L’estimation fonctionnelle basée sur les espaces de Hilbert à noyau reproduisant demeure un sujet de recherche actif pour l’identification des systèmes non linéaires. L'ordre du modèle croit avec le nombre de couples entrée-sortie, ce qui rend cette méthode inadéquate pour une identification en ligne. Le critère de cohérence est une méthode de parcimonie pour contrôler l’ordre du modèle. Le modèle est donc défini à partir d'un dictionnaire de faible taille qui est formé par les fonctions noyau les plus pertinentes.Une fonction noyau introduite dans le dictionnaire y demeure même si la non-stationnarité du système rend sa contribution faible dans l'estimation de la sortie courante. Il apparaît alors opportun d'adapter les éléments du dictionnaire pour réduire l'erreur quadratique instantanée et/ou mieux contrôler l'ordre du modèle.La première partie traite le sujet des algorithmes adaptatifs utilisant le critère de cohérence. L'adaptation des éléments du dictionnaire en utilisant une méthode de gradient stochastique est abordée pour deux familles de fonctions noyau. Cette partie a un autre objectif qui est la dérivation des algorithmes adaptatifs utilisant le critère de cohérence pour identifier des modèles à sorties multiples.La deuxième partie introduit d'une manière abrégée le palier magnétique actif (PMA). La proposition de contrôler un PMA par un algorithme adaptatif à noyau est présentée pour remplacer une méthode utilisant les réseaux de neurones à couches multiples / Function approximation methods based on reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces are of great importance in kernel-based regression. However, the order of the model is equal to the number of observations, which makes this method inappropriate for online identification. To overcome this drawback, many sparsification methods have been proposed to control the order of the model. The coherence criterion is one of these sparsification methods. It has been shown possible to select a subset of the most relevant passed input vectors to form a dictionary to identify the model.A kernel function, once introduced into the dictionary, remains unchanged even if the non-stationarity of the system makes it less influent in estimating the output of the model. This observation leads to the idea of adapting the elements of the dictionary to obtain an improved one with an objective to minimize the resulting instantaneous mean square error and/or to control the order of the model.The first part deals with adaptive algorithms using the coherence criterion. The adaptation of the elements of the dictionary using a stochastic gradient method is presented for two types of kernel functions. Another topic is covered in this part which is the implementation of adaptive algorithms using the coherence criterion to identify Multiple-Outputs models.The second part introduces briefly the active magnetic bearing (AMB). A proposed method to control an AMB by an adaptive algorithm using kernel methods is presented to replace an existing method using neural networks

This work concentrates on the application of diversity techniques and space time block coding for future high speed mobile wireless communications on multicarrier systems. At first, alternative multicarrier kernels robust for high speed doubly-selective fading channel are sought. They include the comparisons of discrete Fourier transform (DFT), fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) and wavelet transform (WT) multicarrier kernels. Different wavelet types, including the raised-cosine spectrum wavelets are implemented, evaluated and compared. From different wavelet families, orthogonal wavelets are isolated from detailed evaluations and comparisons as suitable for multicarrier applications. The three transforms are compared over a doubly-selective channel with the WT significantly outperforming all for high speed conditions up to 300 km/hr. Then, a new wavelet is constructed from an ideal filter approximation using established wavelet design algorithms to match any signal of interest; in this case under bandlimited criteria. The new wavelet showed better performance than other traditional orthogonal wavelets. To achieve MIMO communication, orthogonal space-time block coding, OSTBC, is evaluated next. First, the OSTBC is extended to assess the performance of the scheme over extended receiver diversity order. Again, with the extended diversity conditions, the OSTBC is implemented for a multicarrier system over a doubly-selective fading channel. The MIMO-OFDM systems (implemented using DFT and WT kernels) are evaluated for different operating frequencies, typical of LTE standard, with Doppler effects. It was found that, during high mobile speed, it is better to transmit OFDM signals using lower operating frequencies. The information theory for the 2-transmit antenna OSTBC does not support higher order implementation of multi-antenna systems, which is required for the future generation wireless communications systems. Instead of the OSTBC, the QO-STBC is usually deployed to support the design of higher order multi-antenna systems other than the 2-transmit antenna scheme. The performances of traditional QO-STBC methods are diminished by some off-diagonal (interference) terms such that the resulting system does not attain full diversity. Some methods for eliminating the interference terms have earlier been discussed. This work follows the construction of cyclic matrices with Hadamard matrix to derive QO-STBC codes construction which are N-times better than interference free QO-STBC, where N is the number of transmit antenna branches.

