In this research, multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) and paper composite materials were fabricated by dropcasting aqueous dispersions containing MWNTs onto filter paper using vacuum filtration, a highly unidirectional drying technique. By varying the pore size of the paper backbone as well as the number of deposited MWNT layers, composites with distinct architectures and properties were created. This thesis provides numerous examples that show how the processing methodology used influences the location of the MWNTs, the amount of MWNTs deposited, and the interaction between the MWNTs and the paper backbone. These three factors work in tandem to form the structures and properties presented. Understanding how the structures and properties come about allows for the tailorability of these composites for different applications and devices. The pore size of the backbone material combined with the directionality of the drying methodology controlled the location of MWNT deposition. MWNT deposition occurred in three ways: on the paper surface only, within the paper material only, or combined surface and internal deposition. By varying the number of deposition steps, the properties of the composite could be altered in the location of deposition. Surface charge, dispersion concentration, paper pore size, drying methodology, MWNT length, the number of deposited MWNT layers, and post-processing techniques were all factors studied in this thesis which could successfully vary the interaction between the MWNTs and between the MWNT and paper materials and, ultimately, alter the properties of the composite. Regardless of the processing methodology employed and the starting materials used, structure and property evolutions in the composite materials were characterized using impedance spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Current-AFM. Combining equivalent circuit fitting of the impedance data with the information obtained from the imaging techniques allowed for the elucidation of structural mechanisms which contribute to the electronic response measured for each composite. An overall equivalent circuit was built for each composite plane which could then be used to extract the electrical properties of the individual conduction mechanisms within the composite. In the in-plane, the electrical properties of the paper backbone, MWNT-MWNT junctions, MWNT bundles, and MWNT curved bundles could be determined. In the thru-plane, the electrical properties within the paper thickness, either paper-dominated or MWNT-dominated, could be measured. The resistance through the thickness of a bulk MWNT surface network could be also measured when the density of the MWNT network is sufficiently high.

Orientadores: Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro, Vitor Rafael Coluci / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:15:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Honorio_JaquelineGoncalves_M.pdf: 1809951 bytes, checksum: 7885a8cfa050d72f934edad04cce0f92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nanomateriais, tais como nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNT) têm apresentado potencial para remediação de águas e solos poluídos por compostos orgânicos devido a sua área superficial elevada, que pode melhorar a capacidade dos NTC em adsorver compostos orgânicos. Embora o tratamento de MWCNT com ácido nítrico possa aumentar a capacidade de dispersão do material em água através da introdução de grupos oxigenados sobre a superfície dos NTC, como ácidos carboxílicos, a diminuição da capacidade de MWCNT de interagir com moléculas orgânicas pode ocorrer como consequência não intencional. Para investigar esta possibilidade, foi avaliada a capacidade de MWCNT tratados com ácido de adsorver um poluente ambiental comum, 1-Nitropireno (1-NP), que é um nitro-hidrocarboneto policíclico aromático altamente mutagênico e carcinogênico. Diferentes doses de MWCNTs caracterizados foram testadas com diferentes doses de 1-NP, e a detecção do 1-NP não adsorvido foi avaliada pelo ensaio de mutagenicidade Salmonella/microssoma, usando a linhagem TA98 que é altamente sensível a 1-NP. Assim, apenas 1-NP não adsorvido aos MWCNT são absorvidos pelas bactérias e causam mutagenicidade. Encontramos uma relação inversa entre a oxidação por tratamento ácido dos MWCNT e a mutagenicidade da mistura. Os dados obtidos sugerem que o tratamento ácido de MWCNT pode, de fato, reduzir a capacidade de poluentes orgânicos se ligarem a MWCNT, reduzindo a eficácia na remediação / Abstract: Nanomaterials, such as multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have been shown potential to remediate soil or water polluted with organic compounds because of their high specific-surface area, which can enhance the ability of the CNT to adsorb organics. Although treatment of MWCNT with nitric acid can increase the water solubility of MWCNT by introducing oxygenated groups such as carboxylic acids onto the surface, it may have the unintended consequence of decreasing the ability of MWCNT to interact with organic molecules. To investigate this possibility, we evaluated the ability of acid-treated MWCNT to absorb a common environmental pollutant, 1- nitropyrene (1-NP), which is a highly mutagenic and carcinogenic nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Different doses of well-characterized MWCNTs were tested with different doses of 1-NP, and the detection of the non-adsorbed 1-NP was assessed by the Salmonella mutagenicity assay in strain TA98, which is highly sensitive to 1-NP. Thus, only free 1-NP not bound to the MWCNT was able to enter the bacteria and induce mutagenesis. We found an inverse association between the amount of oxidation by nitric-acid treatment of the MWCNT and the amount of mutagenicity of the reaction mixture. Our data suggest that acid treatment of MWCNT may, in fact, reduce the ability of MWCNT to bind organic pollutants, reducing their effectiveness for remediation / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestre em Tecnologia

No description available.

