This study engages in an ethical examination of contemporary socio-ecological and economic issues which takes seriously the plight of Africa, African communities, indigenous knowledge and biodiversity. It studies the impact of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights regimes on the protection, use, access to, and conservation of biodiversity and indigenous knowledge in Africa. The study also examines the ways in which northern multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies and their agents prospect and convert African resources (biological commons and indigenous knowledge) into their intellectual property as well as private property. It argues that the transfer of African biological commons and indigenous knowledge is exacerbated by economic globalisation and the neo-colonial mentality of conquest concealed under the guise of commerce. The study demonstrates through concrete case studies the tactics used by northern multinational corporations to claim these resources as their intellectual property rights and private property. It observes that the privatisation of biological commons and indigenous knowledge only brings about nominal or no benefits to African communities who have nurtured and continue to nurture them. It also observes that this privatisation results in fewer benefits for biodiversity as they lead to the promotion of monoculture, i.e. commercialisation of all things. To address the injustice and exploitative implications of bioprospecting, biopiracy and intellectual property rights, the study recommends the adoption and implementation of the African model law, the establishment of defensive intellectual property rights mechanisms, and the strategy of resistance and advocacy. It suggests that these measures ought to be grounded on the African normative principle of botho and the Christian ethical principle of justice. / Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics / D.Th.(Theological Ethics)

Notre recherche porte sur les pratiques de GRH transférées par les maisons mères vers leurs filiales étrangères. Pour cela, nous étudions les impacts de trois niveaux de facteurs (pays, organisation et individus) affectant le processus de transfert des pratiques de GRH dans les multinationales. Nous vérifions l’effet des différences cultuelles, des interactions institutionnelles, du mode d’entrée et les rôles des expatriés sur ce transfert. Notre recherche repose sur l’étude de cas de huit filiales multinationales françaises implantées en Chine. Nos résultats montrent que les filiales françaises ont tendance à adopter massivement les pratiques des maisons mères. Plus que les différences culturelles, les interactions institutionnelles et les modes d’entrée déterminent le transfert des pratiques de GRH à l’international. En même temps, nous vérifierons les rôles des expatriés dans la procédure de transfert. / Our research investigates the transfer of HRM practices from parent companies to their overseas subsidiaries. We seek to figure out how three levels of factors (country, organization and individual) from host country affect the international transfer process. We identify the effects of cultures, institutional interactions, entry modes and expatriates on this transfer. Based on detailed case studies of the eight French MNCs in China, we explain how transfer of HRM practices is realized. Our empirical findings indicate that French subsidiaries tend to adopt home-country HRM practices to a considerable extent. More than cultural differences, institutional interactions and entry modes are the main restraints for the transfer of HRM practices. Meanwhile, we identify the role of expatriates in the transfer process.

Orientador: Arsenio Oswaldo Seva Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T16:42:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alves_JosiasManoel_D.pdf: 5620822 bytes, checksum: 8c2b8a18f45ab378b29f779f5c79b512 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho de tese introduz, no estudo do processo de eletrificação, o conceito de politização dos serviços de energia elétrica. O texto inicialmente discute a noção de indústria de energia elétrica e ao mesmo tempo coloca em relevância alguns temas centrais do recente processo de privatização e desregulamentação dessa indústria no Brasil. Além do mais, informa os métodos que são utilizados para pesquisar os problemas políticos e sociais na era da reestruturação da indústria de eletricidade. Em seguida, são feitas duas retrospectivas: a primeira recai sobre a singular história de Goiás, ressaltando a construção das modernas cidades, Goiânia, a nova capital do Estado (nos anos 1930), e Brasília, a da República (nos anos 1950). Cabe também destaque à criação do Estado do Tocantins em 1988 e a recomposição do quadro político regional pós-regime militar até os dias atuais. A segunda reconstitui o processo de implantação de usinas, das linhas de transmissão e de distribuição