O processo de restauração ecológica utiliza recursos da natureza e da economia para promover a recuperação de áreas degradadas, característica decorrente do esgotamento local dos recursos naturais renováveis. Frente às adversidades e dos custos ambientais e econômicos para que estas áreas possam ser recuperadas, este estudo objetivou desenvolver a avaliação Emergética que contabiliza não só o trabalho da economia, mas também o trabalho da natureza, na mesma unidade de medida, para avaliar o processo de restauração ecológica em áreas do Pontal do Paranapanema, sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Testou-se a hipótese de que estes trabalhos de restauração, norteados pelas características da dinâmica das florestas tropicais naturais, contribuem para a restauração dos bens e serviços ecossistêmicos nestas áreas. Os resultados evidenciam que as operações de restauração investem muitos recursos da economia não renováveis, o que caracteriza a baixa renovabilidade deste processo nos primeiros anos (em torno de 30%). A economia contribui com 82% dos investimentos no 1º ano e 78% no 2º ano. O uso de herbicida representa o maior investimento de materiais não renováveis. A somatória dos bens restaurados avaliados variam de 153,93 EmUS$/ha a 328.283,16 EmUS$/ha e somatória dos serviços restaurados avaliados variam de 366,63 EmUS$/ha.ano a 1.736,47 EmUS$/ha.ano, para áreas em processo de restauração com idade de 1,5 a 26 anos, respectivamente. Os resultados para o ecossistema de referência, o Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo, chegam a 5.981,64 EmUS$/ha.ano para a prestação de serviços ecossistêmicos e 422.915,69 EmUS$/ha referente ao estoque de bens ecossistêmicos. Diante dos resultados, conclui-se que a busca por uma alternativa renovável ao uso de herbicidas é o principal desafio para aumentar a renovabilidade no curto prazo do processo de restauração ecológica. A valoração da restauração dos bens e serviços ecossistêmicos permitiu comprovar a hipótese de que os trabalhos de restauração ecológica, embasados na dinâmica da floresta tropical natural, restauram bens e serviços ecossistêmicos no Pontal do Paranapanema. / The ecological restoration process uses nature\'s and economy resources to promote the recovery of degraded areas, characteristic resulting from the local exhaustion of renewable natural resources. In the face of adversity and the environmental and economic costs for these areas can be retrieved, this study aimed to develop Emergy evaluation that accounts for not only the work of the economy, but also the work of nature, in the same unit of measurement to assess the process ecological restoration in the Pontal do Paranapanema areas, southwest of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. We tested the hypothesis that these restoration works, guided by the dynamic characteristics of natural tropical forests, contribute to the restoration of the ecosystems goods and services in these areas. The results show that restore operations invest a lot of resources of non-renewable economy, which characterizes the low renewability of this process in the early years (around 30%). The economy accounts for 82% of investments in the 1st year and 78 % at 2st year. The use of herbicide is the biggest investment of non-renewable materials. The sum of stocks restored evaluated range from 153.93 EmUS$/ha to 328,283.16 EmUS$/ha and the sum of the assessed restored services range from $ 366.63 EmUS$/ha.year the 1736.47 EmUS$/ha.year to areas where restoration process aged 1.5 to 26 years, respectively. The results for the reference ecosystem, the State Park of Morro do Diabo, reach 5981.64 EmUS$/ha year for the provision of ecosystem services and 422,915.69 EmUS$/ha referring to the stock of ecosystem goods. Given the results, we conclude that the search for a renewable alternative to herbicides is the main challenge to increase in the short term renewability of the ecological restoration process. The valuation of assets and restoration of ecosystem services helped to check the hypothesis that the ecological restoration work, based on the dynamics of natural tropical forest are restore ecosystem goods and services in the Pontal do Paranapanema.