This thesis is concentrated on the Angle / Direction of Arrival (A/DOA) estimation and Beamforming techniques that can be used in the current and future engineering applications such as tracking of targets, wireless mobile communications, radar systems, etc. This thesis firstly investigates different types of AOA and beamforming techniques. A comprehensive comparison between the common AOA algorithms is performed to evaluate the estimation accuracy and illustrate the computational complexity of each algorithm. The effect of mutual coupling between the radiators and the impact of the position-error of the antenna elements on the estimation accuracy is also studied. Then, several new efficient AOA methods for current wireless localisation systems are proposed. The estimation accuracy and computational complexity are compared with well-known AOA methods over a wide range of scenarios. New methodologies for Covariance Matrix (CM) sampling are proposed to enhance and improve operational performance without increasing the computational burden. A new beamforming algorithm is proposed and implemented on a compact mm-Wave linear and planar antenna arrays to enhance the desired signal and suppress the interference sources in wireless communication systems. The issue of asset tracking in dense environments where the performance of the Global Positioning System (GPS) becomes unavailable or unreliable is addressed in the thesis as well. The proposed solution uses a low-profile array of sensors mounted on a finite conducting ground. A compact-size omnidirectional spiral sensor array of six electrically small dual-band antenna elements was designed to operate in the 402 and 837 MHz spectrum bands. For the lower band, a three-element superposition method is applied to support the estimated AOA whereas six sensors are considered for the higher band. An efficient and low complexity Projection Vector (PV) AOA method is proposed. An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation is integrated with the PV technique to enhance the estimation resolution. The system was found to be suitable for installation on top of vehicles to localise the position of assets. The proposed system was tested to track non-stationary objectives, and then two scenarios were investigated: outdoor to outdoor and outdoor to indoor environments using Wireless In-Site Software. The results confirm that the proposed tracking system works efficiently with a single snapshot. / Higher Commission for Education Development (HCED) in Iraq Basra Oil Company Ministry of Oil

Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna technology refers to an antenna with multiple radiators at both transmitter and receiver ends. It is designed to increase the data rate in wireless communication systems by achieving multiple channels occupying the same bandwidth in a multipath environment. The main drawback associated with this technology is the coupling between the radiating elements. A MIMO antenna system merely acts as an antenna array if the coupling between the radiating elements is high. For this reason, strong decoupling between the radiating elements should be achieved, in order to utilize the benefits of MIMO technology. The main objectives of this thesis are to investigate and implement several printed MIMO antenna geometries with integrated decoupling approaches for WLAN, WiMAX, and 5G applications. The characteristics of MIMO antenna performance have been reported in terms of scattering parameters, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL), diversity gain (DG), antenna efficiency, antenna peak gain and antenna radiation patterns. Three new 2×2 MIMO array antennas are proposed, covering dual and multiple spectrum bandwidths for WLAN (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz) and WiMAX (3.5 GHz) applications. These designs employ a combination of DGS and neutralization line methods to reduce the coupling caused by the surface current in the ground plane and between the radiating antenna elements. The minimum achieved isolation between the MIMO antennas is found to be better than 15 dB and in some bands exceeds 30 dB. The matching impedance is improved and the correlation coefficient values achieved for all three antennas are very low. In addition, the diversity gains over all spectrum bands are very close to the ideal value (DG = 10 dB). The forth proposed MIMO antenna is a compact dual-band MIMO antenna operating at WLAN bands (2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz). The antenna structure consists of two concentric double square rings radiating elements printed symmetrically. A new method is applied which combines the defected ground structure (DGS) decoupling method with five parasitic elements to reduce the coupling between the radiating antennas in the two required bands. A metamaterial-based isolation enhancement structure is investigated in the fifth proposed MIMO antenna design. This MIMO antenna consists of two dual-band arc-shaped radiating elements working in WLAN and Sub-6 GHz 5th generation (5G) bands. The antenna placement and orientation decoupling method is applied to improve the isolation in the second band while four split-ring resonators (SRRs) are added between the radiating elements to enhance the isolation in the first band. All the designs presented in this thesis have been fabricated and measured, with the simulated and measured results agreeing well in most cases. / Higher Committee for Education Development in Iraq (HCED)

The fifth-generation (5G) wireless network has received a lot of attention from both academia and industry with many reported efforts. Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is the most promising wireless access technology for next-generation networks to provide high spectral and energy efficiency. For handheld devices such as smartphones, 2×2 MIMO antennas are currently employed in 4G systems and it is expected to employ a larger number of elements for 5G mobile terminals. Placing multiple antennas in the limited space of a smartphone PCB poses a significant challenge. Therefore, a new design technique using dual-polarized antenna resonators for 8×8 MIMO configuration is proposed for sub 6 GHz 5G applications. The proposed MIMO configuration could improve the channel capacity, diversity function, and multiplexing gain of the smartphone antenna system which makes it suitable for 5G applications. Different types of new and compact diversity MIMO antennas with Patch, Slot, and Planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) resonators are studied for different candidate bands of sub 6 GHz spectrum such as 2.6, 3.6, and 5.8 GHz. Unlike the reported MIMO antennas, the proposed designs provide full radiation coverage and polarization diversity with sufficient gain and efficiency values supporting different sides of the mainboard. Apart from the sub 6 GHz frequencies, 5G devices are also expected to support the higher bands at the centimeter/millimeter-wave spectrums. Compact antennas can be employed at different portions of a smartphone board to form linear phased arrays. Here, we propose new linear phased arrays with compact elements such as Dipole and Quasi Yagi resonators for 5G smartphones. Compared with the recently reported designs, the proposed phased arrays exhibit satisfactory features such as compact size, wide beam steering, broad bandwidth, end-fire radiation, high gain, and efficiency characteristics. The proposed 5G antennas can provide single-band, multi-band, and broad-band characteristics with reduced mutual coupling function. The fundamental characteristics of the 5G antennas are examined using both simulations and measurements and good agreement is observed. Furthermore, due to compact size and better placement of elements, quite good characteristics are observed in the presence of the user and the smartphone components. These advantages make the proposed antennas highly suitable for use in 5G smartphone applications. / European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424

No description available.