de eletricidade em Goiás e no Distrito Federal ao longo do século XX. Neste processo, destaca-se a criação das empresas pioneiras de eletricidade, a ação dos grupos estrangeiros LIGHT e AMFORP, a intervenção dos governos estadual e federal através da criação da CELG e da CEB, além de FURNAS, da CEMIG, da ELETROBRÁS e da ELETRONORTE. Esta retrospectiva alcança o recente processo de desregulamentação dos negócios da indústria de energia, procurando introduzir a discussão sobre as licitações do patrimônio elétrico e dos novos projetos hidrelétricos a serem instalados. Os resultados das pesquisas de campo, das consultas realizadas no Ministério Público Estadual e Federal, das visitas periódicas às bibliotecas e das participações em congressos e seminários são apresentados nos três últimos capítulos. No conjunto, esta investigação enfoca a composição e o conflito de interesses capitalistas pelos novos projetos hidrelétricos recentemente licitados pela ANEEL. São analisados os projetos hidrelétricos localizados nos rios Araguaia, Claro, Verde, São Marcos e o processo de instalação do empreendimento de Corumbá IV. Por último, o foco analítico recai sobre poderosos grupos econômicos nacionais e estrangeiros que disputam atualmente o mercado e o patrimônio de energia elétrica em Goiás. Nesta análise, relevam-se os problemas do passivo social e ambiental das obras já instaladas das usinas de Cachoeira Dourada, de Serra da Mesa e de Cana Brava. Conclui-se este trabalho afirmando-se que o processo de mercantilização dos serviços públicos de eletricidade fez da vasta maioria da população a sua vítima e não a sua beneficiária. A continuidade desta lógica provoca rapidamente o esgotamento dos recursos naturais, além da expropriação das terras dos pequenos proprietários ribeirinhos / Abstract: The present thesis incorporates the concept that the electrification process, while a technical and economic process, has also an important social and politic aspecto The text begins with an overview of the electric power industry and with the mechanisms of its recent transformation in the Brazil through the privatization period, and informs the methods adopted in the research on the political and social problems associated with this process. Subsequently, two retrospectives are made: the first one relapses on the State of Goiás singular history, jutting out the construction of the modem cities of Goiânia, the new capital of the state (in the 1930's), and Brasília, the capital of the Republic (in the 1950's). In detach, also the creation of the new state of Tocantins in 1988 and the recomposing of the regional politic scene after military regime unti1 the present days. The second retrospect reconstitutes the process of implantation of the power plants, the transmission lines and the electricity distribution in Goiás and in the Federal District throughout the 20th century. In this process, detaches the pioneer e1ectricity enterprises creation, the action of the foreign groups LIGHT and AMFORP and the intervention of state and federal govems through CELG an CEB creation, as well as FURNAS, CEMIG, ELETROBRÁS and ELETRONORTE. The retrospect attains the recent deregulation process of the energy industry business, looking over to introduce the discussions about the outbidding of the settled electric patrimony and the new hydroelectric projects to be settled. The results from the field research, the consultation realized in the State and Federal Public Ministry, the periodic visits to libraries and the participation in congresses and seminaries are presented in three chapters. In conjoint, the investigation focuses the composition and the capitalist's interests' conflicts for the new hydroelectric projects recently outbid by ANEEL. In a first moment, hydroelectric projects in the Araguaia, Claro, Verde and São Marcos rivers are analysed. Subsequently, it's studied the installation process of the Corumbá IV hydroelectric project in the Corumbá River. At last, an analytical focus relapses over national and intemational powerful economic groups, which presently dispute the energy market and patrimony in Goiás. In this analysis, it's revealed problems in the ambient and social passives in the settled works of Cachoeira Dourada, Serra da Mesa and Cana Brava works. This work is conc1uded affirming that the mercantilization process of the electric public services didn't benefit most of the population, but made them a victim. The continuity of this logic rapidly provokes the nature resources exhaustion and the exploitation of the work power, as well as the land expropriation of the rural small owners / Doutorado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata de Souza Ferreira Medinaprot.pdf: 1481960 bytes, checksum: 9444f6cc48dc8f36e4df5d39111f6ba2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / The general objective of this study is to identify what factors lead medium-sized multinational companies to adopt IFRS