O avanço das ações de desenvolvimento vem colocando desafios à gestão de recursos; as diferentes particularidades nos tipos de recursos disponíveis para uso pelas organizações (na área de administração de empresas), seja por localização geográfica, clima, relevo e/ou outras especificidades locais, como por exemplo, recursos naturais, fogem aos padrões impostos pelas abordagens teóricas estratégicas dominantes, atualmente, nas ciências sociais. No caso do megabioma Amazônico, devido à grandeza patrimonial e suas especificidades locais, há recursos naturais que são únicos e inimitáveis, seja de maneira individual seja pelo conjunto do megabioma, apesar do contexto de pobreza da região. Na medida em que se pressiona para o uso desses recursos, seja pelos indivíduos, seja pelas organizações, podem-se gerar diferentes tipos de conflitos, até porque o uso dos recursos naturais e os conflitos socioambientais são cenários de repercussões para a sociedade, devido às mudanças que promovem em termos ecológicos e das propostas de desenvolvimento social. Assim existem recursos naturais, principalmente, os renováveis disponíveis para uso, que exige novos conhecimentos teóricos e práticos, tanto para acadêmicos como para os gestores atuais. Nesse contexto, são necessárias as preocupações dos cidadãos, instituições e governos, necessitando, no entanto, de um conhecimento adequado à natureza, suas potencialidades e dimensões, no tocante ao uso no presente e garantia para as gerações futuras dos recursos necessários e sua sobrevivência com qualidade de vida, ou seja, a sustentabilidade nesse sentido vem ao encontro de um manejo ambientalmente correto (sustentável) socialmente justo e economicamente rentável, considerando como pilares do Desenvolvimento Sustentável as dimensões Sociais, ambiental e Econômica, dimensões que nortearam a presente pesquisa. Nesse quesito de conhecer como esse processo poderia ocorrer, na Amazônia, foi tirado proveito da teoria Path Dependence que possibilita organizar de forma metodológica e teórica a trajetória e os conhecimentos necessários para que se obtenha uma produção sustentável, com satisfação de mercado aliados a oportunidade de negócio para as comunidades locais. Sendo assim, nesse contexto que envolve recursos, preocupações com a sustentabilidade as inovações que orientaram a presente pesquisa são coladas com a realidade local, com intuito de atender tanto a sustentabilidade quanto resolver impasses que tem impedido progressos substanciais no cruzamento da pobreza, sustentabilidade e meio ambiente. As preocupações, relacionadas à redução da pobreza é um fato que tem sido motivo de preocupação, inclusive no megabioma amazônico, apesar desse ser considerado rico e potencialmente rentável; tem transcendido os limites individuais, empresariais e nacionais, passando a ser uma preocupação global. Nos anos 2000, se consolidou a ideia de que as empresas têm um papel importante na redução da pobreza e a partir disso surge a teoria Base da Pirâmide (BoP) visando possibilitar o consumo para os pobres (BoP 1.0); no entanto por mais que essa teoria tenha avançado possibilitando maior participação dos pobres os envolvendo como co-criadores (BoP 2.0) esta ainda continua os considerando como sujeito passivo ou meros consumidores/colaboradores, visto que a renda por agregação de valor aos produtos (co-criadores) fica com a empresa, ou seja, a teoria não tem sido aproveitada para a produção a partir dos recursos naturais, com vistas a geração de renda, a melhoria na qualidade de vida e organização sustentável, principalmente numa região como a Amazônica. Assim, considerando as oportunidades existentes no megabioma amazônico, tem-se o entendimento que as oportunidades da BoP, podem ir além do consumo (BoP 1.0) ou co-criação de valor (BoP 2.0) e, com foco nos produtores da BoP (produtores de PFNMs), de forma organizada, podem ser desenvolvidas alternativas de melhoria de qualidade de vida, baseado em recursos naturais renováveis sustentáveis, emergindo a questão principal da presente pesquisa: A exploração dos recursos naturais amazônicos, de forma sustentável, pelos produtores BoP, caracteriza-se como uma nova abordagem da BoP, indo além do que é preconizado pela BoP 1.0 e BoP 2.0? Para se chegar a isso, a presente pesquisa está sendo norteada pelos temas: Sustentabilidade e Desenvolvimento sustentável, Recursos Naturais; Visão Baseada em Recursos Internos (VBRI); Inovação e Inovação orientada para a sustentabilidade; Base da Pirâmide (BoP), e PFNMs (produtos florestais não madeiráveis), nesse caso são os produtos naturais renováveis amazônicos. O objetivo é o de propor e aplicar um framework de sustentabilidade da BoP, para organizações que atuem com recursos naturais renováveis, para os produtores (PFNMs) da BoP, do megabioma amazônico. A pesquisa é exploratória e descritiva, de natureza qualitativa. Foram coletados dados secundários e primários. Os dados primários utilizou como método de coleta de dados a entrevista semiaberta, visita e observação in loco. Para tratamento