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Feminist philosophy of science has long been considered a fringe element of philosophy of science as a whole. A careful consideration of the treatment of the key concept of objectivity by such philosophical heavyweights as Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper, followed by an analysis of the concept of objectivity with the work of such feminist philosophers of science as Donna Haraway, Lynn Hankinson Nelson, and Sandra Harding, reveals that feminist philosophers of science are not members of some fringe movement of philosophy of science, but rather are doing philosophical work which is both crucial and connected to the work of other, "mainstream" philosophers of science. / Master of Arts

Life writing has traditionally been organized into two main subfields: autobiographical writing, focused on the self, and biographical writing, focused on one or more other human beings. Yet, many contemporary texts from different linguistic and cultural contexts defy or complicate such a clear-cut distinction. The present dissertation investigates a group of such texts, which I have called “bifocal narratives.” With this term, I indicate works that, as in an ellipse, hinge upon two foci at once – an autobiographical narrator and a biographical other – and take shape around the relation between these two poles. The dissertation offers both a historical interpretation and a morphology of this form. It does so by comparing three literary contexts (Italian literature, French literature, and Anglophone literature of the North Atlantic) and combining theoretical argumentation, panoramic analyses of a vast corpus, and close readings of individual works. Drawing on bifocal narratives’ amphibious nature as both literary and documentary writings, in the Introduction, I propose to interpret the bifocal form through a twofold lens: as part of a growing interest in the intersubjective formation of identity and the self/other relationship in life writing and life writing criticism; and as a mise en abyme of trends and tensions at work in contemporary literature more at large. In the latter respect, I view bifocal narratives as embodying both a heightened interest in individuality and a tangible difficulty among writers in speaking as characters different from themselves. I link both aspects to a crisis of traditional humanistic ideologies and the mandate of intellectuals in European and North American cultures. In the first chapter, I offer a panoramic view of bifocal narratives by delineating their main manifestations and highlighting some of their defining traits (for example, a strong heuristic tension or a tendency to structure the self/other relationship in polarized terms). In the following three chapters, I focus on three main subgroups of bifocal narratives: hyper-narrative bifocal works, bifocal texts between poetry and prose, and essayistic bifocal narratives. These three clusters of texts allow me to investigate some crucial aspects of the bifocal form, which are particularly evident in these various subsets: the role of narration in shaping a sense of the self, and a serious use of intertextuality; a complex vision of the speaking “I” that complicates a clear-cut division between fiction and nonfiction, an original use of textual blanks, and a deep literary work on both language and documents; and the complication of the auto/biographical model via the alternative paradigm offered by (literary) portraiture, as well as a multilayered approach towards the (post)modern literary and critical traditions. In doing so, I also provide extensive close readings of five main works: Via Gemito (2000) by Domenico Starnone and Limonov (2011) by Emmanuel Carrère; Jane: A Murder (2005) by Maggie Nelson; and Out of Sheer Rage (1997) by Geoff Dyer and Qualcosa di scritto (2012) by Emanuele Trevi. Besides illuminating various aspects of bifocal narratives, these readings also aim to offer original interpretations of these works.

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier la façon dont les économistes ont théorisé la relation entre science, technologie et croissance économique des années cinquante à aujourd’hui. Nous identifions deux approches des liens entre science, technologie et croissance : une approche « néoclassique » et une approche « évolutionniste ». L’approche « néoclassique » considère les progrès scientifiques et technologiques comme exogènes aux processus économiques et analyse les processus de croissance comme étant soumis à des rendements constants. L’approche « évolutionniste » défend quant à elle une représentation interactionniste des liens entre science et technologie, considère les progrès technologiques et scientifiques comme étant endogènes aux processus économiques et analyse les processus de croissance comme étant soumis à des rendements croissants. Nous analysons l’émergence de ces deux approches dans les années cinquante et soixante et expliquons leur opposition avec une domination de l’approche « néoclassique » jusque dans les années quatre-vingt (Partie 1). Nous montrons ensuite que l’approche « évolutionniste » devient dominante à partir des années quatre-vingt (Partie 2). / The aim of this thesis is to examine the way economists theorized the links between science, technology, and economic growth in the post-war era. We identify two approaches of the links between science, technology, and economic growth : a “neoclassical” approach and an “evolutionary” approach. The “neoclassical” approach considers scientific and technological progress as exogenous to economic processes and makes the hypothesis of constant returns to scale. The “evolutionary” approach defends an interactive representation of the links between science and technology, considers scientific and technological progress as endogenous to economic processes, and makes the hypothesis of increasing returns to scale. We study the development of the two approaches in the fifties and sixties, and explain their opposition and the dominance of the “neoclassical” approach up to the eighties (Part 1). We then show that the “evolutionary” approach has been the most influential since the eighties (Part 2).