The fifth generation (5G) has developed a lot of interest, and there have been many reported initiatives in both industry and academics. Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is the most promising wireless access technique for next-generation networks in terms of spectral and energy efficiency (MIMO). In 4G systems, 2-Element MIMO antennas are already used, while 5G mobile terminals for smartphone hand-held devices are projected to use a bigger number of elements. The placement of many antennas in the restricted space of a smartphone PCB is one of the most critical challenges. As a result, for sub-6 GHz 5G applications, a new design technique based on dual-polarised antenna resonators for 6-Element, 8-Element MIMO configuration is proposed. The proposed MIMO design could improve the smartphone antenna system's chan-nel capacity, diversity function, and multiplexing gain, making it appropriate for 5G applica-tions. For distinct prospective bands of the sub-6 GHz spectrum, such as 2.6, 3.6, and 5.8 GHz, different types of novel and compact diversity MIMO antennas using Patch, Slot, and Planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) resonators are examined. Unlike previously reported MIMO antennas, the proposed designs provide full radiation coverage and polarisation diversity, as well as adequate gain and efficiency values to support several mainboard sides. Apart from sub-6 GHz frequencies, 5G devices are projected to support the centimetre/milli-metre wave spectrum's higher bands. To create linear phased arrays, small antennas can be placed at various locations on a smartphone board. For 5G smartphones, we propose novel linear phased arrays with tiny parts like Dipole and Quasi-Yagi resonators. In comparison to previously published designs, the suggested phased arrays have desirable qualities such as compact size, wide beam-steering, broad bandwidth, end-fire radiation, high gain, and efficiency. With a reduced mutual coupling function, the suggested 5G antennas can provide single-band, multi-band, and broad-band characteristics. Both models and measurements are used to an-alyse the fundamental features of 5G antennas, and good agreement is found. Furthermore, in the presence of the user and the smartphone components, good features are seen due to the small size and superior arrangement of elements. Because of these benefits, the sug-gested antennas are well-suited for usage in 5G smartphone applications.

Nowadays, the digital terrestrial television (DTT) market is characterized by the high capacity needed for high definition TV services. There is a need for an efficient use of the broadcast spectrum, which requires new technologies to guarantee increased capacities. Non-Uniform Constellations (NUC) arise as one of the most innovative techniques to approach those requirements. NUCs reduce the gap between uniform Gray-labelled Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) constellations and the theoretical unconstrained Shannon limit. With these constellations, symbols are optimized in both in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components by means of signal geometrical shaping, considering a certain signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and channel model. There are two types of NUC, one-dimensional and two-dimensional NUCs (1D-NUC and 2D-NUC, respectively). 1D-NUCs maintain the squared shape from QAM, but relaxing the distribution between constellation symbols in a single component, with non-uniform distance between them. These constellations provide better SNR performance than QAM, without any demapping complexity increase. 2D-NUCs also relax the square shape constraint, allowing to optimize the symbol positions in both dimensions, thus achieving higher capacity gains and lower SNR requirements. However, the use of 2D-NUCs implies a higher demapping complexity, since a 2D-demapper is needed, i.e. I and Q components cannot be separated. In this dissertation, NUCs are analyzed from both transmit and receive point of views, using either single-input single-output (SISO) or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna configurations. In SISO transmissions, 1D-NUCs and 2D-NUCs are optimized for a wide range of SNRs and different constellation orders. The optimization of rotated 2D-NUCs is also investigated. Even though the demapping complexity is not increased, the SNR gain of these constellations is not significant. The highest rotation gain is obtained for low-order constellations and high SNRs. However, with multi-RF techniques, the SNR gain is drastically increased, since I and Q components are transmitted in different RF channels. In this thesis, multi-RF gains of NUCs with and without rotation are provided for some representative scenarios. At the receiver, two different implementation bottlenecks are explored. First, the demapping complexity of all considered constellations