dos dados, foi utilizado a técnica de análise de conteúdo. O objeto de estudo foi a organização RECA – Reflorestamento Econômico Consorciado Adensado, que é uma Associação de pequenos agrossilvicultores, localizada em Nova Califórnia (RO). O projeto RECA possui mais de 2.700 hectares de Sistema Agroflorestal - SAFs implantados, utilizando vários tipos e esquemas de plantios com menos de 5% de áreas de monoculturas. Os resultados obtidos foram ricos e os mais relevantes foram: para que os produtores da BoP, de recursos naturais renováveis, de forma sustentável, possam ser sujeitos e tenham a governança das suas atividades necessita-se de uma nova visão da BoP (BoP 3.0); um novo tipo de negócio social do tipo associação-cooperativa foi criada; o uso dos tipos de recursos mobilizáveis e mobilizadores permitem uma análise multinível sustentável dos recursos naturais renováveis; numa BoP para produtores da BoP a ordem de importância das dimensões de sustentabilideade é social, ambiental e econômica, respectivamente; foi identificado um sistema de produção resultado de uma articulação do uso de recursos coletivos (da organização) e individuais (de cada produtor); necessita-se de um olhar para a inovação orientada para a sustentabilidade que seja interativa e não-linear; as relações deixam de ser dos produtores da ToP (topo da pirâmide) para a BoP e passam a ser dos produtores da BoP, tanto para os consumidores da ToP como os próprios consumidores da BoP. / The progress of the development actions have been placing challenges on the resource management, the various details of the types of resources available for use by organizations (in the area of business administration), or by geographical location, climate, topography and / or other local specificities, such as natural resources, they are escaping the standards imposed by the dominant strategic theoretical approaches currently in social sciences. In the case of megabioma Amazon, because of the patrimonial greatness and their specific locations, there are natural resources that are unique and inimitable, either individually or by the whole megabioma, despite the context of poverty in the region. To the extent that you are forced to use these resources, either by individuals, or by organizations, one can generate different types of conflicts, because the use of natural resources and environmental conflicts are repercussion scenarios for society due to promoting changes in the ecological and social development proposals. In this context, it takes the concerns of citizens, institutions and governments, requiring, however, an adequate knowledge of nature, its potential and dimensions, regarding the use of this guarantee and for future generations of the resources needed and their survival with quality of life, i.e., sustainability in this direction is in line with an environmentally sound management (sustainable) socially, just and economically viable, considering them as pillars of Sustainable Social dimensions, Environmental and Economic dimensions that guided this research. In this aspect of knowing how this process could occur in the Amazon, the Path Dependence theory was taken advantage of, enabling to organize in a methodological and theoretical trajectory way and the knowledge needed to obtain sustainable production, satisfaction with market allies and the business opportunities for local communities. So in this context, that involves resources, concerns about the sustainability innovations that guided this research are bonded with the local reality, in order to meet both sustainability as much as resolve impasses that have prevented substantial progress at the intersection of poverty, sustainability and environment. The concerns, related to the reduction of poverty is a fact that has been of concern, including Amazon megabioma, despite this being considered rich and potentially profitable, it has transcended the individual limits, corporate and national, becoming a global concern. In the 2000s, it has consolidated the idea that businesses have an important role in poverty reduction and from this arises the theory Base of the Pyramid (BoP), in order to enable the consumption for the poor (BoP 1.0), however as much as this theory has advanced, enabling greater participation, by involving the poor as co-creators (BoP 2.0), this is still considering the taxpayer or as mere consumers / employees, since the income for adding value to the products (co-creators) is with the company, ie, the theory has not been used for the production of the natural resources, with a view to generating income, improving the quality of life and sustainable organization, especially in a region like the Amazon. Thus, considering the opportunities in megabioma Amazon, it has been the understanding that the BoP opportunities, can go beyond consumption (BoP 1.0) or co-creation of value (BoP 2.0), and focusing on the BoP producers (producers NTFP), in an organized manner, alternatives can be developed to improve quality of life, based on sustainable renewable natural