Full or IFRS SME. In order to do so, the Institutional Theory was applied as research basis since it provides theoretical ground for the identification of the reason why companies make such a choice. This work also sought to identify which institutional changing mechanisms, whether coercive, mimetic and/or normative, are present when companies look for legitimacy in the process of adopting norms. The sample presented here comprises eight professionals responsible for decision making in accounting processes working for the referred companies, selected according to an availability criteria. This researched was carried out applying semi-structured interviews, which allow a deeper investigation of the issue. Collected material has been analyzed through Bardin's Technical Analysis of Content (2007). From the results, it was possible to identify that the companies have the IFRS Full as their first choice. It was also found that such decision is bound to the technical skill of the professional in charge, along with the growing perspective for the company within a short term. The professionals working in such companies do not analyze the available accounting choices in both cases, demonstrating that there is no relationship between the choice made and the evaluation of the model that best suits operations and results. Little prioritization/relevance by companies in adopting norms, as well as little interference by third parties and little interference by the mother company were found as inhibiting factors. As for the encouraging factor, the study found that the capacity of the professional in charge responds for the adoption of norms, which takes place as a result of normative and mimetic pressure when companies search for legitimacy. In addition, we submitted the results of this research to the Accounting Council (CRC SP) and the Big Four consulting firm, in order to have them validated and deepened, since those two have been often mentioned by the professionals. Such consulting raise aspects mostly approached by the professionals, i.e. the need for a more effective professional class representation and a support from auditing firms with the board of directors of the companies studied, in order to propel the processes of adopting norms and also to generate a sense of responsibility by the companies in such processes, besides holding the accounting professionals responsible. / O objetivo geral deste trabalho é identificar fatores que direcionam as empresas multinacionais de médio porte à adoção das IFRS Full ou da IFRS SME. Para isso, baseou-se, na Teoria Institucional, a qual fornece subsídios teóricos para identificar o porquê às empresas fazem essa escolha. Buscou identificar, ainda, sob qual mecanismo de mudança institucional as empresas buscam legitimação no processo de adoção das normas internacionais, sejam eles, coercitivo, mimético e/ou normativo. A amostra desta pesquisa foi composta por oito profissionais responsáveis pela tomada de decisão dos processos contábeis dessas empresas, os quais foram selecionados pelo critério de acessibilidade. Para realização desta pesquisa foram efetuadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, as quais permitem maior profundidade na investigação do problema. Os materiais coletados foram analisados utilizando a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2007). Por meio dos resultados obtidos, foi possível identificar que as empresas, foco deste estudo, escolhem como first option, a adoção das IFRS Full. Pôde-se perceber que esta decisão está vinculada a capacitação técnica do profissional, paralelamente à perspectiva de crescimento dessas empresas a um período de curto a médio prazo. Verificou-se que os profissionais, que atuam nessas empresas, não efetuam análises das escolhas contábeis disponíveis nos dois modelos, demonstrando não haver relação entre escolha e avaliação do modelo que melhor se adeque as operações e aos resultados. Como fatores inibidores, identificou-se, a baixa priorização/importância à adoção pelas companhias, a baixa interferência de terceiros e a baixa interferência da matriz. Como fator indutor à adoção das normas internacionais, somente foi identificado, à capacitação profissional, a qual, por meio da pressão normativa e mimética, pôde ser percebida a busca pela legitimação. Ainda, buscando validar e aprofundar os resultados dessa pesquisa buscou-se junto ao órgão de classe, CRC SP, e junto as empresas de auditoria Big Four, à avalição dos resultados obtidos, uma vez que foram frequentemente citados pelos profissionais. Para esta avaliação foram apresentados os principais pontos levantados pelos profissionais, como, à necessidade de se ter um órgão de classe mais atuante e a necessidade de apoio das empresas de auditoria junto ao corpo diretivo dessas companhias, a fim de impulsionar o processo de adoção e também gerar responsabilização às empresas nesse processo, além da responsabilização dos profissionais.

