Esta pesquisa se debruça sobre a produção fantástica do escritor francês Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893), concentrando-se em um conto publicado pelo autor em três versões: Carta de um louco, de 1885 e O Horla, de 1886 e 1887. Para tanto, o trabalho realiza a leitura de autores representativos das principais teorias literárias acerca da literatura fantástica, identificando em cada um elementos que auxiliem na compreensão da obra de Maupassant, apontando as diferenças entre eles e, finalmente, optando por uma compreensão ampla do gênero fantástico, próxima àquela elaborada por Jean-Paul Sartre. À luz de tal compreensão, realizamos a leitura de algumas obras da contística maupassantiana, comparando-as com a de Edgar Allan Poe antecessor no gênero e referência para o autor e procurando entender a influência do pensamento positivista e cientificista na obra do autor. Ao identificar os principais traços da concepção de fantástico do próprio autor, buscamos estabelecer pontos de convergência entre seus contos realistas e fantásticos, chegando a uma forma de compreensão de sua produção fantástica que independa da presença ou sugestão de elementos sobrenaturais na narrativa. Por meio de uma articulação entre aspectos formais, temáticos e imagéticos, realizou-se então a leitura comparada das três versões do conto, dedicando especial atenção à posição do narrador em cada uma delas e à forma como a diminuição gradativa da distância estética aprofunda o sentimento de inquietante. / This research studies the production of fantastic literature by the French writer Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893), focusing on a short story published by the author in three versions: \"Letter of a madman\" (1885) and \"The Horla\" (1886, 1887). The research starts with a reading of representative authors associated to leading literary theories about fantastic literature, identifying elements that contribute to the understanding of Maupassant\'s work, indicating the differences among them and finally, selecting a comprehensive interpretation of the fantastic genre close to the one developed by Jean-Paul Sartre. In light of this interpretation, we read a selection of stories from Maupassant, comparing these works to Edgar Allan Poe\'s literature precursor of the genre and a key reference to Mauppasant , in order to understand the influence of positivist and scientism thinking on the author\'s work. By identifying the main features of Maupassant\'s own fantastic literature conception, we seek to establish points of convergence between his realistic and fantastic stories, which results in an understanding of his fantastic production that stands independently from the presence or suggestion of supernatural elements in the narrative. Building on the articulation between formal, thematic and imagery elements, a comparative reading of the three versions of the story was done, paying special attention to the narrator\'s position in each of the elements, and the manner in which the gradual decrease of the aesthetic distance deepens the feeling of disturbance.

This thesis addresses issues of class as represented through the narrative agency exercised by the servant-narrator in Castle Rackrent and Wuthering Heights. Thady Quirk and Ellen Dean are servant-narrators who strategically use feigned allegiance, astute perception, and selective disclosure to wield power over the lives of their masters. These “arts of subordination” allow the servant-narrator to tell his or her own life narrative, while appearing to share the masters’ memoirs. While both servant-narrators are motivated by economic means, Ellen Dean’s involvement throughout Wuthering Heights is further complicated by her desires of emotional connection. However, each servant-narrator achieves his or her goals by manipulating the events and relationships that constitute his or her masters’ lives.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Six courts récits, qui peuvent n’en former qu’un, se penchent sur les possibilités de la voix narrative (à la troisième personne, au « je », au « nous », au « tu »). Ils réfléchissent sur l’acte de création comme construction et sur les effets de la narration. Pour preuve, le dernier texte reprend intégralement le premier. Le fantastique surgit au moment de l’hésitation du lecteur devant la nature des faits qui lui sont présentés. C’est avec les différentes instances que composent les destinateurs et les destinataires du récit que ce texte joue. La voix narrative, dans un texte fantastique, a une grande importance et doit créer une tension chez le lecteur, qui n’arrivera pas à trouver une explication pour certains aspects du récit. Le narrateur, souvent au « je », se confond avec un personnage. À l’aide de l’analyse du déroulement de l’intrigue et des procédés narratifs utilisés dans trois nouvelles : La Vénus d’Ille (Mérimée), Apparition (Maupassant), Ligeia (Poe), nous cherchons à montrer le rôle du narrateur dans le texte fantastique. / Six short stories, which can be grouped into one long story, provide different styles for the narrator: a third-person narrative, an ‘’I’’ narrative, a ‘’we’’ narrative, and a ‘’you’’ narrative. This particular text is a reflection about the act of creating as a progressive construction as well as a reflection on the effects of narration. As a concrete proof, the last part is identical to the first one, but having the whole story in mind gives the same text a different meaning. The fantastic mood emerges with the reader’s hesitation of how to interpret the facts that are presented to him. Globally, this text plays with the instances that provide a literary text and the ones that receive it. The narrative in a fantastic text is very important, and has to create tension in the reader, who will not be able to explain certain aspects of the story. Often, the plot is told in the first person, hence merging the narrator with a character, thus creating a double personality. We try to shine the light on the role of the narrator in a fantastic text by analyzing how the plot unravels and which narrative methods are used in three short stories: La Vénus d’Ille (Mérimée), Apparition (Maupassant), and Ligeia (Poe).

