In 2005, the city of Port Elizabeth, in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, initiated an urban renewal project of its derelict city centre areas and the southern part of the old Port Elizabeth port. This, after the newly constructed Port of Ngqura, 34-kilometres north of Nelson Mandela Bay, was designed to serve as a state-of-the-art industrial port within a specially established Industrial Development Zone (IDZ). This has freed the existing southern part of the old Port Elizabeth port – strategically centred on the doorstep of the city – up for re-development for nonindustrial purposes, effectively opening it up to retail, residential, office and tourism/leisure/entertainment development; and causing it to become an extension of the inner city. The Urban Renewal Plan and the implementation thereof, address specific local economic growth-related factors, integrated with urban development challenges applicable to the city. Since the process began in 2005, significant progress has been made, embracing a long-term approach incrementally implemented on the basis of a well-researched overall plan. This plan is hinged on the strong foundation of in-depth, extensive market research in the retail, residential, office and tourism/leisure/entertainment sectors and aims at the creation of a strong cluster around these areas of development. The term cluster describes the concept of groups of inter-connected and related firms, suppliers, related industries, and specialized institutions in particular fields, uniting in particular a location to - amongst other reasons - maximise their reach, lower their costs and enhance their business (Porter: 1990: 71). In this study, the cluster concept is broadened to encompass a constellation of urban developments around and complementing retail, residential, office and tourism/leisure/entertainment business. As such, the urban renewal project becomes an important element in the Local Economic Development (LED) planning of Port Elizabeth. The practical experience of traditional, rational and urban planning methodology, often conflicts with the reality of market demand - particularly in the South African case. Therefore, this study explores an alternative method for approaching urban planning, by focussing on the bottom-up approach, which essentially takes into account the needs of the customer – or local community – through a special purpose vehicle: a fresh, alternative approach to urban renewal that still makes a positive contribution to local economic development. The Mandela Bay Development Agency (MBDA) – a separate company formed by the NMBM to manage the redevelopment of the city – strategy embraced an interventionist approach to urban renewal as an alternative framework for encouraging overall development in a particular urban node. The cornerstone of the MBDA’s urban renewal approach is an overarching philosophy of “private sector investment following public sector infrastructure investment” (MBDA: 2010: 2). This research is the result of a long-standing interaction between theory, praxis and reflection. Experiences of practical implementation have been framed by the MBDA project over a five year period and build the case-study presented. viii Urban planning and urban renewal are used in a pro-active, action-orientated manner, to achieve sustainable, competitive LED through the development of a viable multi-purpose, non-industrial retail and leisure cluster in Port Elizabeth. Port Elizabeth is still known as the Friendly City. This epithet originated from an effective tourism marketing campaign in the eighties, but as a true description, has become somewhat diminished by the urban decay of the past twenty years. The Friendly City concept refers to a city that presents a healthy mix of work, housing and leisure – a combination of lifestyle offerings that no longer really exist in Port Elizabeth. However, through interventionary initiatives such as the MBDA’s Urban Renewal Plan, this situation is likely to change as a result of catalytic urban developments. Port Elizabeth was built on an internationally competitive motor manufacturing and industrial cluster, but had few other major industries. As such, the creation of an innovative urban renewal cluster was critical for the diversification of its economy – not only from a local economic perspective, but also from a national and international competitiveness point of view. It is the general feeling amongst city planners, economists and industrialists that the current industrial base of Port Elizabeth is not sufficient and that a more diversified economy would have the potential to improve the domestic and global competitiveness of the city. This interaction between the dual goals of economic and urban development, produces farreaching effects on the discourses of urban management and planning, as the two compete and converge to push development forward. Diversification is, however, not an easy endeavour. Considerations around growth-related objectives on planning demands – a shift from the rational, linear and government-based structure of urban management, to an interactive governance of planning and development – where integrated urban and economic strategies inter-play with planning and implementation, has become important in the creation of a more diversified economy. In Port Elizabeth, this approach is referred to as an “alternative method” of urban planning: An approach that involves a process of guided development through a collaborative bottom-up engagement, involving local government, public participation and the private sector. The alternative method of urban planning is further reinforced by the current economic recession, which is, and will continue to, change property development and its response to the needs of the market for the foreseeable future. The solution to urban renewal does not only lie in well-targeted, well-researched public-sector infrastructure investment (that responds strongly to the market and customer needs), but in a joint participatory process that ensures that the final design of