resources, emerging from the main question of this research: Is the Amazonian exploitation of natural resources in a sustainable manner, by BoP producers, characterizes as a new approach to the BoP, going beyond what is recommended by the BoP 1.0 and BoP 2.0? To achieve this, this research is guided by themes: Sustainability and Sustainable Development, Natural Resources, Internal Resource Based View (VBRI); Innovation and Innovation geared towards sustainability, Base of the Pyramid (BoP) and NTFPs (non-timber forest products), in which case the products are natural renewable Amazonia resources. The goal is to propose and apply a framework of sustainability of BoP for organizations that operate with natural renewable resources for producers (NTFPs) of BoP, the megabioma Amazon. The research is exploratory and descriptive; of qualitative nature. We collected primary and secondary data. The primary data used as a method of data collection to semi-open interview, visits and on-site observation. For data processing, we used the technique of content analysis. The object of study was the organization RECA - Reforestation Economic Dense Joint Venture, which is an association of small agro foresters, localized in New California (RO). The project RECA has over 2,700 acres of Agro Forestry System - SAF deployed using various types and planting schemes with less than 5% of areas of monoculture. The results were rich and the most relevant were: for the BoP producers of renewable natural resources sustainably, and they may be subject to the governance, what their activities need, is a new vision of BoP (BoP 3.0) , a new type of social business-type cooperative association was created, the use of the types of resources deployable and mobilizes allowing a multilevel analysis of sustainable natural renewable resources for BoP and for a producers of BoP, in order of importance of the social dimensions of sustainability is, environmental and economic, respectively; identified a production system result of a joint use of collective resources (the organization) and individual (each producer); it needs a look at innovation geared towards sustainability that is interactive and non-linear; relations cease to be producers of ToP (top of the pyramid) to the BoP and become producers of BoP, both for consumers of ToP as for the consumer of BoP.

De nouveaux polyuréthanes ont été synthétisés sans isocyanate et en intégrant des synthons biosourcés afin de développer des matériaux innovants et performants pour des applications dans le domaine de l’industrie automobile et du bâtiment. À l’issue d’un état de l’art, divers synthons et différentes stratégies ont été retenus afin d’obtenir de nouvelles architectures (macro)moléculaires et conférer aux matériaux finaux les propriétés physico-chimiques recherchées. Dans un premier temps, la réaction entre un biscyclocarbonate issu d’une molécule modèle, l’acide sébacique, et des diamines dimériques ainsi que plusieurs paramètres réactionnels ont été étudiés. Cette première étude a permis de montrer l’intérêt du ratio entre les monomères ainsi que l’influence de la fonctionnalité des diamines sur les propriétés chimiques, thermiques, rhéologiques et mécaniques des matériaux polyuréthanes sans isocyanate. Cette approche a permis dans un second temps de synthétiser des matériaux pouvant être entièrement biosourcés et de comparer leurs propriétés à celles des polyuréthanes conventionnels. Les performances de certains des matériaux thermodurcissables obtenus ont confirmé l’intérêt de cette stratégie pour les applications visées. Enfin, une troisième approche a été consacrée à la synthèse de polyuréthanes sans isocyanate thermoplastiques via la synthèse de prépolymères. Les différentes études ont montré l’importance de la structure des divers synthons sur l’organisation macromoléculaire, et ainsi sur les propriétés des matériaux finaux. / Novative and performant polyurethane materials without isocyanate were synthesized using biobased molecules for applications in automotive and building industries. After a state of the art, different building blocks were selected and various strategies were established to develop new (macro)molecular architectures. First, reactions between a biscyclocarbonate from a model structure and dimer diamines were studied as well as the impact of various reaction parameters. Secondly, this approach was adapted to fully biobased materials. The properties of these nonisocyanate polyurethanes were compared with those of conventional ones. The influence of the monomer structures on the final materials was also demonstrated. The performance of some thermoset materials have confirmed the importance of the chosen strategies for the desired applications. Finally, a third approach was dedicated to the synthesis of thermoplastic nonisocyanate polyurethanes via a prepolymer synthesis. The various studies have revealed the specific impact of the building block structure on the macromolecular organization, and thus on the properties of the final materials.

