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Cette thèse de doctorat effectuée à l’Université Paris-Sorbonne est le résultat de quatre années de recherches sur le rôle des Organisations de la Société Civile (OSC) camerounaises dans la réalisation des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD). Fondée sur une expérience participative de 18 mois dans le milieu du développement au Cameroun, sur plusieurs dizaines d’entretiens avec des OSC camerounaises, des ONG internationales et les principaux partenaires techniques et financiers du Cameroun ainsi que sur l’analyse statistique de plus de 300 OSC camerounaises travaillant dans le domaine des OMD, cette thèse cherche à mesurer l’impact des OSC sur les indicateurs de développement et à déterminer les facteurs susceptibles d’optimiser cet impact. Alors que l’initiative des OMD, lancée par les Nations Unies en 2000, arrive à son terme en 2015, le bilan tiré par les différents acteurs du développement appelle à une participation accrue des OSC dans les pays bénéficiaires de l’aide internationale. Ce travail confirme l’intérêt que peuvent avoir les acteurs institutionnels du développement à collaborer avec la société civile pour améliorer les conditions de vie des populations et l’efficience des ressources allouées au développement. / This doctorate thesis undertaken at Paris-Sorbonne University results from four years of research on the role of Cameroonian Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the achievementof the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Based on an 18-month participatory experience in development in Cameroon, on several dozens of interviews with Cameroonian CSOs, international NGOs and the key technical and financial partners of Cameroon as well as on the statistical analysis of over 300 Cameroonian CSOs operating in MDG-related fields,this thesis intends to measure the impact of CSOs in development indicators and to determine the factors which can optimize this impact. As the MDG initiative, launched by the United Nations in 2000, reaches its term in 2015, its final assessment by different developments takeholders calls for a stronger participation of CSOs in countries benefiting from international aid. This research confirms the interest institutional stakeholders can find incollaborating with civil society to improve the living conditions of populations and the efficiency of the resources allocated to development.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Naves de Oliveira Santos.pdf: 447606 bytes, checksum: f7d60830585b537f8261a546a394ba3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-29 / Mercosur, as regional integration process based on commercial arrangements and mercantile interests, search, against time, establish the purpose for which it was created - much more ambitious than a simple commercial arrangement - namely those reserved to the model common market which presupposes the customs union and trade policies marking with other countries, the free flow of manpower, among other features. However, this ripening depends especially social participation, so there is greater acceptance that national integration is proposed. In this sense, the participation of civil society, through organizations that make up the third sector is necessary to impose that the social question is best debated and discussed in the meetings and forums of MERCOSUR. Thus we find in the program MERCOSUR Social and Participatory gradual increase of attention given by the Brazilian government to greater social participation in the process of regional integration in MERCOSUR. Therefore, we analyze the program from the approach of social issues and regional integration, conceptualize and characterize civil society and the MERCOSUR, in order to contextualize the third sector in the process of regional integration through analysis and reflection on the program MERCOSUR Social and participatory. / O MERCOSUL, como processo de integração regional baseado em arranjos comerciais e interesses mercantis, busca, contra o tempo, estabelecer os propósitos para os quais foi criado muito mais ambiciosos que um simples arranjo comercial - , quais sejam aqueles reservados ao modelo mercado comum, que pressupõe, além da união aduaneira e balizamento de políticas comerciais com os demais países, o livre fluxo de mão-deobra, dentre outras características. Porém, o referido amadurecimento depende especialmente da participação social, para que haja maior aceitação nacional à integração que se propõe. Nesse sentido, a participação da sociedade civil, por meio das organizações que compõe o terceiro setor se impõe necessária para que a questão social seja mais bem debatida e discutida no âmbito das reuniões e fóruns do MERCOSUL. Assim, encontrou-se no programa MERCOSUL Social e Participativo o aumento gradativo da atenção dada pelo governo brasileiro à maior participação social no processo de integração regional do MERCOSUL. Portanto, faz-se um estudo do programa a partir da abordagem da questão social e da integração regional, conceituouse e caracterizou-se a sociedade civil e o MERCOSUL, para contextualizar o terceiro setor no processo de integração regional por meio da análise e reflexão sobre o programa MERCOSUL Social e Participativo.