However, of the medium-term diseases, the most critical is leptospirosis. This disease is strengthened by disasters, both in terms of hospitalization and outpatient care rates and mortality rates, in most of the regions of Brazil. Long-term diseases are little affected by hydrological disasters, with positive effects only on morbidity due to malnutrition in the Northeast region. Therefore, the evidence found in this thesis indicates that Brazilian natural disasters demand attention, since they generate a series of prejudicial socioeconomic impacts in the country.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-22T13:14:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Paula Coelho.pdf: 741288 bytes, checksum: e8d1b8f480ab01982538dd474c9291b4 (MD5) license.txt: 1914 bytes, checksum: 7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar aspectos maternos, obstétricos e perinatais da gestação gemelar em população assistida em unidade terciária do Rio de Janeiro, estabelecendo o perfil da gestação gemelar, identificando os eventuais danos relacionados à morbimortalidade perinatal do segundo gemelar, tendo como referencia o que nasceu primeiro e as principais morbidades determinantes da morbimortalidade neonatal dos gêmeos, independentemente da localização na cavidade uterina. Metodologia: Através de estudo de coorte, de caráter retrospectivo, foram analisados prontuários de 613 gestações gemelares do Instituto Fernandes Figueira/ Fundação Oswaldo Cruz no período de janeiro de 1993 a dezembro de 2007. Participaram do estudo gestações exclusivamente duplas, cujas pré-natais e partos foram integralizados na instituição. Resultados: A prevalência da gemelidade no período estudado foi de 4,0%. Dentre as principais intercorrências maternas destacaram-se a anemia (47,8%), trabalho de parto prematuro (39,1%), síndromes hipertensivas (25,5%) e rotura prematura das membranas (18,2%). Na população estudada a operação cesariana foi quase sempre eleita como via de parto preferencial (74,4%). A principal morbidade neonatal foi a prematuridade, que atingiu 66,1% dos conceptos. Um significativo contingente de recém-nascidos apresentou intercorrências no período neonatal (65,3%), sendo as condições mais prevalentes: alterações respiratórias (29,2%), metabólicas (27,7%), infecciosas (27,3%) e hematológicas (19,3%). Quanto aos danos relacionados ao segundo gemelar, não se observou, no geral, diferença estatisticamente significativa quando comparado com o primeiro na maioria dos desfechos elegíveis, exceto o baixo peso ao nascer, índices de Apgar inferior a sete no quinto minuto de vida, além de intercorrências hematológicas e nutricionais. No que tange ao determinismo da mortalidade neonatal na gestação gemelar, chama atenção que a condução do parto por via vaginal nos recém-nascidos com peso abaixo de 2500g, as apresentações não cefálicas, o baixo peso ao nascer, os baixos índices de Apagar e as morbidades neonatais se mostraram como fatores determinantes da mortalidade neonatal em qualquer um dos produtos da concepção, independentemente da localização intra-uterina. Conclusões: Dada a alta prevalência de resultados ominosos para o binômio, especialmente a prematuridade e complicações obstétricas, ressalta-se a importância de referenciar casos de gestação gemelar para unidade terciária. Os resultados neonatais indicam tendência dos gemelares em apresentarem complicações, não sendo demonstrado pelo presente estudo o pior prognóstico do segundo gemelar. / Objectives: This study aimed to examine aspects of maternal, obstetric and perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancy in a population assisted at a tertiary center in Rio de Janeiro, establishing the profile of the twin pregnancy, identifying the damage related to perinatal morbidity and mortality of the second twin, with the references the first born and the main determinants of morbidity and neonatal mortality and morbidity of twins, regardless of location in the uterine cavity. Methodology: Through a retrospective, cohort study, 613 twin pregnancies from Instituto Fernandes Figueira were analyzed from january 1993 to december 2007. The study included only twin pregnancies, whose prenatal care and delivery were conducted into the institution. Results: The prevalence of twin pregnancy during the study period was 4.0%. The major contributors to maternal problems were anemia (47.8%), preterm labor (39.1%), hypertensive disorders (25.5%) and premature rupture of membranes (18.2%). In these situations the caesarean section was almost always chosen as the preferred mode of delivery (74.4%). The major neonatal morbidity was prematurity, which reached 66.1% of fetuses. A significant number of newborns had complications in the neonatal period (65.3%), being the most prevalent conditions: respiratory disorders (29.2%), metabolic (27.7%), infection (27.3%) and hematologic (19.3%). Concerning the demages related to the second twin, it wasn’t found in general, statistically significant difference compared to its co-twin in most outcomes, except for low birth weight, Apgar score below seven, hematological and nutritional complications. Regarding the determinism of neonatal mortality in twin pregnancy what draws attention is the fact that: vaginal delivery, non-cephalic presentations, low birth weight, low Apgar scores and neonatal morbidities were shown as determinants of neonatal mortality in any of the products of conception, regardless of the location in the uterus Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of ominous results for the pair, especially prematurity and obstetric complications, the study highlights the importance of referring cases of twin pregnancy to tertiary hospitals. Neonatal results indicate the tendency in twins to undergo complications, the worse.