The crystalline iron-based nanowires encapsulated by multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been the subject of numerous studies owing to the range of potential applications. The presence of a-Fe (bcc)/y -Fe(fcc) junctions o ers the possibility of exploitation of the exchange bias effect, an interfacial magnetic phenomenon that plays a major role in magnetocaloric cooling, spintronic and high-density magnetic storage devices. This work is concerned with the synthesis and microstructural characterization of Fe-based and NiFe nanowires encapsulated by multiwall carbon nanotube radial structures. The known attributes of these structures are well matched to the magnetocaloric application. The primary aim of this work was to determine the unknown microstructural details of the encapsulated nanowire that are of relevance to the magnetocaloric application (junction types, location and orientation relative to the nanotube axis). The secondary aim was to explore the modi cation of the synthesis route to promote desirable attributes. This is the first report of a-Fe/y -Fe sequential junctions and a-Fe/Fe3C concentric junctions in encapsulated Fe-based nanowires. The presence of a-Fe/y -Fe junctions was inferred from the observation of a-Fe nanowires terminated by a ~100 nm length y-Fe crystallites of larger diameter. The a-Fe/Fe3C junctions exhibit the Bagaryatski orientation relationship: [110 ]bcck[100 ]orth. The degree of substrate roughness was found to be a means of tailoring details of the structure and composition of the encapsulated nanowires. NiFe encapsulated nanowires were found to contain crystallites of a-NiFe, y-NiFe and Ni3Fe and the sequential junctions -NiFe/Ni3Fe and a-NiFe/y-NiFe junctions.

Orientadores: Ana Flavia Nogueira, Maria Isabel Felisberti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T13:37:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedroni_LucasGomes_M.pdf: 2275674 bytes, checksum: 3829c2b15fd56db6cd84d632bf86508b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Nanocompósitos poliméricos baseados em nanotubos de carbono possuem um dos mais elevados potenciais tecnológicos devido à possibilidade de produção de materiais com destacadas propriedades mecânicas, alta condutividade elétrica em baixos teores (baixos limites de percolação), e boa processabilidade. São sistemas versáteis que podem apresentar propriedades excepcionais, as quais podem ser controladas pela alteração na proporção de seus componentes, permitindo que sejam moldados para atender à aplicação exigida. Nesse trabalho, nanocompósitos de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNTs) e um elastômero comercial (Kraton-D®), que é um copolímero em bloco de estireno-butadieno-estireno (SBS), foram preparados por extrusão e pela técnica de evaporação de solvente (casting). As propriedades térmicas, mecânicas, e elétricas desses materiais foram comparadas. A caracterização foi realizada através de medidas de condutividade elétrica (método de Coleman), microscopias eletrônicas de varredura e de transmissão (caracterização morfológica), termogravimetria (determinação do teor de cargas e estabilidade térmica), ensaios de tração e análise dinâmico-mecânica (propriedades mecânicas). Além disso, o potencial de aplicação dos compósitos em células solares de TiO2/corante (DSSC) e como materiais absorvedores de radiação (MAR) foi avaliado. Os resultados evidenciaram uma forte influência da metodologia de preparo nas propriedades finais dos compósitos, a qual é creditada a mudanças de morfologia do sistema em função das condições de preparação utilizadas. As amostras preparadas por casting apresentaram condutividades elétricas mais elevadas, enquanto as propriedades mecânicas foram superiores para os filmes extrudados, e ambas tiveram melhoria da estabilidade térmica. Os compósitos se mostraram promissores quanto ao uso em DSSC e como MAR, mas muitos estudos ainda são necessários para aprimorar sua eficiência nesses campos / Abstract: Polymeric nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have one of the highest technological potential due to the possibility of produce