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio_Marcos_Vargas_de_Oliveira.pdf: 712596 bytes, checksum: 4976a41a659664db2788a25811d21cb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-24 / The object of this paper is to analyse wether the strategies adopted by the Third Sector organizations could be explained by the theory developed to the enterprise sector organizations. Due to the nature and comprise of this subject , the analysis takes place supported by the motivations presented by those organizations, and theirs executives, in the search to enable these executives in enterprise administration technics. The research is developed supported by the organizations and students application forms, when they're applying to this course; the final projects developed by these partakers; and interviews with the partakers and group leaders from some of those organizations. It was verified that, in this particular case, the strategies identified could be explained by this theory. But, this doesn't mean taht this conclusion could be extended to every strategy adopted by the Thirt Sector organizations. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar se as estrat??gias adotadas pelas organiza????es do Terceiro Setor podem ser explicadas pelo referencial te??rico desenvolvido para as organiza????es do setor empresarial. Em virtude da abrang??ncia do tema, a an??lise ?? realizada com base nas motiva????es apresentadas por essas organiza????es e seus executivos, quando da busca da capacita????o desses executivos em t??cnicas de gest??o empresarial. A pesquisa ?? desenvolvida com base nas fichas de inscri????o preenchidas, tanto pelas organiza????es, como pelos participantes do processo de capacita????o, quando da inscri????o para o desenvolvimento desse processo; projetos desenvolvidos por esses participantes como trabalho de conclus??o da capacita????o; e entrevistas realizadas com os participantes e dirigentes em um grupo dessas organiza????es. Verificou-se que, nesse caso particular, as estrat??gias identificadas podem, sim, ser explicadas por esse referencial te??rico. Isso por??m n??o significa que essa conclus??o possa ser estendida a todas as estrat??gias adotadas pelas organiza????es do Terceiro Setor.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valdir_de_Oliveira_Amorim.pdf: 844136 bytes, checksum: 5ff52489d07a1bbce261acb6599fb63a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-29 / Third-sector entities are organizations without lucrative purposes which are spread all around the world, booming in Brazil with great national representativeness. Those entities have initiative, creativity and diversity as work propeller springs, allowing them to work as truly citizenship schools searching information and providing social services which the society really needs. Theirs dynamic is complementary to the Estate and market activities, without lucrative purposes. For that, they face challenges, in e.g. , the sustainability, the lack of resources and complex taxes legislation, among others. Some depends exclusively on the Estate, some don t; they generate their own resources as strategy to complement what have been redirected, but some are taxed. The plots withheld by tax authorities, may or not, influence its management. This study tries to answer this question. It s about a Health Institute case study, in Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric??rdia de S??o Paulo, between 2008 and 2009. The research justifies itself by the lack of information, interpretations and publications available in Brazil, about this organization tax matter, specifically, related to the tax payments from their own revenues generated by the institution and by the third-sector importance, as Estate provided services complementary role. The research methodology has exploratory characteristic. The method used is the bibliographic and documental, and the technique, descriptive and qualitative, throughout extensive interviews observation, so as reports and also documents given by the Institution analysis. The research has as purpose the development of the study theoretical bases, involving themes such as: sustainability, resources capitation, recipes tax payments and tax benefits. Assuming in an initial scenario that most of these entities face lack of resources problems, theirs management could have good efficiency levels. Therefore, about the sustainability, the research also concerned about measuring the entity object of study performance. The methodology used was developed by the American foundation The Roberts Enterprise Development Fund REDF, called the Social Return on Investment (SROI), with the objective of quantifying the economical and social value created with the investments of third sector entities. The research showed that the Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric??rdia de S??o Paulo is not influenced by its recipes tax payments, whereas the revenue doesn t apply on it the tax payments as it does in other entities. It understands that the entity revenues doesn t have economical nature and relates to the final activity. But, the entity questions judicially the incidence of PIS/PASEP about the monthly payment sheet. The evaluation thru the SROI showed that the entity depends on the social revenues to complement its economical activity. The main research contribution was to foment the concept discussion if the third-sector entity revenues should or not be taxed. The obtained results in terms of methodology value may not be generalized comparing to other third-sector entities. Therefore, it is recommendable to maintain the discussion about the topic. / As entidades do terceiro setor s??o organiza????es sem fins lucrativos que existem em todo o mundo, em franco crescimento no Brasil e de grande representatividade nacional. Nelas, a iniciativa, a criatividade e a diversidade s??o molas propulsoras do trabalho, permitindo-lhes funcionar como verdadeiras escolas de cidadania em busca das informa????es e da presta????o de servi??os