Orientador: Djalma de Carvalho Moreira Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T09:34:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_MarcelideOliveira_D.pdf: 636134 bytes, checksum: 78b53a7902f3e2cfd099088e331c0646 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A informação sobre incidência de câncer, obtida através dos registros de câncer de base populacional - RCBP é um componente essencial de qualquer estratégia de controle de câncer. Nos últimos vinte anos o papel dos registros de câncer tem se ampliado, incorporando o planejamento e avaliação das atividades de controle de câncer. Neste cenário, torna-se de fundamental importância a qualidade das informações fornecidas pelos registros. Uma breve revisão das metodologias para realizar o controle de qualidade dos dados nos registros de câncer, das mais tradicionalmente utilizadas às alternativas propostas torna claro que tais processos não são de fácil aplicação. O RCBP de Porto Alegre foi escolhido para verificar a aplicabilidade desta metodologia à realidade dos registros de câncer brasileiros. O Método de Fluxos apresenta-se neste contexto como adaptável a registros de câncer de diferentes padrões, de rápida execução e sem custos financeiros adicionais. O método proposto permite que o registro de câncer estabeleça uma rotina de vigilância de cobertura, segundo variáveis, tais como, localização primária, idade, sexo e área geográfica. / Abstract: Population-based cancer registries are essential to public health and research. The cancer registries provide information on the surveillance of cancer incidence and survival. At the last 20 years, because of the emerging importance of cancer as a health problem, the cancer registries play a important role to evaluate and to frame public health policy to cancer control. A high-quality cancer registration is fundamental to monitoring cancer burden and identifies patterns and trends in various population groups, in different geographic areas, and over time. Cancer registries try to achieve maximum completeness in case-findings procedures in order to ensure that comparative studies are not distorted by variations on efficacy of registry procedures. A brief review about available methods used to estimate completeness of cancer registrations shows that these methodologies are not easy to use, especially in developing countries. The PBCR Porto Alegre was chosen to verify if the method could be applied to Brazilian cancer registries reality. In this context the Flow Method claims to be adaptable to cancer registries with different patterns of registration and can be executed rapidly and inexpensively. The proposed method allows to a cancer registry to provide a routine surveillance of completeness by variables such as tumor site, age, sex and geographic area. / Doutorado / Saude Coletiva / Doutor em Saude Coletiva

INTRODUÇÃO: O aleitamento materno (AM) é a prática com maior impacto na prevenção de morbimortalidade infantil. A Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC) é uma estratégia com forte repercussão na promoção da amamentação e seu custo pode justificar uma análise econômica em saúde. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o custo-efetividade da IHAC na promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e na redução da mortalidade infantil no município de São Paulo. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de avaliação econômica com dados de uma coorte prospectiva realizado em seis hospitais públicos em São Paulo/SP. O grupo intervenção foram três Hospitais Amigos da Criança (HAC) e o grupo comparação três Hospitais não Amigos da Criança (NHAC). A efetividade da IHAC foi avaliada mediante os desfechos intermediários: Amamentação na primeira hora de vida (AMPH), AM e Aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e pelos desfechos finais: casos evitados de mortes neonatais tardias, mortes em menores de seis meses e internações hospitalares; estes foram estimados mediante a Fração Preventiva (FP) para mortalidade neonatal e internações hospitalares, e pela Proporção de Redução de Risco (PRR) para mortalidade infantil em menores de seis meses. Foram calculados os custos médios de parto, segundo tipo e tempo de internação por microcusteio, considerando os itens: medicamentos, insumos, exames e recursos humanos para a obtenção da Razão Custo/Efetividade (RCE) e da Razão Custo/Efetividade Incremental (RCEI). Foram aplicados testes para comparação de proporções e médias, regressão de Poisson ajustada por idade e escolaridade maternas (nível de significância de 95% (?