Submitted by Camille Alienor Rebecca Chouan (camille.chouan@gmail.com) on 2013-12-26T18:28:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MasterThesis MPGI 2013_Camille Chouan.pdf: 2070374 bytes, checksum: 32f42327d40884fd86be03a1ae2c4ee1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2013-12-26T19:16:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MasterThesis MPGI 2013_Camille Chouan.pdf: 2070374 bytes, checksum: 32f42327d40884fd86be03a1ae2c4ee1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-26T19:57:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MasterThesis MPGI 2013_Camille Chouan.pdf: 2070374 bytes, checksum: 32f42327d40884fd86be03a1ae2c4ee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-26 / This research analyzes the role of relational aspects such as trust, commitment, power usage and interdependence in the framework of inclusive business strategies that engage agribusiness MNCs and smallholder farmers in food supply chains in Brazil. Inclusive business strategies that seek direct sourcing from smallholders in emerging countries have been acknowledged as a promising market-based approach to create social impact and improve the livelihoods of rural producers at the 'base of the pyramid', all the while enabling companies to strengthen their position in local markets and source quality raw materials at lower costs. Studies on this topic widely focus on the competitive and commercial advantages that food companies derive from directly sourcing from smallholder suppliers, presenting value chain models that can be tailored to fit their global business strategy, however there remains little theoretically-grounded knowledge on the inter-organizational and relational challenges of these buyer-supplier relationships. Moreover, little attention has been paid to how asymmetries between MNCs and smallholder suppliers in terms of power, dependence and value-orientation can affect the evolution of these relationships. The objective of the study was thus to describe the factors that enable these asymmetrical partners to build long-term and mutually beneficial business relationships. A grounded theory methodology was used, which was particularly appropriate to examine relationships and collect experiences from the field through interviews of both company executives and field staff and smallholders in three key sectors dominated by family agriculture in Brazil, namely dairy, poultry/swine husbandry and horticultural production. Key theoretical concepts from the field of Relationship Marketing were used to back the results from the field research. The main finding of this research is the importance of going beyond trust-building in the relationship management strategy and designing dyadic partnerships based on mutual interdependence in order to reduce asymmetries and enhance commitment between the MNC and the smallholder. / Esta pesquisa analisa o papel dos aspectos relacionais tais como confiança, comprometimento, interdependência e uso de poder âmbito das estratégias de negócios inclusivos que envolvem pequenos agricultores nas cadeias de valor de multinacionais dos agronegócios no Brasil. Os negócios inclusivos de abastecimento direto por empresas com pequenos agricultores em países em desenvolvimento têm sido reconhecidos como uma abordagem economicamente viavél e promissora para criar impacto social e melhorar as condições de vida de produtores rurais da 'base da pirâmide', ao mesmo tempo permitindo que as empresas reforçar as suas posições nos mercados locais e adquirir matérias primas de qualidade a custos mais baixos. Estudos sobre este tema focam amplamente sobre as vantagens comerciais e competitivas que as empresas derivam do abastecimento direito com pequenos fornecedores, apresentando modelos de cadeia de valor customizados e ajustados estratégias globais de negócios, no entanto ainda há pouco conhecimento teoricamente fundamentado sobre os desafios organizacionais e relacionais da relação entre o comprador multinacional e o fornecedor de baixa renda. Além disso, pouco foco tem-se prestado sobre como assimetrias entre multinacionais e produtores de baixa renda, em questão de poder, dependência e de valores pode afetar a evolução dessas relações de negócios. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever os fatores que permitem a esses parceiros assimétricos de construir relacionamentos comerciais de longo prazo e mutuamente benéficos. A metodologia da teoria fundamentada foi usada e foi particularmente adequada para examinar as relações entre comprador e fornecedor e para recolher experiências de campo em três setores principais dominados pela agricultura familiar no Brasil, ou seja laticínios, avi-suinocultura e produção hortícola. Os principais conceitos teóricos da área de Relationship Marketing foram usados para apoiar os resultados da pesquisa de campo. A principal conclusão desta pesquisa é a importância de ir além da construção de confiança na estratégia de gestão do relacionamento entre comprador e fornecedor e de criar parcerias diádicas baseadas na interdependência mútua, a fim de reduzir as assimetrias e melhorar o comprometimento entre a empresa e o pequeno agricultor.