Despite the growing movement of the share of renewable sources in the global energy matrix, the weight of sources such as natural gas, coal and petroleum derivatives is considerably significant. In this respect, the need for diversification of the energy matrix is evident and urgent, mainly due to the growing demand for energy, and requires appropriate planning of the matrix transition process in order to attend the growing demand on a sustainable basis and in a balanced way. Being the Distributed Generation (DG) a viable and real alternative to contribute to this scenario favorably, beyond the amount of intrinsic variables to DG that can impact positively or negatively on the electrical system, the development of methods and tools to support the usual techniques of planning need to be reviewed. In this sense, it is proposed in this study a methodology for mapping and prioritizing of DG sources from renewable resources, to support the new perspective of distribution planning. The focus is given to the wind power, photovoltaic, hydro and biomass, dealt in the current literature as the most promising for diversification of energy sources. The methodology includes the realization of a mapping of available energy resources in an enclosed area for study, indicating the most favorable places of exploitation. Documents already established concerning energy potential, such as atlas and energy balances, are used as reference information for the mapping. Once mapped the resources available, it is estimated the energy capacity that they represent, through methods and equations which consider the main variables to estimate the potential of each source. The methodology also includes a step of prioritization of mapped sources from multiple quantitative and qualitative criteria, to indicate the best form of participation of them in two different perspectives of analysis. The first one under the point of view of electric utilities, with the focus on the potential use to support the system expansion and operation, and the second one from the perspective of investors, aimed at exploitation the potential for expansion of its generation mix. For the multi-criteria approach of prioritizing the sources it is used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The modeling is applied as a case study from the area of operation of a electric utility in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. / Apesar do movimento crescente da participação de renováveis na matriz energética global, o peso de fontes como gás natural, carvão e derivados do petróleo é consideravelmente significativo. Neste aspecto, a necessidade de diversificação da matriz elétrica é notória e urgente, principalmente pela demanda crescente por energia, e requer um planejamento adequado do processo de transição da matriz, de modo a atender o crescimento de demanda em bases sustentáveis e de forma equilibrada. Sendo a Geração Distribuída (GD) uma alternativa viável e concreta para contribuir favoravelmente com esse cenário, e ainda, considerando a quantidade de variáveis intrínsecas à GD que podem impactar positiva ou negativamente no sistema elétrico, o desenvolvimento de métodos e ferramentas para suporte às técnicas usuais de planejamento precisam ser revistos. Neste sentido, propõe-se nesse estudo uma metodologia para mapeamento e priorização de fontes de GD a partir de recursos renováveis para suporte à nova ótica de planejar a distribuição. O foco é dado para as fontes eólica, fotovoltaica, hídrica e biomassa, abordadas na literatura atual como as mais promissoras para diversificação da matriz energética. A metodologia contempla a realização de um mapeamento dos recursos energéticos disponíveis em uma área delimitada para estudo, indicando os pontos mais favoráveis de aproveitamento. Utilizam-se como referências de informações para o mapeamento, documentos já consolidados relativos ao potencial energético, tais como, atlas e balanços energéticos. Uma vez mapeado os recursos disponíveis, estima-se a capacidade energética que os mesmos representam, através de métodos e equacionamentos que consideram as variáveis principais de estimação do potencial de cada fonte. A metodologia contempla ainda a etapa de priorização das fontes mapeadas, a partir de múltiplos critérios de ordem quantitativa e qualitativa, de modo a indicar a melhor forma de participação das fontes em duas perspectivas distintas de análise. A primeira sob o ponto de vista da distribuidora, com o foco no aproveitamento do potencial para suporte à expansão e operação do sistema, e a segunda sob a ótica dos investidores, voltada para o aproveitamento do potencial para expansão do seu mix de geração. Para a abordagem multicritério de priorização das fontes utiliza-se o método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A modelagem é aplicada a partir de um estudo de caso desenvolvido na área de atuação de uma distribuidora de energia do estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

This thesis addresses three themes relating to climate change. The first is which types of fossil fuel to leave in the ground when they can differ in both their extraction cost and emissions rate. The analysis shows that without resource constraints there will always be use of at least one fossil fuel in the steady-state. With exhaustion constraints, any fossil fuel that has a lower extraction cost than the marginal cost of the backstop will be extracted in finite time regardless of the emissions rate. The only environmental consideration is the timing of extraction rather than leaving fossil fuel stock in the ground forever. The second theme is how altruistic concern of individuals for the well-being of others influences the socially optimal consumption levels and optimal emissions tax in a global context. If individuals have altruistic concern but believe that their consumption is negligible, they will not change their behaviour. However, non-cooperative governments maximising domestic welfare will internalise some of the damage inflicted on other countries depending on the level of altruistic concern individuals have and the cooperative optimum also changes as altruism leads individuals to effectively experience damage in other countries as well as the direct damage to them. Still, for behaviour to change, individuals need to make their decisions in a different way. The third chapter develops a new theory of moral behaviour whereby individuals balance the cost of not acting in their own self-interest against the hypothetical moral value of adopting a Kantian form of behaviour, asking what would happen if everyone else acted in the same way as they did. If individuals behave this way, then altruism matters and it may induce individuals to cut back their consumption. But nevertheless the optimal environmental tax is exactly the same as the standard Pigovian tax.