=5%)) e análise de sensibilidade univariada e determinística para avaliar a robustez dos resultados da RCEI. RESULTADOS: Incluíram-se 969 mães na primeira entrevista, 902 na segunda e 814 na terceira. Entre as crianças nascidas em HAC as prevalências de amamentação foram maiores em todos os indicadores comparadas às nascidas em NHAC: 30,7% maior para AMPH; 1,2% na AME aos 30 dias; 7,2% no AM e 21,9% no AME aos 6 meses de vida, onde o incremento da AMPH apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Após o ajuste das variáveis foram associados negativamente à AMPH: nascer em NHAC (RP1,29 IC1,04-1,59) de cesárea (RP1,90 IC 1,53-2,36) e não fazer o contato pele-a-pele (RP4,13 IC 2,38-7,13); ao AME aos 30 dias associou-se negativamente a mãe ter tido dificuldade para amamentar (RP1,38 IC 1,03-1,85), não viver com companheiro (RP1,46 IC 1,08-1,96), não ter recebido apoio no AC (RP1,40 IC1,01-1,95) não cumprimento do passo 6 (RP1,86 IC 1,36-2,55), não cumprimento do passo 9 (RP1,95 IC 1,32-2,88) e criança usar chupeta (RP1,84 IC1,39-2,42). Ao AME aos 180 dias foram negativamente associados o uso de chupeta (RP 1,19 IC1,02-1,39) e o trabalho materno remunerado (RP1,27 IC 1,08-1,49). A IHAC foi muito custo-efetiva em promover a amamentação e custo-efetiva ao reduzir 13% das mortes neonatais tardias e 3,8% de internações hospitalares. CONCLUSÃO: No contexto brasileiro, a IHAC foi custo-efetiva em promover a amamentação na primeira hora de vida, em reduzir a mortalidade neonatal e o número de internações hospitalares. Tais benefícios reforçam a importância desta política ao contribuir para a sobrevivência infantil, justificando os investimentos requeridos para sua expansão e fortalecimento. / INTRODUCTION: Breastfeeding practice has the greatest impact on the prevention of infant morbimortality. The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is an important strategy on the promotion of breastfeeding and its costs might justify to study it to evaluate effectiveness for the health system. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of BFHI in promoting exclusive breastfeeding and reducing infant mortality in the city of São Paulo. METHODOLOGY: This is a study of economic evaluation of public health policy with data from a prospective cohort study conducted in six public hospitals. The intervention group was composed of three Baby-Friendly Hospitals (BFH) and the comparison group by three Not Baby-Friendly Hospitals (NBFH). The effectiveness of BFHI was evaluated by analyzing intermediate outcomes: the increase first-hour breastfeeding, breastfeeding (BF), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and final outcomes: avoided cases of late neonatal deaths, at six months and hospitalizations. The outcomes were estimated by calculating the Preventive Fraction (PF) for neonatal mortality and hospital admissions, and the Risk Reduction Ratio for estimating infant mortality in children under six months. The average costs according to type of delivery and length of stay were calculated, by micro-accounting for the cost items: medicines, supplies, exams and human resources to obtain the cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) and incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) for the intermediate and final outcomes. Tests for comparison of proportions and means were applied. The Poisson regression was adjusted according to maternal age and schooling (significance of 95% (? = 5%)) and univariate and deterministic sensitivity analysis to evaluate the robustness of the ICER. RESULTS: 969 mothers were included in the first interview, 902 in the second and 814 in the third. Among children born in BFH, the prevalence of breastfeeding was higher in all indicators compared to those born in NBFH: 30.7% higher for first-hour breastfeeding; 1.2% in