is analyzed. Afterwards, two complexity reduction algorithms for 2D-NUCs are proposed. Both algorithms drastically reduce the number of distances to compute. Moreover, both are finally combined in a single demapper. Quantization of NUCs is also explored in this dissertation, since LLR values and I/Q components are modified when using these constellations, compared to traditional QAM constellations. A new algorithm that is based on the optimization of the quantizer levels for a particular constellation is proposed. The use of NUCs in multi-antenna communications is also investigated. It includes the optimization in one or two antennas, the use of power imbalance, the cross-polar discrimination (XPD) between receive antennas, or the use of different demappers. Assuming different values for the parameters evaluated, new Multi-Antenna Non-Uniform Constellations (MA-NUC) are obtained by means of a particularized re-optimization process, specific for MIMO. At the receiver, an extended demapping complexity analysis is performed, where it is shown that the use of 2D-NUCs in MIMO extremely increases the demapping complexity. As an alternative, an efficient solution for 2D-NUCs and MIMO systems based on Soft-Fixed Sphere Decoding (SFSD) is proposed. The main drawback is that SFSD demappers do not work with 2D-NUCs, since they perform a Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) step that needs to be performed in separated I and Q components. The proposed method quantifies the closest symbol using Voronoi regions and allows SFSD demappers to work. / Hoy en día, el mercado de la televisión digital terrestre (TDT) está caracterizado por la alta capacidad requerida para transmitir servicios de televisión de alta definición y el espectro disponible. Es necesario por tanto un uso eficiente del espectro radioeléctrico, el cual requiere nuevas tecnologías para garantizar mayores capacidades. Las constelaciones no-uniformes (NUC) emergen como una de las técnicas más innovadoras para abordar tales requerimientos. Las NUC reducen el espacio existente entre las constelaciones uniformes QAM y el límite teórico de Shannon. Con estas constelaciones, los símbolos se optimizan en ambas componentes fase (I) y cuadratura (Q) mediante técnicas geométricas de modelado de la señal, considerando un nivel señal a ruido (SNR) concreto y un modelo de canal específico. Hay dos tipos de NUC, unidimensionales y bidimensionales (1D-NUC y 2D-NUC, respectivamente). Las 1D-NUC mantienen la forma cuadrada de las QAM, pero permiten cambiar la distribución entre los símbolos en una componente concreta, teniendo una distancia no uniforme entre ellos. Estas constelaciones proporcionan un mejor rendimiento SNR que QAM, sin ningún incremento en la complejidad en el demapper. Las 2D-NUC también permiten cambiar la forma cuadrada de la constelación, permitiendo optimizar los símbolos en ambas dimensiones y por tanto obteniendo mayores ganancias en capacidad y menores requerimientos en SNR. Sin embargo, el uso de 2D-NUCs implica una mayor complejidad en el receptor. En esta tesis se analizan las NUC desde el punto de vista tanto de transmisión como de recepción, utilizando bien configuraciones con una antena (SISO) o con múltiples antenas (MIMO). En transmisiones SISO, se han optimizado 1D-NUCs para un rango amplio de distintas SNR y varios órdenes de constelación. También se ha investigado la optimización de 2D-NUCs rotadas. Aunque la complejidad no aumenta, la ganancia SNR de estas constelaciones no es significativa. La mayor ganancia por rotación se obtiene para bajos órdenes de constelación y altas SNR. Sin embargo, utilizando técnicas multi-RF, la ganancia aumenta drásticamente puesto que las componentes I y Q se transmiten en distintos canales RF. En esta tesis, se han estudiado varias ganancias multi-RF representativas de las NUC, con o sin rotación. En el receptor, se han identificado dos cuellos de botella diferentes en la implementación. Primero, se ha analizado la complejidad en el receptor para todas las constelaciones consideradas y, posteriormente, se proponen dos algoritmos para reducir la complejidad con 2D-NUCs. Además, los dos pueden combinarse en un único demapper. También se ha explorado la cuantización de estas constelaciones, ya que tanto los valores LLR como las componentes I/Q se ven modificados, comparando con constelaciones QAM tradicionales. Además, se ha propuesto un algoritmo que se basa en la optimización para diferentes niveles de cuantización, para una NUC concreta. Igualmente, se ha investigado en detalle el uso de NUCs en MIMO. Se ha incluido la optimización en una sola o en dos antenas, el uso de un desbalance de potencia, factores de discriminación entre antenas receptoras (XPD), o el uso de distintos demappers. Asumiendo distintos valores, se han obtenido nuevas constelaciones multi-antena (MA-NUC) gracias a un nuevo proceso de re-optimización específico