The Nelson Mandela Metropole is the largest contributor to the Eastern Cape Province’s economy and its share of the production of the Eastern Cape is about 41, 3 % per annum. This requires that the competitiveness of the Metropole be improved in order to enable it to meet the challenges of the Province. The objective of the GEAR policy strategy places a focus on the leading coastal industrial locations of South Africa. Furthermore, the national government has shifted the responsibility of service delivery to local governments in an effort to reinforce the integrated development planning process in municipalities. To meet those challenges, the Metropole has focused its attention on improving local resources. To enhance the performance of the manufacturing industry of the Metropole, it is necessary to ensure that the Metropole has locational attributes to attract new investment. Such attributes include creation of closely located industries. This will help the firms to engage in competition as well as engage in co-operative activities among themselves. The study employs a variety of theories to highlight the need to enhance productivity of industries in order to attract new investment. These theories include the new (endogenous) growth theory that argues that productivity growth is determined by introduction of new technologies. Such technologies accrue because ideas that contribute to their development are nonrival, and thus their creation has a fixed cost and zero marginal cost. The property of fixed cost in the creation of ideas results in the emergence of increasing returns to scale. The Porter’s Diamond framework is used in the study to take the issue of productivity growth further. Its thrust is that in particular nations some industries experience high productivity growth rates. It further argues that the locational attributes are responsible for these industries in registering high productivity growth levels. These attributes include the creation of advanced resources such as a skilled labour force. The data obtained from the survey of the research on the manufacturing industries forms part of this study. The findings of the survey reveal that although the manufacturing sector of the South African region has registered some significant success, there is still some room for improving its competitiveness. It revealed that development of the local markets through competition and cooperation among the industries would help to render these industries internationally competitive. This study concludes with some recommendations. These recommendations place emphasis on improvement of infrastructure, quality of labour force, and development of the region’s market. In order to carry out the recommendations effectively, government policy has to be repositioned so as to enhance its visibility among the stakeholders in the economy. Of importance is to ensure the promotion of policy that supports geographically concentrated businesses.

Financial institutions are exposed to several different types of risk. One of the risks that can have a significant impact is the interest rate risk in the bank book (IRRBB). In 2018, the European Banking Authority (EBA) released a regulation on IRRBB to ensure that institutions make adequate risk calculations. This article proposes an IRRBB model that follows EBA's regulations. Among other things, this framework contains a deterministic stress test of the risk-free yield curve, in addition to this, two different types of stochastic stress tests of the yield curve were made. The results show that the deterministic stress tests give the highest risk, but that the outcomes are considered less likely to occur compared to the outcomes generated by the stochastic models. It is also demonstrated that EBA's proposal for a stress model could be better adapted to the low interest rate environment that we experience now. Furthermore, a discussion is held on the need for a more standardized framework to clarify, both for the institutions themselves and the supervisory authorities, the risks that institutes are exposed to. / Finansiella institutioner är exponerade mot flera olika typer av risker. En av de risker som kan ha en stor påverkan är ränterisk i bankboken (IRRBB). 2018 släppte European Banking Authority (EBA) ett regelverk gällande IRRBB som ska se till att institutioner gör tillräckliga riskberäkningar. Detta papper föreslår en IRRBB modell som följer EBAs regelverk. Detta regelverk innehåller bland annat ett deterministiskt stresstest av den riskfria avkastningskurvan, utöver detta så gjordes två olika typer av stokastiska stresstest av avkastningskurvan. Resultatet visar att de deterministiska stresstesten ger högst riskutslag men att utfallen anses vara mindre sannolika att inträffa jämfört med utfallen som de stokastiska modellera genererade. Det påvisas även att EBAs förslag på stressmodell skulle kunna anpassas bättre mot den lågräntemiljö som vi för tillfället befinner oss i. Vidare förs en diskussion gällande ett behov av ett mer standardiserat ramverk för att tydliggöra, både för institutioner själva och samt övervakande myndigheter, vilka risker institutioner utsätts för.