This dissertation examines the role of government policies in attracting the foreign direct investment (FDI) to SADC countries. To achieve this, the study uses econometric, statistical, and thematic methods within a panel data context and explores means through which SADC countries can attract the FDI. The study covered a panel of 15 SADC countries over the period 1980–2018. FDI is associated with several benefits, particularly in the less developed countries for their investment purposes. However, these less developed countries – including SADC member countries – encounter challenges of attracting FDI despite having abundant natural resources and proposing various regulatory reforms to liberalise their economies. The empirical approach suggested several ways through which a country can attract FDI. The study found that FDI in SADC is not entirely driven by the presence of natural resources but by other determining factors such as the infrastructure development and economic growth, which proved to be paramount in attracting FDI. Therefore, the study recommends that SADC should not only adopt structural policy reforms that potentially improve trade openness, but also adopt strategic infrastructure development. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

The performance effects of multinationality have been subject to extensive study over the last four decades. To date, the findings of empirical studies have not been able to demonstrate a consistent picture as far as the relationship between multinationality (M) and performance (P) is concerned; nor have they established a general link. This dissertation suggests that the M-P relation might be contingent upon certain contextual considerations. In particular, this doctoral thesis examines the performance effects of multinationality depending on a) scope of international expansion (regional vs. global); b) the role of firm-specific assets (FSAs) and c) home region effects.

Cette thèse examine l’autonomie décisionnelle des gestionnaires au sein des filiales des entreprises multinationales. Tout en reconnaissant l’impact de l’autonomie au sein des filiales des entreprises multinationales sur l’innovation et la création et le maintien d’emploi local, cette recherche se penche sur l’étude de ses déterminants multiniveaux. Elle propose d’aller au-delà des explications classiques de l’autonomie décisionnelle, souvent de niveaux institutionnel et organisationnel, en explorant les déterminants individuels des hauts gestionnaires des filiales. Ce sont les profils de ces gestionnaires, et plus spécifiquement leurs identités, qui sont étudiées en lien avec leurs niveaux d’autonomie décisionnelle en matière de politiques et pratiques des ressources humaines. Afin de construire notre modèle conceptuel multiniveau, trois grandes approches théoriques ont été mobilisées. Il s’agit de : l’approche néo-institutionnelle, l’approche des ressources et l’approche d’analyse stratégique. Ces trois approches permettent d’étudier l’autonomie décisionnelle des gestionnaires comme un concept à la fois, encastré dans une structure institutionnelle particulière, dépendant des ressources organisationnelles et négocié par les acteurs individuels en fonction de leurs identités. L’approche méthodologique est qualitative. Dix études de cas de gestionnaires de filiales émanant de deux entreprises multinationales françaises ont été analysées. La collecte de données s’est faite, pour la plupart, par les technologies de l’information et de la communication sans limitation d’espace géographique. La base de données est composée de 40 entretiens semi-directifs avec des gestionnaires des entreprises multinationales, principalement responsables de la fonction RH et des centaines de documents internes, de rapports organisationnels et de revues de presse. Ces données ont été codées et analysées. Les résultats de notre étude sont porteurs de cinq contributions à l’étude de l’autonomie décisionnelle des gestionnaires des filiales. 1. Ce concept d’autonomie est multifacette, dynamique et variant en fonction des entreprises multinationales, des politiques RH et des gestionnaires. 2. Il gagne à être étudié au niveau du haut gestionnaire de la filiale et par un cadre multiniveau et multithéories. 3. Les institutions nationales et les structures organisationnelles sont des déterminants nécessaires, mais non suffisants de l’autonomie décisionnelle des gestionnaires. 4. Les identités de ces gestionnaires telles que l’identité sexuelle, l’identité professionnelle, l’identification organisationnelle et le pays d’origine contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de l’autonomie. Les acteurs individuels ont toujours une marge de manoeuvre même dans les structures les plus centralisées. 