sociais que a sociedade tanto necessita. A sua din??mica ?? complementar as atividades do Estado e do mercado, sem fins lucrativos. Para isso, enfrentam desafios, como por exemplo, a sustentabilidade, a falta de recursos e legisla????o tribut??ria complexa, dentre outros. Algumas dependem exclusivamente do Estado, outras n??o; gera seus pr??prios recursos como estrat??gia de complementar o que lhes foi repassado, por??m, alguns s??o tributados. As parcelas retidas pelo fisco podem ou n??o, influenciar na sua gest??o. O estudo procura responder esta quest??o. Trata-se de um estudo de caso numa institui????o da sa??de, na Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric??rdia de S??o Paulo, no per??odo de 2009 e 2008. A pesquisa se justifica pela escassez de informa????es, interpreta????es e publica????es dispon??veis no Brasil, sobre mat??ria tribut??ria destas organiza????es, especificamente, em rela????o ?? tributa????o das receitas pr??prias geradas pela institui????o e pela import??ncia do terceiro setor, como papel de complementaridade dos servi??os prestados pelo Estado. A metodologia da pesquisa tem caracter??stica explorat??ria. O m??todo utilizado ?? o bibliogr??fico e documental, e a t??cnica, descritiva e qualitativa, por meio da observa????o extensiva de entrevistas, an??lises em relat??rios e documentos disponibilizados pela institui????o. A pesquisa teve como prop??sito desenvolver as bases te??ricas do estudo, envolvendo temas como sustentabilidade, capta????o de recursos, tributa????o de receitas e benef??cios tribut??rios. Partindo do principio que a maioria destas entidades enfrenta problemas com a escassez de recursos, sua gest??o pode ter bons n??veis de efici??ncia. Portanto, em rela????o ?? sustentabilidade, a pesquisa preocupou-se tamb??m em medir os n??veis de desempenho da entidade objeto do estudo. Foi utilizada a metodologia desenvolvida pela funda????o americana The Roberts Enterprise Development Fund REDF, denominada de m??todo Social Return on Investiment (SROI), com o objetivo de quantificar o valor econ??mico e social criado com o investimento em entidades do terceiro setor. O estudo revelou que a Irmandade da Santa Casa de Miseric??rdia de S??o Paulo n??o sofre influ??ncia da tributa????o sobre suas receitas, visto que o fisco n??o as tributa como o faz em outras entidades. Ele entende que as receitas da entidade n??o t??m natureza econ??mica e relaciona-se com a atividade fim. Por??m, a entidade questiona judicialmente a incid??ncia do PIS/PASEP sobre a folha de pagamento do m??s. A avalia????o pelo m??todo SROI revelou que a entidade depende das receitas sociais para complementar sua atividade econ??mica. A principal contribui????o da pesquisa foi fomentar a discuss??o conceitual se as receitas das entidades do terceiro setor devem ou n??o ser tributadas. Os resultados obtidos em termos de validade da metodologia n??o podem ser generalizados para as demais entidades do terceiro setor. Portanto, recomenda-se a continua????o da discuss??o sobre o tema.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-04T11:45:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Estefani Clementino da Rocha.pdf: 6954022 bytes, checksum: 3c03b9a09e2fd8ab5b173ed2d9cc6ee0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-04T11:45:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estefani Clementino da Rocha.pdf: 6954022 bytes, checksum: 3c03b9a09e2fd8ab5b173ed2d9cc6ee0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The presence of contractual provision of social assistance services with Civil Society Organizations (CSO) is no exception in Brazilian public management. Since the 1930s, this type of articulation has been adopted, although at the beginning more focused on transfers of financial resources through subsidies and exemptions. The contractualized format of social service management, even though it was nominated as an agreement, had its practice started in the 1960s and was disseminated to countless services and projects of Brazilian public social policy in the three federative entities. To such a point, the dissemination of this management format was denounced, due to its intransparency and lack of social control that flowed into a national audit, from which a new regulatory law flowed: the Regulatory Framework of State- Organizations Relation of Civil Society (MROSC). Thus, this study deals with the examination of the guarantees of social rights that the social assistance services contracted with the CSO, which operate in the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS), assure their users, in order to highlight and problematize the practice of monitoring the service contracted, performed by the public agent, named by the new MROSC legislation as Manager of the Partnership, or by previous standards as Technical Supervisor, particularizing the management of SUAS in the city of São Paulo. Thus, the study was dedicated to identifying the ways in which the Manager / Technical Supervisor of social assistance services contracted in the city of São Paulo performed their professional work, as well as their main lines of action, through the analysis of normative acts published by the Municipal Secretary of Assistance and Social Development (SMADS). It is concluded that the practice of Partnership Management / Technical Supervision is weak in the city of São Paulo, in view of normative stimuli that direct its professional work, mainly for a centralizing management, with content of work front demarcated by the excess production of as well as by the strong imbalance in the constitution of the social assistance network, the accumulation of