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En av 1800-talets främsta franska konstnärer Eugène Delacroix fick stor betydelse för de nya konstriktningarna under senare hälften av 1800-talet. I Frankrike står han som symbol för konstnärlig frigörelse, för sin långa och envetna kamp mot den franska konstakademin där "les Artistes Indépendants" fortsatte kampen efter honom, vilket ledde till en brytning med akademin år 1884. I samtida internationell forskning har Delacroix betydelse för den moderna konstens utveckling betonats. Syftet med denna magisteruppsats har varit att med formal stilanalys studera influenser från Delacroix måleri i verk med anknytning till det svenska Konstnärsförbundet, som bildades år 1886 i opposition mot och brytning med den svenska konstakademin. Konstnärsförbundet  kom att få stor betydelse för den unga svenska modernismen. Konstnären Richard Bergh var i det svenska kulturlivet tongivande för den svenska konstens förnyelse med den franska unga konsten som förebild. Som konstnärlig ledare för Konstnärsförbundets skolor åren 1890-1908 införde han individuell frihet för eleverna, ljus-och färgstudier inspirerat av Delacroix och neoimpressionismen. Teoretiska utgångspunkter för uppsatsen har varit M.E. Chevreuls lagar om simultan färgkontrast och Paul Signacs analys av Delacroix betydelse för impressionismen till neoimpressionismen. Fantasins roll för att skapa ett själsligt berörande måleri har diskuterats utifrån Charles Baudelaires konstkritik, Delacroix Dagbok och Gauguins symbolism från 1884. För den formala analysen har konstbilder av Richard Bergh, Olof Sager-Nelson, Ivan Aguéli och Isaac Grünewald analyserats med avseende på komplementära färgkompositioner, ljusreflexioner, färger och ljus i belysning och skuggor. Dessa konstnärer har valts ut då de alla på olika sätt representerar ett personligt och nydanande måleri och en konst som fortfarande berör. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten att alla konstnärerna praktiserat komplementära färgkompositioner, effekter av simultan färgkontrast och att ljuset haft central betydelse för dem alla. Ljuset har artikulerats såväl i ljus inomhus som utomhus i himmelsljuset, i speglingar, skarpa och diffusa ljusreflexioner, varmare färger i solbelysta delar och kallare i skuggor. Den formala analysen visar att Delacroix måleri med komplementära färgkompositioner otvetydigt kan spåras i de verk som analyserats i uppsatsen. Alla konstnärerna har också strävat efter och lyckats att skapa ett själsligt berörande måleri. Delacroix tankar och måleri kan därför sägas ha bidragit till det svenska måleriets förnyelse genom Konstnärsförbundet. / One of the foremost French artists of the 19th century, Eugène Delacroix stands as a symbol of liberation, for his long and determined struggle against the French Academy of Arts, where the continued struggle of the "Artistes Indépendants" led to a break in 1884. The Swedish Artists´Association was formed in 1886 in opposition to the Swedish Academy of Arts. In Sweden, the artist Richard Bergh set the tone for the renewal of Swedish art. As artistic director of the Artists´Association´s schools in the years 1890-1908, he introduced individual freedom for the students, light and colour studies inspired by Delacroix and the neo-impressionism. In contemporary art history, Delacroix´s importance for the development of modern art has been emphasized. The aim of this master thesis is to use formal style analysis to study influences from Delacroix´s painting in some works of Swedish artists connected to the Swedish Artists´Association´s schools. Art images by Richard Bergh, Olof Sager-Nelson, Ivan Aguéli, and Isaac Grünewald have been analysed for complementary colour compositions, light reflections, colours and light in lighting and in shadows.  Theoretical starting points have been M.E. Chevreul´s Law of Light Reflections and Simultaneous Colour Contrast and Paul Signac´s analysis of the importance of Delacroix painting in relation to the neo-impressionism. To highlight the artist´s desire to touch the viewer, Baudelaire´s art criticism, Delacroix´s Diary, and Gauguins´s symbolism from 1884 have been considered. The results show that all the artists practiced complementary colour compositions, effects of simultaneous colour contrast, and that light was of central importance to all of them. The light has been articulated both in light indoors and outdoors in the sky, in reflections, sharp and diffuse light refelctions, warmer colours in sunlit parts and colder in shadows. All the artists have also strived for and succeeding in creating a soul-touching painting. Delacroix´s thoughts and painting can therefore be said to have unequivocally contributed to the renewal of Swedish painting through the Swedish Artists´ Association.