5. C’est la combinaison de ces différents facteurs multiniveaux qui est déterminante. Cette recherche incite les hauts gestionnaires des filiales à repenser leur rôle au sein de l’entreprise multinationale et en matière de politiques et pratiques RH. Avec la montée des projets de normalisation de la gestion au sein des entreprises multinationales et pour gagner plus d’autonomie, ils doivent revoir et actualiser leurs identités professionnelles et leurs identifications organisationnelles tout en restant ouverts à l’expérience internationale. / This thesis examines the decision-making autonomy of managers within the subsidiaries of multinational companies. While acknowledging the impact of subsidiary autonomy on innovation and creating and maintaining local jobs, this research examines its multilevel determinants. It suggests going beyond traditional explanations of decision-making autonomy, often at institutional and organizational levels, by exploring the individual determinants of subsidiaries' senior managers. These managers' profils, more specifically, their identities, are studied in this thesis in connection with their decision-making autonomy in terms of human resources policies and practices. In order to build our multilevel conceptual model, three major theoretical approaches were used: the neo-institutional, the resources, and the strategic analysis approaches. These three approaches allow us to study managers' decision-making autonomy as a concept simultaneously embedded in a specific institutional structure, dependent on organizational resources and negotiated by individual actors according to their identities. The methodological approach is qualitative. Ten case studies of senior managers of subsidiaries from two French multinational companies were analyzed. Much of the data was collected through information and communication technologies without any geographic space limitation. The database consists of 40 semi-structured interviews with senior managers of multinational companies, mainly responsible for the HR function and hundreds of internal documents, organizational reports, and press reviews. These data were coded and analyzed. Our study's results provide five contributions to the study of the decision-making autonomy of subsidiary managers. 1. The concept of autonomy is multifaceted, dynamic and varies in terms of multinational companies, HR policies, and managers. 2. It benefits from being studied at the level of the subsidiary managers and by a multilevel and multi-theory framework. 3. National institutions and organizational structures are essential but not sufficient determinants of managers' decision-making autonomy. 4. These managers' identities, such as gender, professional, organizational, and country of origin, contribute to a better understanding of autonomy. Individual actors always have a margin the maneuver, even in the most centralized structures. 5. It is the combination of these different multilevel factors that is decisive. This research prompts senior managers of subsidiaries in charge of HR policies and practices to rethink their role within the multinational company and in terms of HR policies and practices. With the rise of management standardization projects within multinational companies and to gain more autonomy, they must review and update their professional identities and organizational identification while remaining open to international experience.

A common practice of multinational companies is to temporarily transfer employees to international locations in order to exchange technology, launch new ventures, and facilitate communication within the company. To do this, multinational companies must make a number of decisions regarding their expatriate programs. Even though international companies would rather stay focused on the professional performance of their employees without having to "meddle" in personal and family affairs, recent research has shown that the adaptation of the accompanying spouse is one of the most critical factors in expatriate assignment success or failure. By studying the available literature on expatriate spouse adaptation, coupled with conducting my own exploratory research with American expatriate spouses currently living in France, I was led to the conclusion that adequate, pre-departure preparation is indispensable to an expatriate spouse's successful cross-cultural adaptation. To improve the efficacy of pre-departure training, I propose providing expatriate spouses with personal trainers who will teach them to adopt a new mindset for the purpose of conducting cultural analysis. This mindset involves assuming the role of anthropologist—just as an actor would assume a role in a play. The benefits of this approach are twofold: firstly, imagining oneself as an anthropologist provides excellent motivation to get out and explore a new culture rather than avoiding it and hiding out in the safe haven of one's own home; secondly, having a new, temporary identity will help create the emotional distance necessary to minimize reactionary, negative feelings and allow for progressive, cross-cultural understanding. While being sensitive to prospective expatriate spouses' personal goals, personal trainers should provide concrete methods to help mitigate culture shock's related stresses, as well as helping expatriate spouses develop appropriate coping skills to assist them in dealing with the unsettling experience of living in another culture. By implementing improvements in relocation programs, such as the solution I propose, multinational companies can maintain an acceptable return on investment for their relocation programs while affording expatriate employees and their respective families an enriching and life-changing intercultural experience.