infrastructure projects is the outcome of what the market requires, as a means to ensure sustainability and the biggest possible response in private sector investment. Because of global economic forces, the functional and developmental structure of the neighbourhood – where the epicentre of the growth system is situated – has become of paramount significance. This thesis attempts to demonstrate how urban renewal and the redevelopment of designated, formally idle city buildings and public spaces may serve as a site for the creation of an urban growth node or urban cluster. A key focus of this study is how new economic and social growth based structures can be induced to integrate with the process of urban redevelopment. Further demonstrated is that the agenda for urban management, illuminated in the light of the described practices, conducts a fundamental re-appraisal in its local economic development context. Local economic development has been lauded as the saviour of development at a local level in South Africa. LED, however, has by no means utilized the required level of property development pragmatism and has thus, throughout the duration of its approach, not culminated in specific sustainable, capital-driven projects – which is probably one of the reasons for its overall market failure in South Africa and Port Elizabeth. LED has therefore become an outdated economic approach that leaves in its wake, the necessity and opportunity for a fundamental change. Urban renewal and the city’s economic contribution to LED, requires a completely new conceptualisation of urban renewal in its narrow sense, and urban design and planning in its broader sense. Concepts such as redevelopment and urban renewal are frequently used in planning discourse. Redevelopment is understood to encompass actions of clearing (such as slum clearance), reorganising or reconstruction. Renewal signifies rebirth, breaking new ground or innovatively refashioning; a form of re-growing or bringing new and more prolific life. In this thesis, reference is made to urban renewal as an attempt to influence social and economic forces in a desired direction, integrated with planning and development. It re-conceptualises redevelopment as more than a matter of reconstructing an urban arrangement. These concepts are often used in line with the new governance-based style of urban planning, such as guided development, development planning and efforts for enabling the feasibility thereof. This thesis attempts to clarify under what conditions redevelopment is unified with social and economic regeneration. Its approach intends to scrutinise regional strategies, urban management and urban planning to generate an understanding of the urban environment as it relates to growth issues. Many growth-related discourses are discussed in terms of development and innovation. The grammar of this process, when unified with urban development, is referred to as a Dynamic Place Initiative (DPI). In the DPI, issues of feasibility (enablement) are unified in formal government, planning and implementation, restricted to a specific bounded area. The core focus of interest in this thesis is not primarily concerned with architecture and urban design, but rather with the principles of how the process may be implemented as a leverage tool to encourage a range of factors to interact with government agents in an LED-orientated field of action. This field includes not only the built infrastructure, but also the inherent economic and social targets that come with such infrastructure. This thesis discusses economic and innovation theory, as a method of understanding urban development, yet should be understood as an analysis of urban renewal and urban planning. The MBDA case study is a brownfield (redeveloped/renovated) development within an economic cluster of retail, residential, office and tourism/leisure/entertainment. The MBDA uses greenfield (new) development to complement urban renewal and systems of innovation x that endeavour to meet customer needs. The development case aims to focus on its customer (or local community) needs in an all-encompassing approach. Specifically, this includes guided development - a process using well-defined urban design briefs that ensures urban designs are complementary in their overall impact and culminate in a dynamic place initiative. The situation in Port Elizabeth is not unique. On account of global forces of industrial transformation, many countries have, and continue to, find themselves struggling with the renewal of large and redundant inner urban areas that were formerly used for industry and logistics. A typical challenge in this type of context for renewal is to design development schemes that will encourage economic growth and revitalisation within these areas. Although planning, construction and development are systematically methodical activities, economic and social regeneration are more complex. Due to the on-going transformation of the economy in South Africa, the urban context is under constant pressure to change in tandem with pressurised demand for change. The driving forces in the economy are progressing from a nation-orientated and raw-materialbased production origin, which formed the industrial society, to a global, regional and information-orientated urban growth-based structure. The condition of cities has become one of the qualities – or a prominent part of the overall quality – of this so-called knowledge economy. The urban environment, the territorially bounded areas which comprise it and the conditions of the environment within which it exists, are important factors for competitiveness, at both a city and regional level. Observed in reverse, competitiveness has also become a critical factor in achieving complex urban change from a new perspective of economic growth. Cities are the engines of regional and national growth. The economic success of cities and CBDs in South Africa is vital and will effectively ensure the much-needed upgrading of CBD and township infrastructure, using the revenue streams generated during city-centred