functions and power attributed to some CSO that hold the largest number of contracts with the São Paulo management of SUAS. However, despite this weakening, its action may occur within the regulations already built within the scope of the SUAS that consider the monitoring of the public agent as an instrument or mediation with power to articulate the content of the social assistance service contracted with the rights of users. / A presença da prestação contratualizada de serviços socioassistenciais com Organizações da Sociedade Civil (OSC) não é exceção na gestão pública brasileira. Desde os anos 1930, adota-se esse tipo de articulação, ainda que, de início, fosse mais centrada em transferências de recursos financeiros por meio de subvenções e isenções. Entretanto, foi somente nos anos 1960 que o formato contratualizado da gestão de serviços sociais, também denominado de convênio, passou a ser usado para inúmeros serviços e projetos da política social pública brasileira nos três entes federativos. Desde então, disseminou-se esse formato de gestão que, em face de sua intransparência e ausência de controle social, foi objeto de denúncias desaguando, assim, em uma Auditoria de âmbito nacional, da qual fluiu uma nova lei reguladora: o Marco Regulatório da Relação Estado-Organizações da Sociedade Civil (MROSC). Diante deste panorama, este estudo se ocupa do exame das garantias de direitos sociais que os serviços socioassistenciais contratados junto às OSC – que operam no Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS) – asseguram a seus usuários, evidenciando e problematizando a prática de acompanhamento do serviço contratualizado realizada pelo agente público, denominado como Gestor da Parceria pela nova legislação do MROSC, ou como Supervisor Técnico pelas normas anteriores, além de apresentar particularidades da gestão do SUAS na cidade de São Paulo. Com estes objetivos, o estudo se dedicou a identificar as formas do fazer profissional do Gestor da Parceria/Supervisor Técnico de serviços socioassistenciais contratados na cidade de São Paulo, bem como suas principais frentes de atuação, por meio da análise de atos normativos publicados pela Secretaria Municipal de Assistência e Desenvolvimento Social (SMADS). Concluiu-se que a prática de Gestão da Parceria/Supervisão Técnica na cidade de São Paulo está fragilizada, em vista de estímulos normativos que direcionam seu fazer profissional majoritariamente para uma gestão centralizadora, com conteúdo de frente de trabalho demarcado pelo excesso de produção de documentos, pelo forte desequilíbrio na constituição da rede socioassistencial, bem como pelo acúmulo de funções e poder atribuído a algumas OSC que detém maior número de contratos com a gestão paulistana do SUAS. No entanto, apesar desta fragilização, a ação da Gestão da Parceria/Supervisão Técnica poderá ocorrer dentro de normativas já construídas no âmbito do SUAS que consideram o acompanhamento do agente público como um instrumento ou uma mediação com potência para articular o conteúdo do serviço socioassistencial contratado com os direitos dos usuários

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:48:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maira Junqueira.pdf: 472824 bytes, checksum: de921423f24ec92beb984ae11380e480 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research seeks to observe the international participation of a specific sector of civil society through social networks. Because of the amount of actors inside this group, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have been chosen as the object of this dissertation. For that, it was also necessary to choose a Brazilian Network protagonist, which could be an example of the strength of this way of action, and for that reason Rebrip (The Brazilian Network for the Integration of Peoples) was picked. To obtain the necessary information for these intended studies, analysis was done of network documents and interviews with some representative members, who could speak knowingly about this actor and NGO involvement. The text demonstrated how social networks work and their importance to the NGOs and vice versa. As a main goal to give support to this text it was considered necessary to interpret the international changes in the last few years, that have occurred mainly in the economical, political, social, and cultural dimensions, as well as how these changes happen in modern states. A central element of this study is the possibility of a critical view of globalization, by academic expertise and also by the movement that questions it, called by many globalization authors the counter-hegemony globalization movement. Finally, it shows the connection between Rebrip and this movement, the importance of the networks for the international participation of NGOs and the difficulties that they face trying to put in practice their beliefs / Esta pesquisa examina a participação internacional, por meio de redes sociais, de setores da sociedade civil. Vista a grande amplitude de atores dentro desse conjunto, foi escolhido como objeto de pesquisa, em particular, as Organizações Não Governamentais - ONGs. Para tanto, restava, como meta, selecionar um protagonista do caso brasileiro, que pudesse exemplificar as potencialidades desse meio de ação, sendo escolhida, para tanto, a Rebrip Rede Brasileira pela Integração dos Povos. Para a obtenção das informações necessárias para o estudo pretendido, foi realizada a análise de documentos da rede e entrevistas com alguns de seus membros representativos, ou seja, aqueles que pudessem falar com propriedade sobre a rede e as ONGs. No decorrer do texto foi mostrado como as redes sociais atuam e qual a importância delas para as ONGs e vice-versa. Com o objetivo de amparar essa dissertação, considerou-se necessário interpretar com maior clareza o sentido das mudanças internacionais dos últimos anos, que ocorrem nas dimensões econômicas, políticas, sociais, culturais, predominantemente. E como elas incidem sobre a natureza do Estado moderno. Um elemento central nesse estudo diz respeito à possibilidade de uma visão crítica da globalização, tanto por parte de estudiosos quanto de movimentos que a questionam, denominada, por muitos autores, de globalização contrahegemônica. Por fim, mostramos a ligação da Rebrip com esse movimento, a importância das Redes para a participação internacional das ONGs e as dificuldades que enfrentam ao tentarem colocar em prática seus ideais