台灣中小企業的發展歷程，從創造台灣經濟奇蹟的原始動力到1980年代後期起，因國內外環境改變而面對嚴重的挑戰並歷經重大的改變。直至今天更因全球化的衝擊，正面臨嚴苛的考驗。其中能成長為跨國大企業者，實在寥寥可數，而大部份均歷經生存與滅亡的不斷輪迴。加上台灣企業逐漸大型化，大型企業開始獲得台灣經濟的主導權，中小企業在台灣經濟的比重逐漸降低。然而，在全球供應鏈上，台灣不論是大型企業或中小企業大部份均只是扮演中段生產與代工的角色，供應鏈上的上游原料與材料技術卻無法占有一席之地。這樣的現況我們似乎只歸因於市場機制的優勝劣敗而鮮有進一步的具體解決方案與實際創新商業模式之深入探討。然而，從一些成功的案例我們發現其實有一些具特異性與價值性資源及能耐的中小企業在面對常態資源不足，市場生態丕變、與組織對應不良的困境中，善用自己的核心能力，從理論與應用科學的發展、核心能力的延伸與擴張，競爭策略的預應彈性與組織能力的強化做為變革的基礎，逐步發展其成功的創新商業模式。 本研究以”台灣中小型科技公司之競爭策略與競爭優勢”為架構，以” 噴墨列印產業 ”之利基創造為導入實例，進行對台灣中小企業科技核心能力的認知，應用策略、經營模式、與變革創新的階段性探討與分析。期能從競爭策略的面向，提出問題與理論驗證，並提出一成功營運模式的研擬。此外，再以其在高競爭障礙市場的成功實績，進一步探討台灣中小企業如何善用獨持資源與策略轉折，創新創造利基市場，由小做大，建立跨國的成功創新商業模式，甚至建立自有品牌。最後，期望本研究的理論參據與實績驗證的內容和建議對台灣中小企業在困境中的力爭上游能有所助益。 / Since the time of creating the original driving force of Taiwan's economic miracle to late 1980s, the development of Taiwanese SMEs has been facing serious challenges and experiencing major changes due to rapid changes in domestic and international environment. Even today they are facing a more severe test because of the impact of globalization, and very few of them are able to grow to large multinational companies while most of them have been going through the continuous cycle of survival and extinction. Furthermore, Taiwanese enterprises have become larger in scale gradually, and large companies have begun to gain dominance of Taiwanese economy. The proportion of SMEs in Taiwanese economy has gradually reduced. However, in the global supply chain, most of the enterprises in Taiwan, no matter SMEs or MNCs, play the role of “ production and OEM/ODM” and rarely place the upstream of the supply chain as suppliers of raw materials and technology. This current situation seems to be attributed to the market mechanism fitness and few further specific and practical solutions have been discussed and conducted earnestly into the innovative business model in depth. However, from a number of successful cases, we discover that there are some SMEs, who are capable of core competencies and special advantages yet inadequate resources and capabilities, the changing market ecology, and the plight of organization corresponding ability, have successfully developed their own business models by their core competencies and the development of theoretical and applied science, the precise implementation of extension and expansion of core competencies and the strengthen of pro- action flexibility of competitive strategies as well as the capability of organizing, and gradually achieved the innovation and progressive development of the unique successful business model. In this research, the technical core competences, application strategies, innovative transformation and new business model of Taiwan's SMEs will be carried into analysis and discussion based on the framework of " competitive strategy and competitive advantage of High-Tech SMEs in Taiwan " setting the foundation of "The ink jet printing industries" as an illustration. For each stage of competitive strategies, the questions will be presented with theories to verify, and the simulation of successfully-operated models will be brought out. In addition, from the successful examples in high competitive barrier market, this research will further explore how good Taiwanese SMEs are by using the core capabilities and strategy transition to gradually innovate the global niche market with successful innovative business models, and even establish their own brands. Finally, I hope the theoretical reference, content and recommendations of performance verification can be helpful to get through the plight of the striving SMEs in Taiwan.