para MIMO. En el receptor, se ha extendido el análisis de complejidad en el demapper, la cual se incrementa enormemente con el uso de 2D-NUCs y sistemas MIMO. Como alternativa, se propone una solución basada en el algoritmo Soft-Fixed Sphere Decoding (SFSD). El principal problema es que estos demappers no funcionan con 2D-NUCs, puesto que necesitan de un paso adicional en el que las componentes I y Q necesitan separarse. El método propuesto cuantifica el símbolo más cercano utilizando las regiones de Voronoi, permitiendo el uso de este tipo de receptor. / Actualment, el mercat de la televisió digital terrestre (TDT) està caracteritzat per l'alta capacitat requerida per a transmetre servicis de televisió d'alta definició i l'espectre disponible. És necessari per tant un ús eficient de l'espectre radioelèctric, el qual requereix noves tecnologies per a garantir majors capacitats i millors servicis. Les constel·lacions no-uniformes (NUC) emergeixen com una de les tècniques més innovadores en els sistemes de televisió de següent generació per a abordar tals requeriments. Les NUC redueixen l'espai existent entre les constel·lacions uniformes QAM i el límit teòric de Shannon. Amb estes constel·lacions, els símbols s'optimitzen en ambdós components fase (I) i quadratura (Q) per mitjà de tècniques geomètriques de modelatge del senyal, considerant un nivell senyal a soroll (SNR) concret i un model de canal específic. Hi ha dos tipus de NUC, unidimensionals i bidimensionals (1D-NUC i 2D-NUC, respectivament). 1D-NUCs mantenen la forma quadrada de les QAM, però permet canviar la distribució entre els símbols en una component concreta, tenint una distància no uniforme entre ells. Estes constel·lacions proporcionen un millor rendiment SNR que QAM, sense cap increment en la complexitat al demapper. 2D-NUC també canvien la forma quadrada de la constel·lació, permetent optimitzar els símbols en ambdós dimensions i per tant obtenint majors guanys en capacitat i menors requeriments en SNR. No obstant això, l'ús de 2D-NUCs implica una major complexitat en el receptor, ja que es necessita un demapper 2D, on les components I i Q no poden ser separades. En esta tesi s'analitzen les NUC des del punt de vista tant de transmissió com de recepció, utilitzant bé configuracions amb una antena (SISO) o amb múltiples antenes (MIMO). En transmissions SISO, s'han optimitzat 1D-NUCs, per a un rang ampli de distintes SNR i diferents ordes de constel·lació. També s'ha investigat l'optimització de 2D-NUCs rotades. Encara que la complexitat no augmenta, el guany SNR d'estes constel·lacions no és significativa. El major guany per rotació s'obté per a baixos ordes de constel·lació i altes SNR. No obstant això, utilitzant tècniques multi-RF, el guany augmenta dràsticament ja que les components I i Q es transmeten en distints canals RF. En esta tesi, s'ha estudiat el guany multi-RF de les NUC, amb o sense rotació. En el receptor, s'han identificat dos colls de botella diferents en la implementació. Primer, s'ha analitzat la complexitat en el receptor per a totes les constel·lacions considerades i, posteriorment, es proposen dos algoritmes per a reduir la complexitat amb 2D-NUCs. Ambdós algoritmes redueixen dràsticament el nombre de distàncies. A més, els dos poden combinar-se en un únic demapper. També s'ha explorat la quantització d'estes constel·lacions, ja que tant els valors LLR com les components I/Q es veuen modificats, comparant amb constel·lacions QAM tradicionals. A més, s'ha proposat un algoritme que es basa en l'optimització per a diferents nivells de quantització, per a una NUC concreta. Igualment, s'ha investigat en detall l'ús de NUCs en MIMO. S'ha inclòs l'optimització en una sola o en dos antenes, l'ús d'un desbalanç de potència, factors de discriminació entre antenes receptores (XPD), o l'ús de distints demappers. Assumint distints valors, s'han obtingut noves constel·lacions multi-antena (MA-NUC) gràcies a un nou procés de re-optimització específic per a MIMO. En el receptor, s'ha modificat l'anàlisi de complexitat al demapper, la qual s'incrementa enormement amb l'ús de 2D-NUCs i sistemes MIMO. Com a alternativa, es proposa una solució basada en l'algoritme Soft-Fixed Sphere Decoding (SFSD) . El principal problema és que estos demappers no funcionen amb 2D-NUCs, ja que necessiten d'un pas addicional en què les components I i Q necessiten separar-se. El mètode proposat quantifica el símbol més pròxim utilitzan / Fuentes Muela, M. (2017). Non-Uniform Constellations for Next-Generation Digital Terrestrial Broadcast Systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/84743