materials with improved mechanical properties, high electrical conductivity at low loadings (low percolation threshold), and good processability. These systems are versatile, may present astonishing properties, and are allowed to control them by changing the proportion of their components, being able to tailor these materials to suit a desired application. In this work, nanocomposites of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a commercial elastomer (Kraton-D®), which is a block copolymer of styrenebutadiene- styrene (SBS), were prepared by extrusion and by casting. The thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties presented by these materials were compared. The characterization was performed by measurement of the electrical conductivity (Coleman¿s method), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (for morphologic characterization), thermogravimetry (for thermal stability and determination of the loading of filler), stress-strain tests and dynamic mechanical analysis (for the mechanical properties). Furthermore, the potential of application of the extruded composites in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) and as radiation absorbing materials (RAM) was tested. The results showed a strong influence of the methodology of preparation upon the final properties of composites, which was attributed to changes in the morphology of the system with conditions used to prepare the samples. Composites made by casting showed a higher electrical conductivity than the extruded ones, although the latter presented better mechanical properties than the former ones. Despite the requirement of further studies to improve their efficiency in DSSC and as RAM, the composites were promising for these applications / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

<p>U prvom delu rada ispitana je adsorpcija četiri grupe organskih&nbsp;jedinjenja: (1) nitroaromatičnih (nitrobenzen), (2) nepolarno alifatičnih&nbsp;(heksan), (3)&nbsp; monoaromatičnih (benzen, toluen, 1,2,3- i 1,2,4-trihlorbenzen) i (4) policikličnih aromatičnih ugljovodonika, PAH&nbsp;(naftalen, fenantren, piren i fluoranten) na vi&scaron;eslojnim ugljeničnim&nbsp;nanocevima (od eng. multiwalled carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs). Cilj&nbsp;ovog dela rada bio je pronaći korelaciju između parametara adsorpcije i&nbsp;fizičko-hemijskih karakteristika organskih molekula, kao i parametara&nbsp;<br />adsorpcije i karakteristika adsorbenata. Na osnovu dobijenih korelacija&nbsp;predložiti mehanizam adsorpcije ispitivanih organskih molekula na&nbsp;MWCNT-u.</p><p>U cilju ispitivanja uticaja kiseoničnih funkcionalnih grupa na povr&scaron;ini&nbsp;MWCNT-a odabrane su tri vrste MWCNT-a: originalni, nemodifikovani&nbsp;MWCNT (OMWCNT) i dve vrste funkcionalno modifikovanog&nbsp;MWCNT-a koji su dobijeni tretiranjem sa kiselinom tokom 3 h&nbsp;(FMWCNT3h) i 6 h (FMWCNT6h). Sve adsorpcione izoterme opisane&nbsp;<br />su Freundlich-ovim modelom. Nelinearnost izotermi bila je u opsegu od&nbsp;0,418 do 0,897. Rezultati pokazuju da dobijeni afiniteti adsorpcije (za ravnotežnu koncentraciju 50% rastvorljivosti jedinjenja u vodi, K_d0,5 S_W) za PAH-ove rastu sa povećanjem specifične povr&scaron;ine (SP) adsorbenta. Veći afiniteti adsorpcije dobijeni su za velike molekule kao &scaron;to su PAH-ovi u poređenju sa malim molekulima (benzen, toluen i heksan) &scaron;to može biti posledica veće kontaktne povr&scaron;ine između većih molekula i povr&scaron;ine adsorbenta. Pozitivna korelacija između afiniteta adsorpcije i hidrofobnosti molekula ukazuje da hidrofobne interakcije dominantno kontroli&scaron;u adsorpciju ispitivanih organskih jedinjenja, osim u slučaju nitobenzena. Da bi se ispitao uticaj &pi;-&pi; interakcija,&nbsp; K_d za odabranu ravnotežnu koncentraciju su normalizovane sa hidrofobno&scaron;ću molekula pri čemu su dobijeni odgovarajući&nbsp; K_d/K_OW&nbsp;odnosi. Za sva ispitivana jedinjenja K_d/K_OW<font size="1">&nbsp;</font>odnosi na svim ispitivanim MWCNT rastu u sledećem nizu: nepolarni alifatični &lt; monoaromatični &lt; PAH-ovi &lt; nitrobenzen, &scaron;to ukazuje da &pi;-&pi; interakcije značajno pobolj&scaron;avaju adsorpciju aromatičnih jedinjenja na MWCNT-u. Snažne interakcije između MWCNT-a i nitrobenzena posledica su formiranja &pi;-&pi; elektron donorsko-akceptorskih (EDA) interakcija izemđu nitroaromatičnih molekula (elektron akceptori)i visoko polarizovane ugljenične povr&scaron;ine nanocevi (elektron donori). Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se uočiti da se pri adsorpciji ispitivanihorganskih molekula na MWCNT-u istovreme odigrava vi&scaron;e mehanizama.</p><p>U drugom delu rada ispitan je uticaj ugljeničnog nanomaterijala (od eng.&nbsp;carbon based nanomaterial, CNM) natransport odabranih organskih&nbsp;jedinjenja (1,2,3- i 1,2,4-trihlorbenzena, naftalena, fenantrena, pirena i&nbsp;fluorantena) kroz sediment Dunava. Cilj ovog dela rada bio je ispitati&nbsp;mehanizam transporta odabranih organskih jedinjenja u prisustvu i&nbsp;odsustvu CNM. C/C_0&nbsp;vrednosti, dobijene za vreme trajanja eksperimenta&nbsp;<br />(t=96 h), ispitivanog jedinjenja u eluatu kolone napunjene samo&nbsp;sedimentom rastu u sledećem nizu: fluoranten &lt; piren &lt; fenantren &lt;&nbsp;1,2,4-trihlorbenzen &lt; 1,2,3-trihlorbenzen &lt; naftalen. U cilju ispitivanja&nbsp;uticaja hidrofobnosti ispitivanih molekula na sorpciju u neravnotežnim&nbsp;uslovima, dobijene vrednosti C/C₀ ispitivanih molekula su korelirane sa&nbsp;hidrofobno&scaron;ću molekula. Uočena je negativna korelacija &scaron;to ukazuje da&nbsp;hidrofobniji molekuli pokazuju duže vreme zadržavanja na koloni, a time&nbsp;i veću neravnotežnu sorpcijutokom transporta.&nbsp;</p><p>U prisustvu FMWCNT3h u koloni kojaje napunjena sedimentom može&nbsp;se uočiti da su koncentracije ispitivanih jedinjenja u eluatu manje za 2-3&nbsp;puta. Pri datim uslovima procenat detektovane koncentracije ispitivanog&nbsp;jedinjenja u eluatu raste u sledećem nizu: fluoranten &lt; fenantren &lt; piren &lt; naftalen &lt; 1,2,4-trihlorbenzena &lt; 1,2,3-trihlorbenzen. Predloženi mehanizam je sledeći: na eksperimentalnoj pH (pH=6,5) karboksilne grupe na FMWCNT3h su negativno naelekrisane, s druge strane tačka nultog naelektrisanja sedimenta Dunav je 4, &scaron;to ukazuje da je ukupna povr&scaron;ina pri pH=6,5 negativno naelektrisana. Međutim, metalni oksidi i hidroksidi gvožđa, aluminijuma i nikla na povr&scaron;ini sedimenta uzrokuju pozitivno naelektrisane centre &scaron;to dovodi do depozicije FMWCNT3h kao posledica elektrostatičkog privlačenja. Pri transportu organskih jedinjenja kroz sediment Dunava u prisustvu FMWCNT3h dolazi do simultane sorpcije organskih jedinjenja na organskom ugljeniku sedimenta i do adsorpcije na FMWCNT3h. Kada se pH vrednost poveća smanjuje se pozitivno naelekrisanje metalnih&nbsp; oksida i hidroksida na povr&scaron;ini sedimenta &scaron;to dovodi do povećane mobilnosti FMWCNT3h, a time i organskih jedinjenja adsorbovanih na njima. Svi rezultati ukazuju da pH vrednost ima veoma značajnu ulogu i može povećati &nbsp;transport funkcionalizovanog MWCNT-a, a time i transport organskih molekula adsorbovanih na njima.</p> / <p>The first part of the thesis investigates the adsorption of four&nbsp;groups of organic compounds (OCs): (1) nitroaromatics (nitrobenzene),&nbsp;(2) nonpolar aliphatics (hexane), (3) monoaromatics (benzene, toluene,&nbsp;1,2,3- and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene) and (4) polycyclic aromatic&nbsp;hydrocarbons (PAHs, napthalene,&nbsp; phenanthrene, pyrene and&nbsp;fluoranthene) on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). This part of&nbsp;the work aimed to find a correlationbetween the adsorption parameters&nbsp;and physical-chemical properties of the organic molecules, as well as the&nbsp;parameters of adsorption and the characteristics of the adsorbents. On the&nbsp;basis of the obtained correlations the adsorption mechanism was&nbsp;proposed. In order to investigate the influence which oxygen containing&nbsp;functional groups exert on the adsorption process, three MWCNTs were&nbsp;used: the pristine (original, as-received) MWCNTs (OMWCNT) and two&nbsp;<br />MWCNTs functionally modified by acid treatment of OMWCNT over 3&nbsp;h and 6 h (FMWCNT3h, FMWCNT6h). All adsorption isotherms well&nbsp;fitted with the Freundlich model. The nonlinearity of the isotherms&nbsp;ranged from 0.418 to 0.897. The results show that K_d&nbsp;values for PAHs&nbsp;increased with increasing specific surface areas (SSAs). The adsorption&nbsp;affinities of the larger molecular size OCs (PAHs) were higher &nbsp;than those of the smaller size OCs (benzene, toluene and hexane) which is probably due to their large contact area with the surface of the adsorbent. Adsorption of OCs on MWCNTs was mainly controlled by hydrophobic interactions, except for the nitroaromatic compound, as shown by the increasing adsorption affinities with the compound&rsquo;s hydrophobicity. K_OW-normalized adsorption coefficients (K_d/K_OW) for all the investigated compounds on all the MWCNTs followed the order: nonpolar aliphatic &lt; monoaromatics &lt; PAHs &lt; nitroaromatic, implying that &pi;-&pi; interactions enhanced the adsorption of aromatics on the MWCNTs. It can be concluded that the strong adsorptiveinteractions between the MWCNTs and nitroaromatics was due to the &pi;-&pi; electron-donor&ndash;acceptor (EDA) interaction between nitroaromatic molecules (electron acceptors) and the highly polarisable graphene sheets(electron donors) of the carbon nanotubes. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that multiple mechanisms control the adsorption of organic compounds on MWCNTs.</p><p>In the second part, the influence of carbon based nanomaterials CNM on&nbsp;transport of selected organic compounds (1,2,3 - and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and fluoranthene)&nbsp;through sediment Danube was investigated. &nbsp;The aim of this part of the&nbsp;work was to investigate the transport mechanism of selected organic&nbsp;compounds in the presence and absence of CNM. The C/C_0&nbsp;values for the&nbsp;tested compounds in the eluate of the column filled with sediment only&nbsp;increased in the following order: fluoranthene &lt;pyrene &lt;phenanthrene&nbsp;&lt;1,2,4-trichlorobenzene &lt;1,2,3-trichlorobenzene &lt;naphthalene. In order&nbsp;to investigate the influence of&nbsp; hydrophobicity of the investigated&nbsp;compounds on the nonequilibrium sorption, the obtained C/C_0&nbsp;values (for&nbsp;the duration of the experiment, t = 96 h) for these molecules were&nbsp;correlated with the hydrophobicity of the molecules. There was a&nbsp;negative correlation, indicating that more hydrophobic molecules show&nbsp;long residence times in the column, and thus had higher non-equilibrium&nbsp;sorption during transport. In the presence of FMWCNT3h in the column&nbsp;filled with sediment, it can be observed that the concentrations of&nbsp;compounds in the column eluate decreased by factors of 2-3. C/C_0&nbsp;values&nbsp;for the investigated compounds in the eluate increased in the following&nbsp;order: fluoranthene &lt;phenanthrene &lt;pyrene &lt;naphthalene &lt;1,2,4-trichlorobenzene &lt;1,2,3-trichlorobenzene. The proposed mechanism is as&nbsp;follows: under the experimental pH (pH = 6.5), carboxyl groups are&nbsp;negatively charged on the surface of FMWCNT3h and the point of zero&nbsp;charge of the Danube sediment is 4, which indicates thatthe total surface of the Danube sediment at pH 6.5 isnegatively charged. However, metal oxides and hydroxides of iron, aluminum and nickel on the surface of the sediment cause a positively charged centre that leads to the deposition of FMWCNT3h as a result of electrostatic attraction. Transport of organic compounds through the Danube sediment in the presence FMWCNT3h leads to the simultaneous &nbsp;sorption oforganic compounds on the sediment organic carbon and the adsorption of &nbsp;FMWCNT3h. When the pH increased, the positive charge of metal oxides and hydroxides on the sediment surface decreased, which leads to increased FMWCNT3h mobility and thus the organic compounds adsorbed on them. All results indicate that the pH value plays animportant role and can increase the transport of functionally modified MWCNT&#39;s, and thus the transport of organic molecules adsorbed on them.&nbsp;</p>

No description available.