Este estudo objetivou identificar e caracterizar algumas parcerias, voltadas ao controle da tuberculose, estabelecidas entre organizações não-governamentais (ONGs) e o Programa de Controle da Tuberculose (TB) no Estado de São Paulo. Buscou, ainda, analisar as ações desenvolvidas, de forma a verificar seu potencial para responder aos determinantes da doença. A abordagem do estudo foi qualitativa e utilizou-se a técnica do snowball para a escolha dos sujeitos. Os dados foram coletados entre Março e Julho de 2010, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Participaram do estudo, 6 sujeitos de órgãos governamentais e 13 sujeitos de organizações da sociedade civil. A análise teve como base a determinação social do processo saúde-doença e os conceitos oriundos de Gramsci, de Estado e sociedade civil. O projeto foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e os sujeitos foram convidados a participar do estudo mediante ciência do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os depoimentos foram analisados segundo técnica de análise de discurso. Os resultados revelaram que as parcerias se iniciaram por estímulo do governo estadual; tiveram como população-alvo, a população geral e alguns grupos específicos (os vulneráveis à doença); em sua maioria, contaram com financiamento do Fundo Global; o monitoramento não foi sistematizado por parte do Estado, mas pelos financiadores dos projetos e; a relação acordada entre ambos foi mais de caráter informal e baseada no compromisso de cada parte. Sobre as ações desenvolvidas, estavam centradas na promoção do controle social, da intersetorialidade, na difusão de informações sobre a doença e, em menor escala, na execução de tarefas que caberiam ao Estado. As ONGs, de maneira geral, não tinham doentes portadores de TB como membros, mas como alvos de suas ações. O papel do Estado, na parceria, foi de estímulo e apoio, enquanto as ONGs se dedicavam à operacionalização das ações. A análise demonstrou que as ações das parcerias foram baseadas no entendimento de que a TB se relaciona com a exclusão social e de que é necessário defender os direitos dos doentes. Ainda, foram capazes de aproximar certos grupos populacionais e o governo. Dessa maneira, as parcerias parecem contribuir para diminuir as vulnerabilidades a que estão expostos alguns doentes com TB, entretanto, não alcançaram revelar a base da exclusão social e as contradições estruturais da sociedade que determinam a TB. / The objective of this study was to identify and characterize some partnerships oriented towards tuberculosis control set between non governmental organizations (NGOs) and the Tuberculosis (TB) Control Program in the State of São Paulo. It also analyzes the actions implemented in order to check their potential responses to the diseases determinants. The study had a qualitative approach and used the snowball technique to select its subjects. Data were collected from March to July 2010 by means of semi-structured interviews. 6 subjects of governmental agencies and 13 subjects of the civil societys organizations participated in the study. The analysis was based on the social determination of the health-disease process and Gramscis concepts of State and civil society. The project was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research and the subjects were invited to join the study by signing a Free and Informed Consent Form. Their statements were analyzed according to the speech analysis techniques. The results disclosed that the partnerships were stimulated by the federal government; their target-population were the population in general and some specific groups (vulnerable to the disease); most of them were financed by the Global Fund; the State did not systematically monitored the program, the projects financers did; and the relationship agreed among the parties was more informal and based on each partys commitment. About the actions implemented, they were focused on promoting social control, cross-sectional actions, divulging information on the disease and, with less emphasis, on doing tasks that are responsibilities of the State. Generally speaking, the NGOs did not have sick people with TB among its members, but they were the target of their actions. The role of the State in the partnerships was to stimulate and support, while the NGOs implemented the actions. The analysis showed that the partnerships actions were based on the understanding that TB is related to social exclusion and that it is necessary to defend the rights of the sick. They were also able to make the government come closer to certain groups of population. So, partnerships seem to contribute to decrease the vulnerabilities to which TB carriers are exposed; however, they failed to disclose the base of social exclusion and structural contradictions of the society which determine TB.