EBF at 30 days; 7.2% in BF and 21.9% in EBF at 6 months of life. Only the first-hour breastfeeding increment showed a statistically significant difference between BFH and NBFH. After adjustment of variables first-hour breastfeeding was negatively associated with: born in NBFH (RP1,29 IC1,04-1,59), cesarean delivery (RP1,90 IC 1.53-2,36) and did not make skin-to- skin (RP4,13 CI 2,38-7,13). EBF at 30 days was negatively associated with the mother having had difficulty in breastfeeding (RP1,38 CI 1.03-1.85), not living with a partner (RP1,46 CI 1.08-1.96), not having received support (RP1,40 CI1,01-1,95) non-compliance with step 6 (RP1,86 CI 1.36-2.55), non-compliance with step 9 (RP1,95 IC 1.32-2 , 88) and children use pacifiers (RP1,84 IC1,39-2,42). EBF at 180 days were negatively associated: use of pacifiers (RP 1.19 CI 1.02-1.39) and maternal work (RP1.27 CI 1.08-1.49). The steps fully met by BFH were 6, 7 and 9. The BFHI was cost-effective in promoting breastfeeding and cost-effective in reducing 13% of late neonatal deaths and 3, 8% in hospital admissions. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian context, the BFHI was cost-effective to promote breastfeeding in the first hour of life and to reduce neonatal mortality and hospital admissions. BFHI policy contribute to child survival, justifying the investments required for its expansion, strengthening and sustainability resulting in saved lives and economic gains.

INTRODUÇÃO: O aleitamento materno (AM) é a prática com maior impacto na prevenção de morbimortalidade infantil. A Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança (IHAC) é uma estratégia com forte repercussão na promoção da amamentação e seu custo pode justificar uma análise econômica em saúde. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o custo-efetividade da IHAC na promoção do aleitamento materno exclusivo e na redução da mortalidade infantil no município de São Paulo. METODOLOGIA: Estudo de avaliação econômica com dados de uma coorte prospectiva realizado em seis hospitais públicos em São Paulo/SP. O grupo intervenção foram três Hospitais Amigos da Criança (HAC) e o grupo comparação três Hospitais não Amigos da Criança (NHAC). A efetividade da IHAC foi avaliada mediante os desfechos intermediários: Amamentação na primeira hora de vida (AMPH), AM e Aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e pelos desfechos finais: casos evitados de mortes neonatais tardias, mortes em menores de seis meses e internações hospitalares; estes foram estimados mediante a Fração Preventiva (FP) para mortalidade neonatal e internações hospitalares, e pela Proporção de Redução de Risco (PRR) para mortalidade infantil em menores de seis meses. Foram calculados os custos médios de parto, segundo tipo e tempo de internação por microcusteio, considerando os itens: medicamentos, insumos, exames e recursos humanos para a obtenção da Razão Custo/Efetividade (RCE) e da Razão Custo/Efetividade Incremental (RCEI). Foram aplicados testes para comparação de proporções e médias, regressão de Poisson ajustada por idade e escolaridade maternas (nível de significância de 95% (?=5%)) e análise de sensibilidade univariada e determinística para avaliar a robustez dos resultados da RCEI. RESULTADOS: Incluíram-se 969 mães na primeira entrevista, 902 na segunda e 814 na terceira. Entre as crianças nascidas em HAC as prevalências de amamentação foram maiores em todos os indicadores comparadas às nascidas em NHAC: 30,7% maior para AMPH; 1,2% na AME aos 30 dias; 7,2% no AM e 21,9% no AME aos 6 meses de vida, onde o incremento da AMPH apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Após o ajuste das variáveis foram associados negativamente à AMPH: nascer em NHAC (RP1,29 IC1,04-1,59) de cesárea (RP1,90 IC 1,53-2,36) e não fazer o contato pele-a-pele (RP4,13 IC 2,38-7,13); ao AME aos 30 dias associou-se negativamente a mãe ter tido dificuldade para amamentar (RP1,38 IC 1,03-1,85), não viver com companheiro (RP1,46 IC 1,08-1,96), não ter recebido apoio no AC (RP1,40 IC1,01-1,95) não cumprimento do passo 6 (RP1,86 IC 1,36-2,55), não cumprimento do passo 9 (RP1,95 IC 1,32-2,88) e criança usar chupeta (RP1,84 IC1,39-2,42). Ao AME aos 180 dias