PTMO-urethane and urea diacrylates (UtDA, UrDA) were synthesized from a two-step reactions of bis (4-isocyanatocyclohexyl) methane (HMDI) with either α,Ï -hydroxy-terminated poly (tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO Mn 250, 1000, 2000 and 2900 g/mol) or α,Ï -aminopropyl-terminated PTMO and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA). PTMO-based ester precursors (EtDA) were also synthesized from α,Ï -hydroxy-terminated PTMO (Mn 1000 and 2000 g/mol). Two bis acetoacetates were synthesized from acetoacetylation of 1,4-butanediol and 250 g/mol hydroxy-terminated PTMO with tert-butyl acetoacetate. ¹H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the structure and average molecular weights (Mn)of diacrylates. Mn of these precursors were in the range of 950 to 3670 g/mol by ¹H NMR. The rheological properties of diacrylates were studied and activation energies for flow were calculated. Activation energies increased with increasing Mn and hydrogen-bond segment content. Michael carbon addition was employed to covalently crosslink the precursors resulting in networks with gel fractions better than 90%. DSC and DMA experiments revealed that networks had a broad distribution of glass transition temperatures depending on Mn and degree of hydrogen bonding present in the diacrylates. Their Tg's varied from -61 ºC to 63 ºC depending on the crosslinking density and hydrogen-bonding segment content. TGA revealed that UtDA and UrDA networks had an improved thermal stability compared to their EtDA counterparts. Tensile properties showed a variation depending on the structure and Mn of diacrylate and BisAcAc precursors. The storage moduli of networks precursor change from 25.3 MPa to 2.0 MPa with increasing Mn of the urethane diacrylate Elongation at break increased from 255% to 755 % for the same networks. The Young's moduli increased from 3.27 MPa for EtDA 2000 to 311.1 MPa for UrDA 2000 which was attributed to increasing degree of hydrogen-bonding. Acid functionalization of C70 P Baytubes multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) generated acid-functionalized nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH). Suspension of MWCNT-COOH in organic solvents (chloroform, toluene, THF, DMF and 2-propanol) were prepared. DLS indicated average particle diameters of MWCNT-COOH in DMF and in 2-propanol were 139 nm and 162 nm respectively. FESEM of suspensions revealed aggregate free dispersion of MWCNT-COOH in DMF and 2-propanol. MWCNT-COOH containing composite networks were prepared. FESEM images of fracture surfaces of UtDA showed MWCNT-COOH were well-dispersed in the composites. DMA showed an increase in the rubbery plateau modulus which correlated with the MWCNT-COOH content in the networks. Tensile testing also revealed a relationship between MWCNT-COOH content and young's moduli and strain at break of networks. Storage moduli of networks increased from 25 MPa to 211 MPa with increasing MWCNT-COOH content whereas elongation at break decreased from 255 % to 146 %. UtDAs and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETA) were crosslinked under UV radiation (6 passes, 1.42 ± 0.05 W.cm2 for each pass) in the presence of 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) (1 wt. % of the mixture) UV initiator. DMA demonstrated the presence of broad glass transition regions with a range of Tg's which varied from -60 °C to -30°C. Tensile testing also revealed the relationship between Young's moduli, strain at break and the molecular weight of the diacrylates. The increasing molecular weight of urethane diacrylate precursors caused a drop in the storage moduli of networks from 15.8 MPa to 1.4 MPa and an increase in elongation at break from 76 % to 132 %. / Master of Science

Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados sobre o desenvolvimento de um sensor visando à utilização no monitoramento de peróxido de hidrogênio em amostras de reações Fenton. Superfícies eletródicas modificadas com filmes de poli-azul de metileno (PMB) e óxido de rutênio de hexacianoferrato (RuOHCF) sem e com a incorporação de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNTs) foram utilizadas para a detecção amperométrica de peróxido de hidrogênio. O efeito da ordem de deposição do PMB e MWCNT foi avaliado por voltametria cíclica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. Estudos realizados por voltametria cíclica indicaram que a superfície modificada com PBM/MWCNTs facilita a redução catódica do peróxido de hidrogênio, processo que ocorre em 0,0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). O método para a detecção de peróxido de hidrogênio apresentou uma resposta linear de 109 a 3000 &#181;mol L-1, com limite de detecção de 20,7 &#181;mol L-1 e sensibilidade de 108 &#181;A mmol-1 L cm-2. O eletrodo modificado com RuOHCF foi utilizado para a detecção amperométrica de peróxido de hidrogênio por análise em injeção em fluxo (FIA). O método apresentou uma resposta linear de 10 a 5000 &#181;mol L-1 e limite de detecção de 1,7 &#181;mol L-1. Aplicações em amostras comerciais também foram realizadas, e os resultados foram concordantes com os obtidos por método padrão. Estudos sobre o processo eletrocatalítico da reação de peróxido de hidrogênio em filmes de RuOHCF foram investigados utilizando eletrodo rotativo. A incorporação de MWCNTs na superfície eletródica também foi analisada com o filme de RuOHCF. Os resultados indicaram que a presença de MWCNTs melhorou a resposta do sensor para