economic revival. In South Africa (and likely elsewhere in the world), urban renewal is not only about aesthetics, but also about providing a foundation for urban planning, functional architecture and LED. In situations where cities undertake the urban renewal of redundant areas and buildings, economic competitiveness is foremost on the agenda. In order to understand how the forces of production and growth are linked with urban development, it is important to consider the new growth-orientated context for planning. An awareness of these changes and their trends, expressed as a paradigm shift, is reflected in the current discussions concerning the revision of urban planning in South Africa. This specifically targets integration between the previously disadvantaged communities and the advantaged communities. The Strategic Spatial Implementation Framework (SSIF) (2005), often referred to as the “Master Plan” of the MBDA, is an interventionist plan to ensure that the urban renewal infrastructure programme has well-researched projects with a strong catalytic impact leading xi to private sector investment and that thus secure the highest possible economic multiplier impact. Over the past four years, extensive capital has been deployed in Port Elizabeth’s urban infrastructure to lay the foundation for an enabling environment for private sector investment that will culminate in mobilising people to live, work and play in the city again. Public participation and market research have shown that the demand for residential, office, retail and tourism/leisure/entertainment will be directed largely by the black population; more specifically, the “black diamond” middle class anticipated to dominate the future Port Elizabeth economy (MBDA: 2010). It was the initial infrastructure programme in the CBD – which included projects that codepended or linked up with one another, to form a collective whole – which lifted the inner city to another level. It is these urban projects that culminated in renewed interest in the city, inter-linking this interest with the retail, residential, office and tourism/leisure/entertainment customer needs of the city. In most European countries, as in the case of South Africa, urban planning is in the process of transformation, from being a method for regulation and control into becoming a channel for possibilities and enabling development at local level. It is common cause that society needs to be more involved in a city’s planning processes. Tax payers now increasingly demand the use of government funds for infrastructure and the improvement of public areas and open spaces. In the 1980s, the liberal alternative to meet the shortage of tax money was to rely on private investment for urban development. The society used its organisational and planning capacity to encourage market investment through public-private partnerships (PPPs). This strategy is viable in situations where the level of financial risk is low or where conditions are reasonably predictable. Private actors refrain from investment in complex settings where the returns are projected to be far ahead in the future. In South Africa, this is often perceived as a degree of business fatigue; particularly in respect of public-private partnerships. Urban development through private sector investment requires leadership. This can come in the form of the precreation of an enabling environment, i.e. extensive publicly funded basic urban infrastructure investment. Consequently, the urban context requires development to a level where investment can be motivated by core business economic reasoning. In short, other than making social and political sense, urban planning must adhere to financial and economic sense. The society is an important actor and one that has far-sighted motives. In Port Elizabeth, as in the case of many other municipalities, the revenue pool drawn from rates and taxes is simply insufficient to meet the demands of society. The Dynamic Place Initiative represents an alternative that unifies the advantages of the two previous planning discourses. Through a limited agency – such as the MBDA – positioned to guide urban development, the city is enabled to form advanced, politically-set strategies and at the same time, isolate the financial risk through the response of private sector investment. It should be emphasised that the private sector enters the realm of urban development through property actions guided by the planning system. Planning questions ought to be based around the there and then rather than the here and now. The MBDA has become a conduit for dealing with these systems gaps, ensuring that urban and port planning is not limited in focus but speaks to customer needs and makes financial and economic sense. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Town and Regional Planning / unrestricted

The idea that dance can be understood as an act of communication and a form of language has been already taken into account by scholars. The hypothesis that will be discussed in this MA dissertation concerns a more specific matter: a semiotic approach to different forms of dance improvisation, and notably the method traditionally labeled "intuitive dance". To understand this phenomena two main concepts will be conveyed: that of "quotation" understood via W. Benjamin's essays on Brecht, and that of "notation", as defined by N. Goodman in his Languages of art. Can we understand dance as a language - id est a quotable and notable code - even in its more intuitive forms? How is it possible to "understand", "quote" and "address" gestures, even in front of a wide heterogeneous audience and without any prefixed choreography but only on the base of a free and in-time creating process? Can we understand improvisation as a complex code? what and how does this code mean? Keywords: improvisation, Intuitive Dance, semiotics, notation, gesture, Nelson Goodman, Walter Benjamin, dance, code

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Boston University Includes bibliographical references (leaves 287-293). Abstract: leaves 294-301.