Este trabalho tem por intuito analisar o narrador d’O evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo, de José Saramago, livro que reconta a vida de Jesus sob um novo ponto de vista, mantendo intenso diálogo com a História que nos chegou através dos relatos dos Evangelhos bíblicos. Saramago escreve um romance histórico, porém que objetiva rever o passado não de forma nostálgica, mas, sim, reflexiva e crítica. Para isso, utiliza um narrador de estilo próprio e linguagem envolvente, que joga com a ironia e a paródia, colocando em dúvida e questionando o que se tem como verdade e invertendo o papel das personagens, incluindo o leitor em seus comentários e reflexões, obrigando-o a uma leitura ativa, da qual faz parte. / This document has intent to analyze the narrator of The gospel according Jesus Christ by José Saramago, a book that tells the life of Jesus Christ under a new point of view, keeping the intensive dialog that was told us through the reports of the biblical gospels. Saramago wrotes a historical novel, aiming although to review the past not in a nostalgical way but reflexive and critic. For doing that, Saramago uses a narrator with its own style and involving language, one that plays with irony and parody, putting in doubt what is known by truth and inverting the role of the characters including the reader in his comments and reflexions, thus obligating the reader to make an active read in which he is inserted.

Cette recherche vise à analyser les stratégies d'accès à la vie intérieure du personnage employées dans les récits par Adelino Magalhães. Pour ce but, cette étude montre comment les artistes de la fin du XIXe siècle - début du XXe ont relevé le défi de représenter la démarche de la psyché en formation dans la littérature. Parmi les auteurs qui ont influencé le travail sont: Christine Buci-Gluksmann, Émile Benveniste, Dorrit Cohn, Robert Humphrey, Belinda Cannone, Henri Bergson et Sergei Eisenstein. Afin de transformer le thème en forme, Adelino Magalhães plonge dans le désordre du langage et, entre des lacunes, pousse le lecteur à essayer l'intimité de ses personnages. / Esta pesquisa visa analisar as estratégias de acesso à vida interior da personagem empregadas nas narrativas por Adelino Magalhães. Para isso, esse estudo demonstra como os artistas da virada do século XIX – XX enfrentaram o desafio de representar o andamento da psique em formação na literatura. Entre os autores que auxiliaram a investigação estão: Christine Buci-Gluksmann, Émile Benveniste, Dorrit Cohn, Robert Humphrey, Belinda Cannone, Henri Bergson e Sergei Eisenstein. A fim de transformar o tema em forma, Adelino Magalhães mergulha na desordem da linguagem e, entre lacunas, provoca o leitor a vivenciar a intimidade de suas personagens. / The purpose of this research is to analyze the strategies to access the inner life of the character employed in the narratives by Adelino Magalhães. For this aim, this study demonstrates how artists from the turn of the XIX century to XX faced the challenge of representing the progress of the psyche in formation in Literature. Among the authors who influenced the investigation, are Christine Buci-Gluksmann, Émile Benveniste, Dorrit Cohn, Robert Humphrey, Belinda Cannone, Henri Bergson and Sergei Eisenstein. In order to transform the subject into shape, Adelino Magalhães dives into the language disorder, and, among gaps, provokes the reader to experience the intimacy of his characters. / El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar las estrategias de acceso a la vida interior del personaje empleadas en las narrativas por Adelino Magalhães. Para este fin, el estudio muestra como los artistas de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX enfrentaron el desafío de representar el progreso de la psique en formación en la literatura. Entre los autores que influenciaron la investigación, están: Christine Buci-Gluksmann, Émile Benveniste, Dorrit Cohn, Robert Humphrey, Cannone Belinda, Henri Bergson y Sergei Eisenstein. Con el fin de transformar el tema en forma, Adelino Magalhães se sumerge en el desorden del lenguaje y, entre las lagunas, provoca el lector a experimentar la intimidad de sus personajes.