peróxido de hidrogênio em potenciais próximos a 0,0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). A influência da quantidade de MWCNTs foi avaliada por amperometria em 0,0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat) na presença de peróxido de hidrogênio. O eletrodo modificado com 100 &#181;g de MWCNTs e posterior deposição do filme de RuOHCF apresentou melhores características analíticas. Obteve-se como resultado uma curva analítica em um intervalo de 0,1 a 10 mmol L-1, originando uma reta de acordo com a equação: -I (&#181;A) = 0,26 + 31,2 [H2O2] (mmol L-1), R2= 0,9999. A sensibilidade foi de 1560 &#181;A mmol-1 L cm-2 e os limites de detecção e quantificação foram estimados em 4,7 (S/N = 3) e 15,8 (S/N = 10) &#181;mol L-1, respectivamente. Comparando-se as características analíticas dos filmes de PMB e RuOHCF depositados na superfície dos MWCNTs, aquele que apresentou melhor resultado foi o eletrodo modificado com MWCNTs e RuOHCF por ter melhor limite de detecção e maior sensibilidade. Esse eletrodo modificado com MWCNTs e RuOHCF foi utilizado para monitorar o consumo de peróxido de hidrogênio em amostras de reação Fenton. Também foi avaliado o efeito da presença de Fe3+ contido no próprio processo de degradação. A interferência foi eliminada complexando o Fe3+ com oxalato. Finalmente, o eletrodo foi utilizado para monitorar a concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio na degradação de fenol e os resultados foram concordantes com os obtidos por método espectrofotométrico / This work presents results on the development of a sensor to monitor the hydrogen peroxide content in samples of Fenton reaction. The electrode surface was modified with films of poly-methylene blue (PMB) and ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate (RuOHCF). In some cases, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were also used. The effect of the order of deposition of PMB and MWCNTs was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The influence of immobilization of various platforms in the performance of fabricated sensors for hydrogen peroxide was also studied. Cyclic voltammetry experiments indicated that the surface modified with PMB/MWCNTs facilitates the cathodic reduction of hydrogen peroxide, a process that occurred at 0.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). The method showed a linear response from 109 to 3000 &#181;mol L-1 hydrogen peroxide. The limit of detection was estimated as 20.7 (S/N = 3) &#181;mol L-1 with a sensitivity of 108 &#181;A mmol-1 L cm-2. Electrodes modified with RuOHCF films were used for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide by flow injection analysis (FIA).The method showed a linear response from 10 to 5000 &#181;mol L-1 and a detection limit of 1.7 &#181; mol L-1. Analyses of hydrogen peroxide in commercial samples were also performed, and the results agreed with those obtained by a standard method. Studies on the kinetics of the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide in RuOHCF films were carried out using rotating disc voltammetric. The immobilization of MWCNTs on RuOHCF films was also investigated. The results indicated that the presence of MWCNTs facilitated the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at potential values near to 0.0 V vs. vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). The influence of the amount of MWCNTs was studied by amperometry at 0.0 V vs. vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The electrode modified with 100 &#181;g of MWCNTs and subsequent deposition of the RuOHCF film showed better analytical characteristics. An analytical curve ranging from 0.1 to 10 mmol L-1 hydrogen peroxide was obtained, resulting in a straight line according to the equation: -I (&#181;A) = 0.26 + 31.2 [H2O2] (mmol L-1), R2= 0.9999. The sensitivity was found to be 1560 &#181;A mmol-1 L cm-2 and the detection and quantification limits were estimated at 4.7 (S / N = 3) and 15.8 (S / N = 10) mmol L-1, respectively. Electrodes modified with MWCNTs and RuOHCF films leaded to better detection limit and sensitivity in comparison to those modified with MWCNTs and PMB. This MWCNTs and RuOHCF modified electrode was used to monitor the consumption of hydrogen peroxide in samples of Fenton reaction and the effect of Fe3+ generated in the degradation process was also examined. The interference was minimized by adding oxalate to the samples. Finally, the sensor was used to monitor the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the degradation of phenol and the results were in agreement with those obtained by using spectrophotometry

Neste trabalho são apresentados resultados sobre o desenvolvimento de um sensor visando à utilização no monitoramento de peróxido de hidrogênio em amostras de reações Fenton. Superfícies eletródicas modificadas com filmes de poli-azul de metileno (PMB) e óxido de rutênio de hexacianoferrato (RuOHCF) sem e com a incorporação de nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNTs) foram utilizadas para a detecção amperométrica de peróxido de hidrogênio. O efeito da ordem de deposição do PMB e MWCNT foi avaliado por voltametria cíclica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. Estudos realizados por voltametria cíclica indicaram que a superfície modificada com PBM/MWCNTs facilita a redução catódica do peróxido de hidrogênio, processo que ocorre em 0,0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). O método para a detecção de peróxido de