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It presents a profound paradox that the end of formal apartheid in South Africa and the political ascendancy of Nelson Mandela’s African National Congress have also signalled the disintegration of people’s power and the marginalisation of a once formidable anti-capitalist Left. Those who refused to be defeated and insisted that a better world was still possible asked anew, What is to be done? Their answer was to build a new Independent Left, using the Non-Governmental Organisation as their primary tool. This dissertation examines two leftist NGOs with distinct political approaches to organising, which have shaped formal anti-capitalist strategies in Cape Town over the past decade. The Alternative Information and Development Centre (AIDC), an activist space, policy think-tank, and alternative media centre, has aimed to restore the politics of the united front by bringing together employed and unemployed workers to lead a new eco-socialist Left alternative. Ndifuna Ukwazi (NU), an activist research and legal centre focusing on housing in the inner city, has fostered an inspiring movement of building occupiers and aimed to deconstruct the legacy of the apartheid city. Through a militant commitment to this wider Independent Left community, I have accompanied these organisations in their efforts, seeking to understand the role they can play in improving society. This dissertation investigates the central question of how to effectively utilize NGOs in the struggle for freedom and equality within the context of neoliberal capitalism. It has become clear that intellectual genealogies and ideological fortitude have laid the political foundation of these projects. Combined with the NGO’s formal and hierarchical structure, key themes that define the practices of these organisations have emerged. Matters of dependency and control, as well as organising and leadership, have been crucial features of these projects. This has engendered tensions within the organisations between technocratic and intellectual modes of rule, as well as resistance to these governing structures. Taken together, this analysis provides a window into the possibilities and limitations that these organisational tools offer for radically reimagining our world.

Life Orientation, a core subject of the South African secondary school curriculum since 1996, is still not taught successfully in the majority of secondary schools. This study was conducted in former Model C secondary schools in the Nelson Mandela Metropole in order to identify challenges and problems with regard to the management of the teaching of the subject. If the subject were managed properly by principals the Departmental outcomes would have been achieved and problems would not have existed. In this study the managerial challenges of the teaching of Life Orientation have been identified by means of mixed method research, in terms of the four main management tasks, namely leading, planning, organising and controlling. The views of principals were obtained through a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The data was synthesised, multi-dimensional management problems were identified and recommendations were made with regard to managing the important subject of Life Orientation. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Life Orientation, a core subject of the South African secondary school curriculum since 1996, is still not taught successfully in the majority of secondary schools. This study was conducted in former Model C secondary schools in the Nelson Mandela Metropole in order to identify challenges and problems with regard to the management of the teaching of the subject. If the subject were managed properly by principals the Departmental outcomes would have been achieved and problems would not have existed. In this study the managerial challenges of the teaching of Life Orientation have been identified by means of mixed method research, in terms of the four main management tasks, namely leading, planning, organising and controlling. The views of principals were obtained through a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The data was synthesised, multi-dimensional management problems were identified and recommendations were made with regard to managing the important subject of Life Orientation. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / After 1994, South African foreign policymakers faced the challenge of reintegrating a country, isolated for many years as a result of the previous government’s apartheid policies, into the international system. In the process of transforming South Africa's foreign identity from a pariah state to a respected international player, some commentators contend that presidents Mandela and Mbeki were informed by two contrasting theories of International Relations (IR), namely, idealism and realism, respectively. In light of the above-stated popular assumptions and interpretations of the foreign policies of Presidents Mandela and Mbeki, this study is motivated by the primary aim to investigate the classification of their foreign policy within the broader framework of IR theory. This is done by sketching a brief overview of the IR theories of idealism, realism and constructivism, followed by an analysis of the foreign policies of these two statesmen in order to identify some of the principles that underpin them. Two case studies – Mandela's response to the ‘two Chinas’ question and Mbeki's policy of ‘quiet diplomacy’ towards Zimbabwe – are employed to highlight apparent irregularities with the two leaders’ perceived general foreign policy thrusts. It takes the form of a comparative study, and is conducted within the qualitative paradigm, with research based on secondary sources. The findings show that, although the overarching foreign policy principles of these two former presidents can largely be understood on the basis of particular theoretical approaches, they neither acted consistently according to the assumptions of idealism or realism that are ascribed to them. The conclusion drawn is thus that categorising the foreign policies of presidents Mandela and Mbeki as idealist and realist, respectively, results in a simplistic understanding of the perspectives that inform these two statesmen, as well as the complexity of factors involved in foreign policymaking. More significantly, it is unhelpful in developing a better understanding of South Africa's foreign policy in the post-1994 period.