foram negativamente associados o uso de chupeta (RP 1,19 IC1,02-1,39) e o trabalho materno remunerado (RP1,27 IC 1,08-1,49). A IHAC foi muito custo-efetiva em promover a amamentação e custo-efetiva ao reduzir 13% das mortes neonatais tardias e 3,8% de internações hospitalares. CONCLUSÃO: No contexto brasileiro, a IHAC foi custo-efetiva em promover a amamentação na primeira hora de vida, em reduzir a mortalidade neonatal e o número de internações hospitalares. Tais benefícios reforçam a importância desta política ao contribuir para a sobrevivência infantil, justificando os investimentos requeridos para sua expansão e fortalecimento. / INTRODUCTION: Breastfeeding practice has the greatest impact on the prevention of infant morbimortality. The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is an important strategy on the promotion of breastfeeding and its costs might justify to study it to evaluate effectiveness for the health system. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of BFHI in promoting exclusive breastfeeding and reducing infant mortality in the city of São Paulo. METHODOLOGY: This is a study of economic evaluation of public health policy with data from a prospective cohort study conducted in six public hospitals. The intervention group was composed of three Baby-Friendly Hospitals (BFH) and the comparison group by three Not Baby-Friendly Hospitals (NBFH). The effectiveness of BFHI was evaluated by analyzing intermediate outcomes: the increase first-hour breastfeeding, breastfeeding (BF), exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and final outcomes: avoided cases of late neonatal deaths, at six months and hospitalizations. The outcomes were estimated by calculating the Preventive Fraction (PF) for neonatal mortality and hospital admissions, and the Risk Reduction Ratio for estimating infant mortality in children under six months. The average costs according to type of delivery and length of stay were calculated, by micro-accounting for the cost items: medicines, supplies, exams and human resources to obtain the cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) and incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) for the intermediate and final outcomes. Tests for comparison of proportions and means were applied. The Poisson regression was adjusted according to maternal age and schooling (significance of 95% (? = 5%)) and univariate and deterministic sensitivity analysis to evaluate the robustness of the ICER. RESULTS: 969 mothers were included in the first interview, 902 in the second and 814 in the third. Among children born in BFH, the prevalence of breastfeeding was higher in all indicators compared to those born in NBFH: 30.7% higher for first-hour breastfeeding; 1.2% in EBF at 30 days; 7.2% in BF and 21.9% in EBF at 6 months of life. Only the first-hour breastfeeding increment showed a statistically significant difference between BFH and NBFH. After adjustment of variables first-hour breastfeeding was negatively associated with: born in NBFH (RP1,29 IC1,04-1,59), cesarean delivery (RP1,90 IC 1.53-2,36) and did not make skin-to- skin (RP4,13 CI 2,38-7,13). EBF at 30 days was negatively associated with the mother having had difficulty in breastfeeding (RP1,38 CI 1.03-1.85), not living with a partner (RP1,46 CI 1.08-1.96), not having received support (RP1,40 CI1,01-1,95) non-compliance with step 6 (RP1,86 CI 1.36-2.55), non-compliance with step 9 (RP1,95 IC 1.32-2 , 88) and children use pacifiers (RP1,84 IC1,39-2,42). EBF at 180 days were negatively associated: use of pacifiers (RP 1.19 CI 1.02-1.39) and maternal work (RP1.27 CI 1.08-1.49). The steps fully met by BFH were 6, 7 and 9. The BFHI was cost-effective in promoting breastfeeding and cost-effective in reducing 13% of late neonatal deaths and 3, 8% in hospital admissions. CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian context, the BFHI was cost-effective to promote breastfeeding in the first hour of life and to reduce neonatal mortality and hospital admissions. BFHI policy contribute to child survival, justifying the investments required for its expansion, strengthening and sustainability resulting in saved lives and economic gains.