The thesis with the topic State Aid and Taxation of Renewable Resources deals with the renewable resources in general, reason of their support, function of renewable resources powerplants etc. This thesis describes also the state aid of renewable resources in the Czech Republic and their taxation as well. A small part of this thesis analyzes the state aid in the other EU countires and contains their comparision with the Czech Republic.

The thesis is focused on analyzing and evaluation of importance and potential of fast-growing woody species for specifics of Czech economy and local conditions. Thesis will inquire into applicability of each fast-growing species for Czech natural conditions. Further I will investigate opportunities of subvention from public authorities. Next part of thesis will be focused on all activities and processes during cultivation of fast-growing species from acquiring land to processing of wooden mass. For each activity will quantify costs of labor and physical capital during cultivation of fast-growing woody species for different subjects in Czech economy, like household owning a soil or company with unused outside areas. Thesis will be comparing possible energetic savings of profits for a number of alternatives with different energy prices development in ongoing years. Practical output of this thesis should not be only the compilation of all these information into one text, but above all also a complex formula which everyone can use for the calculation of his opportunities for cultivating of fast-growing woody species.

The aim of this master's thesis is the evaluation of a company, of which the purpose of its existence is the development and running of a photovoltaic power plant. The estimated value refers to December 31st, 2011 and is determined for the purpose of potential sale of the company. The thesis consists of theoretical part, which includes determination of basic terms and concept of the evaluation process, and the practical application of theoretical knowledge on the specific company. A brief presentation of the company is followed by the strategic analysis, which identifies the most important opportunities and threats for the company in the future. Together with a review of previous company's financial results it represents the initial point for the preparation of a financial plan. The final part of the thesis includes the evaluation of the company in two versions. The first one is based on the assumption of termination company's activity after a specific period. The second one is based on the going-concern principle. The statement about the value of the company is supplemented by the valuation of the investment project.

<p>U ovom radu vr&scaron;ena su istraživanja u cilju razvoja novih postupaka sinteze za nekoliko vrsta polimernih mreža i hibridnih biopolimernih materijala za specijalne primene. Cilj je bio da se razvije novi postupak sinteze rotaksana na bazi poli(etilen glikola) i &beta;-ciklodekstrina kaoprekursora mreža. Dobijeni prekursori mreža iskori&scaron;ćeni su za sintezu topolo&scaron;kih gelova koji su umreženi preko hidroksilnih grupa ciklodekstrinskih prstena. Analiziran je i uticaj količine umreživača, odnosno gustine umreženja, na svojstva bubrenja. Proučavan je i uticaj nanopunila na svojstva modelnih epoksi mreža na bazi bisfenola A i poli(oksi propilen) diamina. Kao punila kori&scaron;ćene su nanočestice nemodifikovanog i povr&scaron;inski modifikovanog titanijum(IV)oksida (TiO₂). Dinamičko-mehaničkom analizom potvrđen je ojačavajući efekat punila. Razvijen je postupak sinteze poli(D,L-laktida) u mikrotalasnom polju, čime je drastično smanjeno vreme polimerizacije (sa 150 sati na 15 minuta) u odnosu na klasičnu termosintezu. Sintezom poli(laktida) kao i kopolimera poli(laktida) sa biorazgradivim monomerima (na osnovu obnovljivih sirovina) dobijeni su materijali izuzetnih ekolo&scaron;kih svojstava. Poli(laktid) se odlikuje veoma dobrim mehaničkim svojstvima i biorazgradivo&scaron;ću, dok je blok-kopolimerizacijom sa drugim biorazgradivim monomerima vr&scaron;ena sinteza termoplastičnih poliestara. Variranje dužine segmenata je ostvareno sintezom adekvatnih oligomera kao prekursora za kopolimerizaciju. Vr&scaron;eno je projektovanje sirovinskog sastava segmentiranih elastomera kod kojih postojanje mekih i tvrdih segmenata ima za posledicu mikrofaznu separaciju faza &scaron;to u toku eksploatacije utiče na mehanička svojstva i mogućnost III razgradnje. Na taj način dobijeni su elastomerni materijali željenih svojstava. Metodama FTIC i 1H NMR spektroskopijom potvrđena je pretpostavljena struktura segmenata i finalnih termoplastičnih poliestara. Analizom molskih masa poliestara metodama gel propusne hromatografije, viskozimetrije i osmometrije napona pare, potvrđena je izuzetna kontrola reakcija polimerizacije i uspe&scaron;nost primenjenih metoda sinteze. Analiza toplotnih svojstava blok poliestara diferencijalno skenirajućom kalorimetrijom je pokazala da zbog neme&scaron;ljivosti faza, tvrdih i mekih segmenata, finalni blok poliestri mogu da pokažu razlike u temperaturama faznih transformacija u zavisnosti od dužine i udela segmenata. Termogravimetrijskom analizom je potvrđen uticaj dužine segmenata i faznog razdvajanja na toplotna svojstva termoplastičnih poliestara. Očekuje se da će sintetisani materijali biti podesni za primene u inženjerstvu tkiva, a posebno kao materijali za kontrolisano otpu&scaron;tanje lekova.