Elektrohydraulische Steuerungen mit getrennten Steuerkanten stellen komplexe, mechatronische Systeme dar, welche durch ein enges Zusammenspiel der beteiligten Komponenten, ihrer strukturellen Anordnung, der notwendigen Sensorik und Elektronik, sowie den funktionsgebenden Algorithmen charakterisiert sind. Die vielfältigen Umsetzungsvarianten in den jeweiligen Gebieten und speziell im Bereich der Steuer- und Regelalgorithmen erschweren eine zielgerichtete Entwicklung, Bewertung und Auswahl. Neben ökonomischen Randbedingungen bildet vor allem eine beherrschbare Komplexität der Steuerungen, im Sinne der Robustheit und Handhabbarkeit, ein wesentliches Merkmal. Im Kern der Arbeit steht die Frage, welche Systemarchitektur für eine spezifische Maschinen- bzw. Arbeitsaufgabe aus Funktions- und Effizienzsicht optimale Eigenschaften aufweist. Dafür ist es notwendig, den Betrachtungsraum über alle Hierarchieebenen hinweg mit ihren jeweiligen Abhängigkeiten zu berücksichtigen. Ein strukturierter und iterativer Entwicklungsprozess, welcher dieWechselwirkungen der Einzellösungen frühzeitig einbezieht, dient dabei als Vorgehensmodell. In jeder Ebene sind Synthese,Analyse und Validierungsschritte notwendig, um die resultierenden Systemeigenschaften bewerten zu können. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf einer Einbindung der Steueralgorithmen und einem stufenweisen Test mithilfe simulativer und experimenteller Untersuchungen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt eine Struktur- und Schaltungssystematik, zur zielgerichteten Ableitung von Strukturvarianten unter Berücksichtigung der Art und Anordnung der beteiligten Komponenten, zur Verfügung. Für die als Grundstruktur oder Basiskonfiguration bezeichnete Systemvariante, bestehend aus vier proportional verstellbaren Einzelwiderständen in Brückenanordnung, erfolgt eine regelungstechnische Analyse des vorliegenden Mehrgrößensystems. Zusätzlich zum Streckenverhalten (offene Steuerkette) ist das resultierende Verhalten der Kombination Strecke und Steuerung von Interesse. Den Schwerpunkt bilden insbesondere die Analyse des Führungs- und Störverhaltens, sowie die Kopplungseigenschaften des resultierenden Gesamtsystems. Um das funktionale Verhalten der gewählten System- und Steuerungsstruktur tiefgreifender analysieren und ihre Funktionsfähigkeit nachzuweisen zu können, wird ein Labordemonstrator in Form eines Baggerarmprüfstandes genutzt. Hierbei erfolgen jeweils eine virtuelle Untersuchung in einer Systemsimulationsumgebung, als auch der messtechnische Nachweis. Ein analoges Vorgehen wird für die Untersuchung des funktional-energetischen Verhaltens im Gesamtmaschinenkontext gewählt. Das simulativ ermittelte und optimierte Verhalten wird durch umfangreiche Untersuchungen am Maschinendemonstrator, im Rahmen von Maschinenmessungen verifiziert. Die dabei gewonnen Erkenntnisse dienen als Randbedingungen für eine weitreichende simulationstechnische Gegenüberstellung mit alternativen Antriebstechnologien. Erst diese Maßnahme ermöglicht die Einordnung der erzielten Ergebnisse des Untersuchungssystems.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 3 2.1 Aufbau und Funktionsweise von Erdbaumaschinen 3 2.2 Steuerungssysteme mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen 6 2.2.1 Ventilgesteuerte Systeme in Open-Center Ausführung 9 2.2.2 Ventilgesteuerte Systeme in Closed-Center Ausführung 11 2.2.3 Verdrängergesteuerte Systeme 15 2.2.4 Hydraulische Hybridsysteme 18 2.3 Systeme mit getrennten Steuerkanten 21 2.3.1 Ventilstrukturen und Betriebsmodi 22 2.3.2 Aufbau und Funktionsweise proportionaler Sitzventile 28 2.3.3 Steuerungs- und Regelungskonzepte 31 3 Motivation und Zielsetzung 38 4 Entwurf und Systematisierung von Schaltungsvarianten 41 4.1 Methodik im Systementwurf 42 4.2 Varianten der Ventilstrukturen 45 4.3 Varianten der Ventilsteuerung 51 4.4 Varianten der Versorgungs- und Gesamtsysteme 53 5 Übertragungseigenschaften von Mehrgrößensystemen 58 5.1 Charakterisierung Mehrgrößenbegriff 58 5.2 Mathematische Beschreibung des ventilgesteuerten Zylinderantriebs 62 5.3 Herleitung des nichtlinearen, modellbasierten Vorsteuergesetzes 71 5.4 Analyse Zusammenhänge in Mehrgrößensystemen 74 5.4.1 Analyse des statischen Koppelfaktors 76 5.4.2 Analyse der dynamischen Kopplungseigenschaften 80 6 Untersuchungen am Labordemonstrator 87 6.1 Struktur und Aufbau des Labordemonstrators 87 6.2 Untersuchungsmethodik 89 6.3 Modellentwicklung des Labordemonstrators 92 6.3.1 Modellierung der Ausrüstungsmechanik und Prozessbelastung 93 6.3.2 Modellierung des Antriebssystems 95 6.3.3 Umsetzung der Ansteuerung - Software in the Loop 97 6.4 Validierung des Gesamtantriebsmodells 98 6.5 Beschreibung und Analyse der Steuerung 100 6.5.1 Statisches Verhalten im Einzelverbraucherbetrieb 103 6.5.2 Dynamisches Verhalten im Einzelverbraucherbetrieb 105 6.5.3 Statisches Verhalten im Mehrverbraucherbetrieb 108 6.5.4 Dynamisches Verhalten im Mehrverbraucherbetrieb 110 6.6 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung 114 7 Integration und Funktionstest am Maschinendemonstrator 115 7.1 Aufbau und Funktionsweise des Standardantriebssystem 116 7.2 Entwicklung und Integration des Antriebsprototyps 121 7.3 Modellentwicklung