<p>The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the Sudanese population is linked to obesity, poor glycaemic control and a high rate of complications. This study investigated 1/ Leptin hormone and its correlations with different biochemical characteristics in Sudanese diabetic subjects, 2/ The impact of glycaemic control on pregnancy outcome in pregnancies with diabetes, 3/ The glycaemic response to Sudanese traditional carbohydrate foods, 4/ The influence of glucose self-monitoring on the glycaemic control among this population, 5/ The health related quality of life in Sudanese subjects with diabetes-related lower limb amputation. </p><p>Leptin was significantly lower in diabetic subjects compared with controls of same BMI in both females (P =0.0001) and males (P =0.019). In diabetic subjects, serum leptin correlated positively with the homeostatic assessment (HOMA) of both beta-cell function (P =0.018) and insulin resistance (P =.038). In controls, leptin correlated only with insulin resistance. Pregnancy complications were higher among diabetic compared with control women (P<0.0001) and varied with the type of diabetes. Infants of diabetic mothers had a higher incidence of neonatal complications than those of non-diabetic women (P<0.0001). In six Sudanese traditional carbohydrate meals over all differences in incremental AUCs were significant for both plasma glucose (P = 0.0092) and insulin (P = 0.0001). Millet porridge and wheat pancakes displayed significantly lower post-prandial glucose and insulin responses, whereas maize porridge induced a higher post-prandial glucose and insulin response. In type 2 diabetic subjects SMBG or SMUG was not related to glycaemic control. In type 1 diabetic subjects, SMBG was significantly associated with better glycaemic control, as assessed by HbA1c (P=0.02) and blood glucose at clinic visits (P=<0.0001), similar associations were found for SMUG respectively. Neither glycaemic control nor glucose self-monitoring was associated with education level. Diabetic subjects with LLA had significantly poorer HRQL compared to a reference diabetic group (P=<0.0001). Duration of diabetes and amputation had negative impact on HRQL in subjects with LLA (P=<0.0001) respectively. Diabetic subjects with LLA had decreased sense of coherence and high presence of symptoms. Improving health services at the primary level is important to reduce the complications and burden of disease in the Sudanese population.</p>

The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus among the Sudanese population is linked to obesity, poor glycaemic control and a high rate of complications. This study investigated 1/ Leptin hormone and its correlations with different biochemical characteristics in Sudanese diabetic subjects, 2/ The impact of glycaemic control on pregnancy outcome in pregnancies with diabetes, 3/ The glycaemic response to Sudanese traditional carbohydrate foods, 4/ The influence of glucose self-monitoring on the glycaemic control among this population, 5/ The health related quality of life in Sudanese subjects with diabetes-related lower limb amputation. Leptin was significantly lower in diabetic subjects compared with controls of same BMI in both females (P =0.0001) and males (P =0.019). In diabetic subjects, serum leptin correlated positively with the homeostatic assessment (HOMA) of both beta-cell function (P =0.018) and insulin resistance (P =.038). In controls, leptin correlated only with insulin resistance. Pregnancy complications were higher among diabetic compared with control women (P&lt;0.0001) and varied with the type of diabetes. Infants of diabetic mothers had a higher incidence of neonatal complications than those of non-diabetic women (P&lt;0.0001). In six Sudanese traditional carbohydrate meals over all differences in incremental AUCs were significant for both plasma glucose (P = 0.0092) and insulin (P = 0.0001). Millet porridge and wheat pancakes displayed significantly lower post-prandial glucose and insulin responses, whereas maize porridge induced a higher post-prandial glucose and insulin response. In type 2 diabetic subjects SMBG