hidrogênio apresentou uma resposta linear de 109 a 3000 &#181;mol L-1, com limite de detecção de 20,7 &#181;mol L-1 e sensibilidade de 108 &#181;A mmol-1 L cm-2. O eletrodo modificado com RuOHCF foi utilizado para a detecção amperométrica de peróxido de hidrogênio por análise em injeção em fluxo (FIA). O método apresentou uma resposta linear de 10 a 5000 &#181;mol L-1 e limite de detecção de 1,7 &#181;mol L-1. Aplicações em amostras comerciais também foram realizadas, e os resultados foram concordantes com os obtidos por método padrão. Estudos sobre o processo eletrocatalítico da reação de peróxido de hidrogênio em filmes de RuOHCF foram investigados utilizando eletrodo rotativo. A incorporação de MWCNTs na superfície eletródica também foi analisada com o filme de RuOHCF. Os resultados indicaram que a presença de MWCNTs melhorou a resposta do sensor para peróxido de hidrogênio em potenciais próximos a 0,0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). A influência da quantidade de MWCNTs foi avaliada por amperometria em 0,0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat) na presença de peróxido de hidrogênio. O eletrodo modificado com 100 &#181;g de MWCNTs e posterior deposição do filme de RuOHCF apresentou melhores características analíticas. Obteve-se como resultado uma curva analítica em um intervalo de 0,1 a 10 mmol L-1, originando uma reta de acordo com a equação: -I (&#181;A) = 0,26 + 31,2 [H2O2] (mmol L-1), R2= 0,9999. A sensibilidade foi de 1560 &#181;A mmol-1 L cm-2 e os limites de detecção e quantificação foram estimados em 4,7 (S/N = 3) e 15,8 (S/N = 10) &#181;mol L-1, respectivamente. Comparando-se as características analíticas dos filmes de PMB e RuOHCF depositados na superfície dos MWCNTs, aquele que apresentou melhor resultado foi o eletrodo modificado com MWCNTs e RuOHCF por ter melhor limite de detecção e maior sensibilidade. Esse eletrodo modificado com MWCNTs e RuOHCF foi utilizado para monitorar o consumo de peróxido de hidrogênio em amostras de reação Fenton. Também foi avaliado o efeito da presença de Fe3+ contido no próprio processo de degradação. A interferência foi eliminada complexando o Fe3+ com oxalato. Finalmente, o eletrodo foi utilizado para monitorar a concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio na degradação de fenol e os resultados foram concordantes com os obtidos por método espectrofotométrico / This work presents results on the development of a sensor to monitor the hydrogen peroxide content in samples of Fenton reaction. The electrode surface was modified with films of poly-methylene blue (PMB) and ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate (RuOHCF). In some cases, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were also used. The effect of the order of deposition of PMB and MWCNTs was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The influence of immobilization of various platforms in the performance of fabricated sensors for hydrogen peroxide was also studied. Cyclic voltammetry experiments indicated that the surface modified with PMB/MWCNTs facilitates the cathodic reduction of hydrogen peroxide, a process that occurred at 0.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). The method showed a linear response from 109 to 3000 &#181;mol L-1 hydrogen peroxide. The limit of detection was estimated as 20.7 (S/N = 3) &#181;mol L-1 with a sensitivity of 108 &#181;A mmol-1 L cm-2. Electrodes modified with RuOHCF films were used for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide by flow injection analysis (FIA).The method showed a linear response from 10 to 5000 &#181;mol L-1 and a detection limit of 1.7 &#181; mol L-1. Analyses of hydrogen peroxide in commercial samples were also performed, and the results agreed with those obtained by a standard method. Studies on the kinetics of the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide in RuOHCF films were carried out using rotating disc voltammetric. The immobilization of MWCNTs on RuOHCF films was also investigated. The results indicated that the presence of MWCNTs facilitated the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide at potential values near to 0.0 V vs. vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). The influence of the amount of MWCNTs was studied by amperometry at 0.0 V vs. vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The electrode modified with 100 &#181;g of MWCNTs and subsequent deposition of the RuOHCF film showed better analytical characteristics. An analytical curve ranging from 0.1 to 10 mmol L-1 hydrogen peroxide was obtained, resulting in a straight line according to the equation: -I (&#181;A) = 0.26 + 31.2 [H2O2] (mmol L-1), R2= 0.9999. The sensitivity was found to be 1560 &#181;A mmol-1 L cm-2 and the detection and quantification limits were estimated at 4.7 (S / N = 3) and 15.8 (S / N = 10) mmol L-1, respectively. Electrodes modified with MWCNTs and RuOHCF films leaded to better detection limit and sensitivity in comparison to those modified with MWCNTs and PMB. This MWCNTs and RuOHCF modified electrode was used to monitor the consumption of hydrogen peroxide in samples of Fenton reaction and the effect of Fe3+ generated in the degradation process was also examined. The interference was minimized by adding oxalate to the samples. Finally, the sensor was used to monitor the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the degradation of phenol and the results were in agreement with those obtained by using spectrophotometry