des Maschinendemonstrators 130 7.3.1 Ausrüstungs- und Fahrzeugmechanik 131 7.3.2 Verbrennungsmotor 133 7.3.3 Verstellpumpen 135 7.3.4 Steuerventile 136 7.3.5 Proportional-Sitzventil 137 7.3.6 Drehwerkssteuerung 139 7.4 Validierung und simulative Erprobung des des Gesamtsystems 140 7.5 Experimentelle Erprobung und Analyse des GSK-Systems 149 7.6 Zusammenfassung und Bewertung 157 8 Modellgestützte Analyse und Vergleich der Energieeffizienz 159 8.1 Modellgestützte Effizienzanalyse in mobilen Arbeitsmaschinen 159 8.1.1 Vollständige Zyklenspiele 161 8.1.2 Standardzyklus 164 8.1.3 Äquivalente Referenzzyklen 165 8.1.4 Fazit 166 8.2 Entwicklung und Beschreibung von Antriebssystemvarianten 168 8.2.1 Mehrkreis Drosselsteuerung 3K-OC-DS 170 8.2.2 Mehrkreis Load-Sensing Steuerung 2K/3K-CC-LS 172 8.2.3 Mehrkreis Verdrängersteuerung 3K/4K-DC 174 8.2.4 Systemvarianten mit getrennten Steuerkanten 2K/3K-IM 176 8.2.5 Mehrkreis Hybridsysteme 3K-Hy 180 8.3 Ergebnisse der Effizienzanalyse 188 8.3.1 Mehrkreis Drosselsteuerung 3K-OC-DS 188 8.3.2 Mehrkreis Load-Sensing Steuerung 2K/3K-CC-LS 193 8.3.3 Mehrkreis Verdrängersteuerung 3K/4K-DC 194 8.3.4 Systemvarianten mit getrennten Steuerkanten 2K/3K-IM 196 8.3.5 Hybridsystemvarianten 3K-Hy / 3K-CP 198 8.3.6 Gesamtsystemvergleich 200 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 203 10 Literaturverzeichnis 209 A Anhang 233 A.1 Systematisierung von Schaltungsvarianten 233 A.1.1 Metrik zu Ermittlung der Schaltungseffizienz 233 A.2 Untersuchungen Mehrgrößensystem 242 A.2.1 Linearer Signalflussplans eines Systems mit vorgeschalteter Druckwaage 242 A.2.2 Darstellung der Systemmatrizen des ventilgesteuerten Zylinderantriebs 243 A.2.3 Kopplungsanalyse der offenen Steuerkette 243 A.2.4 Kopplungsanalyse der dezentralen Einfachregelung 245 A.2.5 Kopplungsanalyse linearer Entkopplungsfilter 246 A.2.6 Kopplungsanalyse nichtlineare Vorsteuerung 248 A.3 Untersuchungen am Systemprüfstand 250 A.3.1 Kinematikgleichungen 250 A.4 Untersuchungen am Demonstrator 251 A.4.1 Modellierung Mehrkörperstruktur 251 A.4.2 Werkzeug-Boden-Kontakt 252 A.4.3 Dynamische Vermessung Porportional-Sitzventil 253 A.5 Sytemvergleich 254 A.6 Methoden und Verfahren der Effizienzermittlung 254 A.6.1 Validierung Referenzsystem 259 A.6.2 Ergebnisse Effizienzanalyse 260

[ES] Los esquemas de antenas de múltiples entradas y múltiples salidas (MIMO) pueden maximizar la eficiencia espectral de los sistemas de Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT) para la provisión de contenidos de gran capacidad, como los servicios emergentes de televisión de ultra alta definición (UHDTV), en el cada vez más escaso y limitado espectro radioeléctrico de la TDT debido a la creciente demanda de servicios inalámbricos de banda ancha (4G y 5G). Las tecnologías MIMO han sido desarrolladas inicialmente en la especificación técnica de TDT DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting Next Generation Handheld) y estandarizadas en el último estándar de TDT, ATSC 3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee 3rd Generation). Sin embargo, no hay despliegues comerciales MIMO de TDT. Por otro lado, la industria móvil ha desarrollado una tecnología de radiodifusión móvil, conocida como hoy en día como 5G Broadcast, basado en LTE (Long Term Evolution). Aunque LTE incorpora MIMO para transmisiones unicast punto a punto, 5G Broadcast sólo utiliza una única antenna en transmisión. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo evaluar el rendimiento de MIMO para radiodifusión (terrestrial broadcast) para sistemas inalámbricos de radiodifusión de nueva generación, tanto TDT como sistemas celulares. Durante la estandarización de los sistemas MIMO TDT, el diseño inicial tiene en cuenta condiciones de recepción perfectas, por ejemplo, demoduladores óptimos, información de estado del canal (CSI) perfecta, estimación perfecta de la potencia del ruido, etc. El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es evaluar y optimizar el rendimiento de las transmisiones de radiodifusión MIMO en escenarios realistas. Esta tesis doctoral propone nuevos modelos de canales de propagación MIMO terrestres basados en medidas de campo que pueden utilizarse para la evaluación del rendimiento del sistema MIMO TDT. Además, también optimiza las diferentes configuraciones de transmisión y recepción MIMO, como la estimación de los canales MIMO en el receptor, y el procesado de señal. El escenario considerado en la tesis son torres de alta potencia con recepción fija, característico de las redes de TDT. Los resultados de esta tesis han contribuido al foro de estandarización ATSC, al sector de radiocomunicaciones de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT-R) y al proyecto nacional japonés de investigación sobre el sistema TDT de próxima generación. / [CA] Els esquemes d"antenes de múltiples entrades i múltiples sortides (MIMO) poden maximitzar l"eficiència espectral dels