or SMUG was not related to glycaemic control. In type 1 diabetic subjects, SMBG was significantly associated with better glycaemic control, as assessed by HbA1c (P=0.02) and blood glucose at clinic visits (P=&lt;0.0001), similar associations were found for SMUG respectively. Neither glycaemic control nor glucose self-monitoring was associated with education level. Diabetic subjects with LLA had significantly poorer HRQL compared to a reference diabetic group (P=&lt;0.0001). Duration of diabetes and amputation had negative impact on HRQL in subjects with LLA (P=&lt;0.0001) respectively. Diabetic subjects with LLA had decreased sense of coherence and high presence of symptoms. Improving health services at the primary level is important to reduce the complications and burden of disease in the Sudanese population.

The stockholm county proposed legislation in 2010 on the use of studded tires in the city. The aim of the policy was to reduce the use of studded tires by 50 percent. The research question investigates the authenticity of the policy where it was hypothesized that the net social benefits for the imposition of this charge was less than or equal to zero. Emperical literatures were chosen systematically and with the help of theories on welfare economics, a meta analysis was employed quantifying cost and benefits of all outcomes. The findings shows that the NSB is less than zero meaning that it was a wise decision to reject the proposal.

Orientadores: Jose Guilherme Cecatti, Ellen Hardy / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:37:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sousa_MariaHelenade_D.pdf: 3645996 bytes, checksum: 2da8a09da4948fa1321c12c5e8548c1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Objetivos: inicialmente o objetivo foi identificar os óbitos registrados como maternos no ¿Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade¿ (SIM), os nascimentos no ¿Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos¿ (SINASC), obter as Razões de Mortalidade Materna (RMM) e identificar diagnósticos e procedimentos aproximados pelos critérios mais conhecidos de morbidade materna grave, analisando as mortes de mulheres residentes nas capitais brasileiras no ¿Sistema de Informações Hospitalares¿ (SIH) em 2002. Posteriormente o objetivo foi identificar no SIH todos os registros de mulheres no período grávido-puerperal que tivessem informações indicativas de morbidade materna grave; descrever os diagnósticos e procedimentos utilizados, propor a definição de um escore de morbidade materna e identificar as variáveis associadas à morte materna. Método: Estudo descritivo, populacional, análise de dados secundários. Inicialmente utilizaram-se dois sistemas vitais e o hospitalar, para as 26 capitais estaduais e o Distrito Federal do Brasil, em 2002. Para a primeira etapa foram obtidas as RMM e informações básicas das mortes maternas declaradas. A partir dessas mortes relacionou-se probabilisticamente o SIM com o SINASC e, em seguida, com o SIH, utilizando-se o programa ¿Reclink II¿, com estratégia de blocagem em múltiplos passos. Em seguida, realizou-se análise descritiva simples. Para a segunda etapa, as principais variáveis foram o diagnóstico principal e secundário e o procedimento solicitado e realizado durante a internação. Houve uma seleção inicial de registros de mulheres de 10 a 49 anos de idade, seguida de uma seleção daquelas que apresentaram pelo menos um item indicativo de morbidade materna grave (near miss). Para os relacionamentos do SIH com o SIM e do SIH com ele mesmo, estabeleceu-se estratégia de blocagem em três passos independentes. Para a análise dos dados foram calculadas as razões de near miss, descritos os diagnósticos e procedimentos, utilizada a técnica multivariada de componentes principais e ajustado o modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: Foram identificadas 339 mortes maternas em 2002, com RMM oficial e ajustada, respectivamente, de 46,4 e 64,9 (mortes por 100.000 nascidos vivos). Com o primeiro relacionamento foi possível localizar 46,5% das mortes maternas e, com o segundo, localizaram-se 55,2% das