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal o estudo do narrador no romance Memorial de Aires, de Machado de Assis. Em uma primeira etapa buscou-se levantar a fortuna crítica do romance, conforme algumas interpretações para se chegar a uma análise do narrador machadiano. No segundo momento foram revisitados desse autor os romances Iaiá Garcia, Esaú e Jacó e o conto Galeria Póstuma, procurando compreender a importância dos personagens Luís Garcia, conselheiro Aires e Joaquim Fidélis, base para a constituição do narrador do Memorial de Aires. Para isso, verificou-se pela comparação que Machado de Assis configurava tipos semelhantes ao conselheiro Aires, dos romances Esaú e Jacó (1904) e Memorial de Aires (1908), através dos personagens Luís Garcia, do romance Iaiá Garcia (1879) e Joaquim Fidélis, do conto Galeria Póstuma (1883-1884). Quem é o conselheiro Aires que figura como personagem e narrador? Ele é um narrador dissimulado? A dissertação mergulha nos quatro textos para responder as questões pelo estudo do narrador do Memorial de Aires. / The main subject of the present work is studying the narrator of Memorial de Aires, written by Machado de Assis. On a first stage it was aimed to bring up the critical wealth of the novel, according to some interpretations, in order to reach after an analysis of this Machado’s narrator. At a second moment the novels of the same author, Iaiá Garcia, Esaú & Jacó and the tale Galeria Póstuma, have been looked up again, trying to understand the magnitude of the named personages Luis Garcia, counselor Aires and Joaquim Fidélis, on whom the constitution of the narrator of Memorial de Aires was based. Therefore, it has been verified that Machado de Assis set similar types to Counselor Aires, of the novels Esaú & Jacó (1904) and Memorial de Aires (1908), since the first phase through de personage Luís Garcia, of the romance Iaiá Garcia (1879) and Joaquim Fidélis, of the tale Galeria Póstuma (1883-1884). Who finally is counselor Aires, appearing as personage and as narrator? Is he an underhanded narrator? This essay dives into the four texts aiming to answer the question by studying the narrator of Memorial de Aires.

After eleven years from the launch of his first novel, A tale of a certain Orient (1989), Milton Hatoum presents us the work The Brothers, the two brothers (2000). The author uses, in it, another time the manauara universe, as a romantic space; the Lebanese immigrant community; a narrator with social characteristics of exclusion. The aim of this work is to analyse the trajectory of the narrator Nael which, tormented by a non legitimate affiliation, and also the fact of being subordinate, through the narrative, he goes to the past in search of the origin of his paternity, discovering throughout the narrative, being a bearer of various origins, as well as Manaus , a port city, situated at the center of the forest, on the shore of Negro river. He realized that paternal identity was not important and reflecting on the space which he lives, will transform his own writing in a suitable space to give voice to the silenced voices by an efervescent city. Our approach will be on the social, cultural and historical questions which includes this challenge, and understanding them, we focus on themes as the consequences of the urbanization of the cities, the fragments of the individual, the process of cultural hybrid. The method for these analyses is based on the cultural hybrid theories from Nestor Canclini and studies on Identity, from Stuart Hall. For understanding the ficcional universe of Milton Hatoum, we will use literary theory and also reflections about critical studies on the author. / Onze anos após lançar o primeiro romance, Relato de um certo Oriente (1989), Milton Hatoum nos apresenta a obra Dois irmãos (2000). Nela, o autor utiliza novamente o universo manauara como espaço romanesco; o núcleo imigrante libanês; um narrador com marcas sociais de exclusão. Nosso trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a trajetória do narrador Nael que, atormentado pela bastardia e pela subalternidade, através da narração, empreende uma volta ao passado em busca da origem paterna, descobrindo ao longo da narrativa, ser portador de uma origem plural, assim como Manaus, cidade portuária, situada no coração da floresta e às margens do rio Negro. Percebendo ser a identidade paterna irrelevante e refletindo o espaço que habita, transformará a própria escrita em espaço propício para dá voz às vozes silenciadas pela efervescência da cidade. Abordaremos as questões sociais, culturais e históricas que envolvem essa empreitada e, procurando entendê-las, enfocaremos temas como as consequências da urbanização das cidades, a fragmentação do indivíduo, o processo de hibridação cultural. Metodologicamente, essas análises serão amparadas nas teorias de hibridação cultural de Nestor Canclini e nos estudos sobre identidade de Stuart Hall. Para compreendermos o universo ficcional de Milton Hatoum, faremos uso da teoria literária aliada às reflexões da fortuna critica do autor.