Text in German with summaries in German and English / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-195) / Die Elberfelder Bibel prägt bis heute die deutsche Brüderbewegung und ist auch darüber vielen Christen bekannt. 1855 erschien erstmals das Neue Testament, 1871 die gesamte Bibel. Von 1960 bis 1984 wurde eine umfassende Revision durchgeführt. Ihre Sprache gilt als schwierig, gleichzeitig wird sie als sehr genaue Übersetzung wahrgenommen. Bis heute gibt es keine umfassende Forschungsarbeit über die Elberfelder Bibel, obwohl sie mehr als 160 nach ihrer Ersterscheinung immer noch gelesen und neu herausgegeben wird. Die vorliegende Arbeit möchte Ziele und Übersetzungsansatz der Erstübersetzung offen legen. Danach wird die praktische Umsetzung dieses Ansatzes anhand von drei ausgewählten Kapiteln des Neuen Testamentes untersucht. Dabei wird auch der Einfluss der Revision ab 1960 geprüft. Eine Einordnung in die aktuelle Übersetzungsdiskussion und Vorschläge für die Weiterentwicklung dieser Übersetzung runden die Arbeit ab. / The Elberfelder Bibel has had a big impact on the Brethren movement and beyond until today. In 1855, the New Testament was published for the first time, followed by the whole bible in 1871. From 1960 until 1984, a broad revision has been conducted. The Elberfeld Bibel is said to be linguistically difficult; at the same time it is considered as a very accurate translation. Until today, no comprehensive research paper has been written about this translation, which by now is more than 160 years old. This paper deals with the goals and the translation approach of the initial translation. Furthermore, the practical implementation of this approach is examined by means of three particular chapters of the New Testatment. In addition, the impact of revisions starting from 1960 is going to be explored. Its placement in the current discussion on translation and suggestions for further development of this translation will complete the paper. / New Testament / M.Th. (New Testament)

The aim of this study was to determine how nurses manage the nutritional care of children under the age of five years at the primary healthcare level. A quantitative approach with an explorative descriptive design was used. A self-administered questionnaire and was used to collect data. The population was 34 professional nurses working in the child health sections of 16 clinics, all of whom were accessible, but one did not respond. Ten out of the target population were also observed using an observational checklist. Findings show lack of proper implementation of Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) guidelines and incorrect use of the Road-to-Health booklet. Secondly, the nurses at the child healthcare section had a high workload or had little experience in child care. The need for more emphasis on nutrition during IMCI training and the re-orientation of nurses on the optimal use of the Road-to-Health booklet were identified. / Master of Public Health (MPH) / Health Studies