mortes. O diagnóstico mais freqüente foi o de infecção (13,9%), e o procedimento com maior porcentagem (39,0%) foi o de admissão à UTI. Para a segunda etapa, a RNM para o total dos municípios foi de 44,3/ 1.000 nascidos vivos. Foram identificadas 154 mortes maternas dentre os registros indicativos de near miss. A análise descritiva apontou como mais freqüentes os critérios graves relativos a infecção, pré-eclâmpsia e hemorragia. A análise por regressão logística resultou em 12 variáveis, entre elas quatro interações significativas. Conclusões: Os diagnósticos e procedimentos relatados no SIH mostraram a gravidade da condição mórbida materna em 66% dos óbitos maternos declarados, apesar das inconsistências entre os diversos sistemas. Para a segunda etapa, conclui-se que, apesar das limitações existentes no SIH, é promissora a perspectiva de utilizá-lo de forma rotineira, mas com esforços no sentido de melhorar a qualidade da AIH / Abstract: Objectives: initially the objective was to identify maternal deaths in the ¿Mortality Information System¿ (SIM), births in the ¿Live Births Information System¿ (SINASC), to obtain the Maternal Mortality Ratios (MMR) and to identify diagnosis and procedures related with the most common criteria of severe maternal morbidity, evaluating the deaths of women living in Brazilian capitals in the ¿Hospital Information System¿ (SIH) in 2002. Sequentially the objective was to identify in SIH all registers from women during pregnancy, delivery and post partum period who had information indicating severe maternal morbidity; to describe the diagnosis and procedures used; to propose a score of maternal morbidity and to identify variables associated to maternal death. Method: A population descriptive study, secondary data analysis. For the first step two vital systems and hospital system for the 26 capitals and the Federal District of Brazil, in 2002, were used. The MMR and basic information on maternal deaths were obtained. Using data available for these deaths, SIM was probabilistically linked with SINASC and after with SIH, using the software ¿Reclink II¿, with a multiple steps blocking strategy. Simple descriptive analysis was then performed. For the second step the main variables were the primary and secondary diagnosis and the requested and performed procedure during hospitalization. Initially there was a selection of registries of women between 10 and 49 years of age, followed by a selection of those presenting at least one criteria indicating severe maternal morbidity (near miss). For the linkages of SIH with SIM and with itself, a three independent steps blockage strategy was established. For data analysis the Near Miss Ratios were calculated and the diagnosis and procedures were described; the multivariate technique of principal components was used and then a logistic regression model was adjusted. Results: 339 maternal deaths were identified in 2002 with an official and adjusted MMR of respectively 46.4 and 64.9 (maternal deaths per 100.000 live births). With the first linkage it was possible to find 46.5% of the maternal deaths and 55.2% with the second one. The most frequent diagnosis was infection (13.9%) and the most frequent procedure was admission to ICU (39.0%). For the second step, the NMR for the total municipalities was 44,3/ 1.000 live births. Among the registries indicating near miss, 154 maternal deaths were identified. The descriptive analysis pointed out as more frequent the severe criteria related to infection, pre-eclampsia and hemorrhage. The analysis with logistic regression resulted in 12 variables, among them four significant interactions. Conclusions: The diagnosis and procedures informed in the SIH showed the severity of maternal morbidity in 66% of the deaths certified as maternal, despite the inconsistencies among the different systems. For the second step, although the existing limitations in the SIH, the perspective of using it routinely is promising, but only with efforts in order to improve the quality of the document which provides information for the registry / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Tocoginecologia