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Following FW De Klerk's decision on the 2nd of February 1990 to unban black liberation movements, release of Mandela from prison and the uplifting of the state of emergence, a process of irreversible change was set in motion in South Africa. This process of change was captured in the four-year dramatic series of negotiations sometimes referred to as 'talks about talks' and the real negotiations at Kempton Park, which ensued immediately after De Klerk's ground-breaking speech in 1990. The negotiations ultimately resulted in the i~interim constitution of 1993 which served as the basis for the 1994 elections. The election in turn ushered South Africa into a new epoch of an electoral democracy characterised by most of the ingredients of a normal democracy. The new born "electoral democracy" met the seven conditional institutions/ principles for a polyarchy as prescribed by . Robert Dahl, namely universal suffrage; free and fair elections; right to run public office; freedom of expression; right to access information; freedom to form organizations of great variety and responsiveness of the government to voters and election outcomes. But the key question relates to its consolidation - is it consolidating? Responding to this question is the gist of this not-so comprehensive comparative thesis, whose particular focus is the presidency in the new South Africa - both of Mandela and Mbeki. This is done through the help of the both institutional as well as socio-economic approaches to democracy. That is, 'without appropriate state institutions, democracy is not possible' (Linz and Stepan .1996.p14) and without favourable socio-economic conditions, democratic institutions are unlikely to endure and consolidate. The institutional analysis puts under spotlight the presidency and decision-making trends, specifically the National Economic Development and Labour Council (Nedlac) for the Mandela's presidential era and the Policy Co-ordination Advisory Services (PCAS) Unit for the Mbeki's. On socio-economics it looks at how Mandela and Mbeki dealt with the inequality problem issue. This study will not deal with issues such as ethnic heterogeneity or class issues in relation to consolidation of democracy, except insofar as they illustrate something about policies on inequalities. It eventually assesses the implications for the consolidation of democracy in the new South Africa by contrasting Mandela and Mbeki's approaches to the economy i.e. Mandela's ROP and Nedlac and Mbeki's GEAR and International Investment Council. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Proses van onomkeerbare verandering in Suid-Afrika is in werking gestel met FW de Klerk se besluit op 2 Februarie 1990 om die bevrydingsbewegings te ontban, Mandela en ander politieke gevangenis vry te laat en die noodtoestand op te hef. Dié proses van verandering het op 'n vier jaarlange onderhandelingsproses uitgeloop wat aanvanklik getipeer was as "gesprekke oor gesprekke" en daarna die ware onderhandelings wat by Kemptonpark plaasgevind het. Hierdie onderhandelings het gelei tot die formulering van die interim grondwet van 1993 wat die basis gevorm het vir die eerste inklusiewe verkiesing in Suid-Afrika in 1994. Hierdie verkiesing het Suid-Afrika op die pad van 'n elektorale demokrasie geplaas wat die vereiste vir alle normale demokrasieë is. Hierdie elektorale stelsel in Suid-Afrika voldoen aan al Robert Dahl se sewe vereistes vir 'n poliargie, te wete algemene stemreg, vrye en regverdige verkiesings, die reg om aan openbare instellings deel te neem, die vryheid van spraak, die reg tot inligting, die vryheid om organisasies te vorm wat betrekking het op die verkiesingsproses. AI hierdie vereistes is noodsaaklik, maar nie noodwendig voldoende om 'n demokrasie te konsolideer nie. Die vraag is dus of Suid-Afrika konsolideer. Om hierdie vraag te beantwoord vereis 'n omvattende ondersoek. Hierdie tesis is egter meer beskeie en sal slegs konsentreer op die rol van die presidentskap in Suid-Afrika - Mandela en Mbeki, en te bepaal of die style wat hulle gevolg het en die beleide wat hulle toegepas het konsolidasie in die hand werk of nie. Daar sal gekyk word na die institusionele aspekte van die presidentskap se besluitnemingstrukture asook na enkele sosio-ekonomiese aspekte wat relevant vir demokratisering is. Die aanname in hierdie tesis was "without appropriate state institutions, democracy is not possible" (Linz & Stepan. 