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Three experiments were conducted to investigate the two visual systems hypothesis (Milner & Goodale, 1995) and the planning-control hypothesis (Glover, 2002). Experiment 1 required the participants to make rapid aiming movements to 25 cm and 35 cm tails-in, no tails, or tails-out Müller-Lyer stimuli following a 0 ms or 5000 ms no-vision delay. In Experiment 2, the participants executed their movements with full vision of the Müller-Lyer vertices that either remained the same or changed to a different configuration upon movement initiation. Vision was occluded either 350 ms or 450 ms after the onset of the movement. Experiment 3 was similar to Experiment 2, except the amount of visual feedback for on-line control was constrained to 200 ms, 400 ms, or 600 ms. The results of these experiments are problematic for both hypotheses. The participants exhibited a similar pattern of illusion-induced bias in both short and long delay conditions. In addition, the magnitude of the aiming bias increased as the movement unfolded (Experiment 1). Furthermore, even though participants were engaging in on-line control the illusion continued to exert its effects on aiming during the latter stages of the movement (Experiment 2). This effect was also observed when participants had sufficient time to process visual feedback in order to modify their movements (Experiment 3). Taken together, the results suggest that on-line control is biased by visual illusions. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The Canadian identity narrative typically centres on two features: universal healthcare and a longstanding tradition of welcoming newcomers – in particular, refugees. In 2012, this mythology was troubled when, without warning, asylum seekers’ healthcare access was dramatically limited. In an equally dramatic fashion, physicians and the greater healthcare community took to the streets, occupied offices, and interrupted politicians in an effort to restore refugee claimants’ access to healthcare. While this physician-led response was unprecedented in Canada, physicians had previously rallied in a similar fashion in two other universal healthcare countries: England (2003) and Germany (1993). Across all three cases, formidable physician responses emerged following efforts to remove or restrict asylum seekers’ healthcare access. In Canada, asylum seeker health restrictions, and the successful social movement they spurred were unexpected entirely. In England, attempts to restrict access are expected, but the government’s failure to implement wide-scale reforms are not. Finally, in Germany, restrictions are potentially expected, but one also expects the decades-long advocacy movement to have created national-level change; instead, ripples of impact are seen unevenly across the country. This prompts two central questions: what conditions are necessary for a national government to successfully implement restrictions on asylum seeker healthcare? And, what conditions will support physician-led social movements’ efforts to reverse these legislative changes? This thesis examines these two questions in a three-case comparison of Canada, England and Germany. Drawing on over 60 qualitative interviews with physicians, policymakers, and politicians, this study takes an ecological approach to understanding what factors facilitate reform, and what factors shape advocacy movements. In particular, this study identifies factors at each of the macro, meso, and micro-levels of analysis to map advocacy movements against their institutional contexts and political climates. By examining social movements as creatures of their policy and ideational contexts, this thesis provides a holistic examination of the people, organizations, and institutions that shape asylum seeker healthcare. This study identifies features of movements and contexts that will impact advocacy efforts; these findings are of use to scholars of social movements but also everyday advocates and persons driving change in asylum seeker social policy. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Available also from UMI Company.