</p> / <p>The primary goal of the work described in this thesis was to develop new methods for the<br />synthesis of polymer networks and hybrid biopolymers for special applications. The purpose was a development of synthesis procedure for the preparation of rotaxane based on poly(ethylene glycol) and &beta;-cyclodextrin, as network precursors. These network precursors were then cross-linked through hydroxy groups on cyclodextrine rings. Polyrotaxanes are intermediary products in the synthesis of topological gels and they are formed by the insertion of the linear polymer chains of poly(ethylene oxide) into the &beta;-CD cavities. In this work polyrotaxanes from acetylated-&beta;-CD and poly(ethylene oxide) were synthesized. The influence of crosslinker contents, and crosslink density on swelling properties was investigated. The influence of synthesis parameters and filler modification on reactions and final properties of organic-inorganic hybrid materials based on epoxy resin and an organically modified titanium(IV)oxide (TiO2) was investigated. Dynamic-mechanical analysis was used to determine reinforcement effect of nanofiller on the epoxy resin properties. The aim of this work was the investigation of microwave irradiation on the polymerization of D,L-lactide. It was found that if heating is carried out in the microwave field polymerization time of D,Llactide rapidly decreases from 150 hours to 15 minutes. Environmentally friendly materials were obtained from poly(lactide) and copolymers of poly(lactide) and monomers based on renewable resources. Poly(lactide) is biocompatible and biodegradable polymer with high stretching and low extension capacities. It has been used for the production of orthopedic fraction fixators and sutures surgery. Poly(lactide) was used for thermoplastic polyester (TPE) synthesis. Most thermoplastic polyesters derive their properties from segmented or block structures which are achieved by alternating hard and soft segments. FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy were confirmed the assumed structure of segments and final thermoplastic polyesters. Since the properties of these materials strongly depend on the degree of phase separation, the influence of the lenghts of soft and hard segment on final properties of obtained TPEs was studied. Analysis of molecular mass of these polyesters by gel permeation chromatography, vapor pressure osmometry and viscozimetric analysis confirmed that good control of polymerization was achieved and that synthesis methods were successful. Thermal properties were characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Phase separation had strong influences on thermal properties of obtained TPEs. DCS measurements showed that due to poor mixability of hard and soft segments, final block polyesters could have different temperatures of phase transitions depending on the length of the segments. Thermal degradation and the influence of phase separation on thermal stability of segmented thermoplastic polyesters were confirmed by nonisothermal analysis, using thermogravimetric analysis. It is expected that synthesized materials will be suitable for tissue engineering and as drug carriers.</p>

This semestral thesis focuses on the description of specific renewable resources in the form of thermophotovoltaic cells using selective radiators with micro/nano structures. This work deals with an introduction of renewable resources and specifically focuses on thermophotovoltaic. Thesis describes basic principles, but also influences affecting the proper functioning of these systems. It also focuses on selective radiators, which are created by mikro/nano structures, and factors that can affect their implementation or simulation. Part of the work are also examples of calculations of basic parameters of the structures, which will be used in the simulations. Next chapters are dealing with simulations which are analyzing thermal effects on termophotovoltaic system. Except the analysis itself there is also partial optimalization solving some of the negative thermal effects.