1996), maar sonder gunstige ekonomiese toestande (Przeworski en andere 1996), is die kanse dat 'n demokrasie volhoubaar is gering. Die instellings wat beskryf en ontleed word wat op die president se besluitnemingstyle dui is die National Economic Development and Labour Council (Nedlac) wat Mandela betref en die Policy Coordination Advisory Services (PCAS) wat Mbeki betref. Die sosio-ekonomiese aspekte wat ondersoek is handel in beide gevalle met hoe hierdie presidente die ongelykheids-problematiek in Suid-Afrika aangespreek het wat ook op nasiebou betrekking het. Hierdie studie sluit kwessies soos etniese heterogeniteit en die klassedebat uit, behalwe in soverre dit betrekking het op besluitneming en die hantering van ongelykheid. Die implikasies vir konsolidasie word uitgespel.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with nation-building in South Africa since 1994 with a view to finding out the direction taken by nation-building since then. This issue has been and it still is a controversial issue in South Africa. The new dispensation in South Africa occasioned a need for the creation of new national institutions, leaders and policies for the nation. Hence, an inclusive/liberal nation-building programme was put in place. Since 1994 this programme has been carried out by two presidents, namely former president Mandela (1994-1999) and President Mbeki (1999-2002+) respectively. Nevertheless, these two leaders do not only subscribe to different philosophies but also have two divergent approaches to nation-building. Although they are both individualists, Mandela is Charterist whereas Mbeki is an Africanist. Moreover, Mandela promoted nation-building through reconciliation and corporatism. Mbeki's approach to nation-building, on the contrary, emphasises transformation and empowerment through the market. These approaches seem contradictory and thus mutually exclusive. This does not augur weU for fragile democracy of South Africa. Therefore, an attempt will be made to find out whether this is true and thus finding out the direction taken by nationbuilding. This will be done by comparing the Mandela and Mbeki approaches to nation-building. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie werkstuk handeloor nasiebou in Suid-Afrika sedert 1994, met die doelom die tendense sedertdien te bepaal. Dit was en is steeds 'n kontroversiële kwessie in Suid- Afrika. Die nuwe bedeling in Suid-Afrika het dit noodsaaklik gemaak dat nuwe instellings, leiers en beleide in die nasie tot stand sal kom. Daar is vervolgens op 'n inklusiewe/liberale nasiebou program besluit. Sedert 1994 was dit uitgevoer onder die leierskap van twee presidente, te wete Mandela (1994-1999) en Mbeki (1999-2002+) respektiewelik. Dié twee leiers onderskryf verskillende filosofieë en het ook verskillende benaderings tot nasiebou. Beide is individualiste, en Mandela die Charteris terwyl Mbeki weer die Afrikanis is. Meer spesifiek, Mandela het nasiebou bevorder deur versoening en korporatisme te bevorder. Mbeki aan die ander kant, plaas weer klem op transformasie en bemagtiging deur die mark. Hierdie benaderings skyn teenstrydig te wees. Daarom is 'n poging aangewend om te bepaal hoe insiggewend die verskille is en wat die tendense is. Moontlik spel dit niks goeds vir die nuwe demokrasie nie. Dit is gedoen deur Mandela en Mbeki sistematies te vergelyk.