sistemes de Televisió Digital Terrestre (TDT) per a la provisió de continguts de gran capacitat, com els serveis emergents de televisió d"ultra alta definició (UHDTV) , en el cada vegada més escàs i limitat espectre radioelèctric de la TDT a causa de la creixent demanda de serveis sense fil de banda ampla (4G i 5G). Les tecnologies MIMO han estat desenvolupades inicialment en l'especificació tècnica de TDT DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting Next Generation Handheld) i estandarditzades a l'últim estàndard de TDT, ATSC 3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee 3rd Generation). No obstant això, no hi ha desplegaments comercials MIMO de TDT. D'altra banda, la indústria mòbil ha desenvolupat una tecnologia de radiodifusió mòbil, coneguda com avui dia com a 5G Broadcast, basat en LTE (Long Term Evolution). Tot i que LTE incorpora MIMO per a transmissions unicast punt a punt, 5G Broadcast només utilitza una única antena en transmissió. Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu avaluar el rendiment de MIMO per a radiodifusió (terrestrial broadcast) per a sistemes sense fil de radiodifusió de nova generació, tant TDT com sistemes cel·lulars. Durant l'estandardització dels sistemes MIMO TDT, el disseny inicial té en compte condicions de recepció perfectes, per exemple demoduladors òptims, informació d'estat del canal (CSI) perfecta, estimació perfecta de la potència del soroll, etc. L¿objectiu principal d¿aquesta tesi doctoral és avaluar i optimitzar el rendiment de les transmissions de radiodifusió MIMO en escenaris realistes. Aquesta tesi doctoral proposa nous models de canals de propagació MIMO terrestres basats en mesures de camp que es poden utilitzar per a l'avaluació del rendiment del sistema MIMO TDT. A més, també optimitza les diferents configuracions de transmissió i recepció MIMO, com l'estimació dels canals MIMO al receptor, i el processament de senyal. L'escenari considerat a la tesi són torres d'alta potència amb recepció fixa, característic de les xarxes de TDT. Els resultats d"aquesta tesi han contribuït al fòrum d"estandardització ATSC, al sector de radiocomunicacions de la Unió Internacional de Telecomunicacions (UIT-R) i al projecte nacional japonès de recerca sobre el sistema TDT de propera generació. / [EN] Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna schemes in Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) systems aim to maximize the spectral efficiency for the provision of large capacity contents in the scarce and limited DTT Radio-Frequency (RF) channel. The delivery of the emerging Ultra-High Definition TV (UHDTV) services as well as the continuous broadcast spectrum shortage due to the rapidly growing demand for wireless broadband services (4G and 5G) are the motivations for this proposal. MIMO technologies have been firstly developed in the DTT technical specification DVB-NGH (Digital Video Broadcasting Next Generation Handheld) and standardized in the latest DTT standard, ATSC3.0 (Advanced Television Systems Committee 3rd Generation). However, MIMO broadcasting has not been commercialized due to the additional investment for both service providers and receivers. On the other hand, mobile industry has developed mobile broadcast technologies known today as 5G Broadcast based on LTE (Long Term Evolution). Although LTE incorporates MIMO for point to point unicast, 5G Broadcast only uses a single antenna in transmission at the moment. The Ph.D. aims at assessing the performance of MIMO for broadcasting (terrestrial broadcast) for next-generation wireless broadcasting systems, including next-generation wireless broadcasting systems, both DTT and cellular system. During the standardization of MIMO DTT systems, the initial design accounts for perfect reception conditions, e.g., optimal demodulators, perfect Channel State Information (CSI), perfect noise power estimation. The main goal of this PhD is to assess and optimize the performance of MIMO wireless broadcast transmissions in realistic scenarios. This PhD proposes new models of terrestrial MIMO propagation channels based on field measurements which can be utilized for the evaluation of MIMO DTT system. Furthermore, it also optimizes the different MIMO transmission and reception configurations, such as broadcast MIMO channel estimation and signal processing. The scenarios considered in the thesis are high-power high-tower transmitter with fixed reception and characteristics of DTT networks. The results of the PhD have contributed to the ATSC standardization forum, International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), and the Japanese national research project on next generation DTT system. / Shitomi, T. (2023). Evaluation and Optimization of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Antenna Schemes for Next-Generation Wireless Broadcasting [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202598