O presente trabalho busca analisar o sertão e as personagens que Guimarães Rosa imortalizou em Grande Sertão: Veredas, focando, principalmente, o modo como o autor aproveita materiais apreendidos da própria experiência, aliando-os a recursos imaginativo-fabulares de que se utiliza amplamente, recriando ou mesmo deformando a realidade em prol do universo ficcional. Igualmente, busca-se averiguar a formação dos homens e o papel das mulheres no ambiente sertanejo criado por Rosa, espaço recoberto por valores masculinos, território violento e, aparentemente, hostil ao elemento feminino. Para tanto, toma-se como base teórica os estudos sobre a família patriarcal realizados por Gilberto Freire em Casa Grande & Senzala e Sobrados e mucambos, bem como os estudos acerca do romance de Guimarães Rosa desenvolvidos por Kathrin Rosenfield e Luiz Roncari, entre outros. Dá-se destaque para a relação de Riobaldo com as mulheres, além de empreender-se uma análise mais apurada da personagem Diadorim, a ―moça virgem‖ que encarna a aparência e os valores de um jagunço destemido a fim de vingar a morte do pai e promover a ordem no sertão. Seguindo o estudo, avalia-se a travessia de Riobaldo, investigando a transformação do protagonista/narrador ao longo da narrativa: de pobre menino, órfão e sem pertences, a chefe destacado e herói, até finalmente tornar-se fazendeiro. Por fim, volta-se a presente análise para o narrador e a confiabilidade de seu relato, enfatizando-se os artifícios empregados ao longo da narração para atrair e/ou ludibriar o interlocutor (e o leitor). Após várias leituras do livro, com o apoio do referencial crítico-teórico, a principal conclusão que se extrai do estudo de Grande Sertão: Veredas é que seu texto, habilmente arquitetado, conduz a uma leitura encantatória e, não raro, ingênua. Quem pretende de fato apreender o livro, deve ser meticuloso e atento, empregando esforço crítico e constantes releituras para desvendar os significados ocultos por detrás de suas paisagens, aventuras e artimanhas narrativas. Espera-se, com este trabalho, promover a reflexão e ampliar as possibilidades de leitura e compreensão da obra rosiana. / This study aims to analyze the sertão and the characters immortalized by João Guimarães Rosa in Grande Sertão: Veredas (The Devil to Pay in the Backlands), focusing mainly how the author makes a good use of the materials seized from his own experience, combining them with fabled resources that are used widely, recreating or even deforming reality in favor of the fictional universe. Also, we seek to investigate the formation of men and also the role of women in the environment created by Rosa, area covered by masculine values, violent territory, apparently hostile to the feminine element. For this, we take as the theoretical basis the patriarchal family studies performed by Gilberto Freyre in Casa Grande & Senzala and Sobrados e Mucambos, as well as studies developed by Kathrin Rosenfield and Luiz Roncari, among others. We put emphasis on the relationship of Riobaldo with women, with a more thorough analysis of the character Diadorim, the "virgin girl" who embodies the appearance and the values of a fearless jagunço to avenge his father's death and promote order in the sertão. Following the study, we examine the journey made by Riobaldo, investigating the transformation of the protagonist/narrator throughout the narrative: from poor boy, orphaned and without possessions, to prominent chief and hero, until finally he became a farmer. As a final point, this analysis turns to the narrator and the reliability of his report, emphasizing the artifice employed throughout the story to attract and/or deceive the listener (and reader). After several readings of the book, with the support of critical-theoretical reference, the main conclusion to draw from the study of Grande Sertão: Veredas (The Devil to Pay in the Backlands) is your writing, cleverly devised, leading to a spellbinding reading, and often, naive. Who really wants to grasp the book should be careful and attentive, employing critical effort and constant re-readings to uncover the hidden meanings behind its landscapes, adventures and narrative tricks. We hope to promote reflection and broaden the possibilities of reading and understanding of Rosa's work.

The main aim of the study is to make a historical-biographical analysis of four selected Northern Sotho dramatic texts. Chapter one illustrates that the texts we have selected are historical dramas since they deal with the life histories of historical characters. In order to comprehend these texts, it is important to view them as evidence of oral history. The chapter also discusses the approach used by Fleischman which consists of the following parameters: authenticity, intention, reception, social function, narrative syntax and finally narrator involvement. Chapter two discusses the play Marangrang as a reflection of the consequences of Shaka's imperialism and how this affected the Eastern Transvaal in 1820. The chapter illustrates that in order to understand the life history of Marangrang, it is important to discuss it in relation to this period, popularly known as difaqane. It is clear that information about Marangrang has been deliberately distorted because of fear. Chapter three deals with the destructive consequences of Western religion on the traditional African religion. The chapter is based on the life history of Kgasane, who was murdered in 1884, allegedly for his devotion to Christianity. The chapter shows the importance of the need to make a re-interpretation of missionary writings, specifically those surrounding the Berlin Mission Society in South Africa. Chapter four focuses on the role of formal education in the destruction of the Bakgaga ba GaMphahlele history. The chapter is based on the life history of Kgosi Mmutle Ill in bringing formal education to the people of Mphahlele and how this destroyed certain traditional institutions such as chieftainship. Chapter five deals with the problems experienced by mineworkers and also shows the sufferings of Africans at the hands of the government. The chapter is based on the life of Serogole Mathobela, who once worked in the mine. Chapter six is a conclusion where the findings of the previous chapters are made. The reasons why the authors of these texts suspended certain information while highlighting other information varies from fear to propaganda. In conclusion, it is observed that in order to do justice to oral history more financial support is needed. / African Languages / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)