This thesis critically compares how domestic human rights NGOs (DNGOs) in the United States, Britain and Germany use (or mobilise) law to enforce human rights standards and proposes a method to measure their effectiveness in doing so. To do this it draws upon both case studies and literature from many disciplines. On the basis of the data and the literature it finds that, despite their great diversity, DNGOs in each jurisdiction show general similarities in their ???styles??? of operation and use of the law. It also finds that their effectiveness in enforcing human rights can be ascertained with reasonable accuracy and that a DNGO???s size and access to resources does not necessarily correlate with its effectiveness. The context in which the above questions were investigated was one in which there existed very little literature that examined the work of DNGOs (as opposed to international NGOs) as well as few theoretical approaches that would allow their activities to be critically examined and compared. It was also a context in which there was a great deal of discussion in the literature about the crucial importance of DNGOs in human rights enforcement and a growing suspicion that Globalisation might be making their role even more important than it was in the past. To address these issues the author used case studies to supply the necessary detail and a method using ???ideal types??? to assess the data. He also proposed a method to measure DNGO effectiveness so that the case studies could be more thoroughly compared and their true success in human rights enforcement revealed. Despite the incredible diversity among DNGOs the author was able to draw a few useful conclusions about how successful DNGOs operate. In response to these conclusions the author proposed that one possible route by which DNGOs could improve their effectiveness was to transplant their characteristics between jurisdictions. The author also found some evidence that Globalisation was having an effect on DNGOs and proposed some ways in which individual case studies could take advantage of this.

This research explores differences in environmental worldviews and connections to the land globally and more specifically in a case study of NGOs working in the Ecuadorian Cloud Forest. The aims of this project are to investigate different environmental worldviews expressed between western NGOs and non western local NGOs and to pose these questions 1) what environmental worldviews and ethics are at play in addressing conservation globally and specifically in the Cloud Forest of Ecuador? 2) How do these worldviews influence models for conservation? 3) How do locally-run projects differ from foreign NGOs in addressing the combined needs of the environment and the people in Ecuador? I work to establish a framework for comparing the environmental worldviews of foreign environmental NGOs that of local NGOs, by researching environmental worldviews around the world as influenced by culture, society, history and religion. By using research on case studies done by Jim Igoe, Carolyn Merchant, John Schelhas and Max Pfeffer, I explore the dominant Western worldview of conservation and how its introduction of the National Park model has impacted local communities globally. By comparing this Western worldview of conservation via preservation in National Parks to the nonwestern worldview of integrative models for conservation, I hope to establish a framework for how looking at conservation from the perspective of local communities may prove more beneficial to the future of conservation projects globally. This case study centers around four main community-based conservation projects in the Ecuadorian Cloud Forest and asks how their grassroots operations differ from the Ecuadorian National Park system in their efforts to educate and support local communities. This project proposes to dissect these projects designed by local and foreign NGOs to see how they are shaped by their environmental worldviews and whether that worldview includes just the needs of the environment or takes into account the needs of the people as well. This is done through a combination of participant observation and semi-structured open-ended interviews. All data in this ethnography is qualitative and draws on three bodies of literature that serve as frames or approaches to this topic: environmental worldviews, political ecology, and environmental justice. By using these three approaches I show that the environment and ultimately efforts for conservation do not exist within a vacuum but rather lay within a broader context of beliefs, society, and history. / Graduation date: 2012