Les phénomènes de clustering caractérisent plusieurs domaines des sciences naturelles et de la sociologie. Ils consistent en l'auto-organisation de groupes d'objets en sous-groupes corrélés, en introduisant des symétries et, dans certains cas, un certain degré d'ordre dans le système global. En physique nucléaire, ces aspects représentent l'un des effets les plus fascinants induits par le principe de Pauli dans les noyaux. Leur investigation est un outil extrêmement puissant pour comprendre le comportement des forces nucléaires dans les systèmes d’N corps avec interactions les unes les autres. Dans ce thèse, je discute des résultats d'une campagne expérimentale qui explore les aspects de clustering dans les systèmes nucléaires légers à partir d'une approche multi-méthodique et en utilisant des techniques différentes et complémentaires. Le travail commence avec le noyau 10Be, prévu pour être constitué par une structure de cluster moléculaire de deux particules alpha liées par les deux neutrons de valence supplémentaire. L'expérience a été réalisée avec des faisceaux de 10Be produits au laboratoire INFN-LNS avec la technique de fragmentation des projectiles FRIBs. À travers des techniques de corrélation particule-particule, des signaux d'un nouvel état appartenant possiblement à la bande de rotation moléculaire de 10Be ont été observés. Autres noyaux appartenants à la chaîne isotopique du carbone ont également été étudiés pour comprendre comment les phénomènes de clustering évoluent avec l'excès de neutrons. Pour 11C et 13C, nous avons utilisé les réactions nucléaires 10B(p,a) et 9Be(a,a), respectivement, à basse énergie. Ces mesures ont été conduites à l'accélérateur TANDEM de Naples. Les sections efficaces différentielles et les distributions angulaires, ainsi que autres données disponibles dans la littérature, ont été reproduites par des calculs R-matrix, ce qui nous a permis d'affiner la structure de ces noyaux et de suggérer l'existence d'états à cluster.Le noyau 16C a été étudié avec la même configuration expérimentale utilisée dans le cas du 10Be mais avec un faisceau secondaire très intense. J'ai observé des contributions non négligeables dans les voies de désintégration à deux et à trois corps pour le 16C, voies qui représentent des désintégrations extrêmement rares. Enfin, l'état de Hoyle dans 12C (7.654 MeV,0+) a été étudié avec une expérience de haute précision en utilisant la réaction 14N(d,a) à 10,5 MeV à INFN-LNS. L'étude a fourni un limite supérieure pour la voie de désintégration directe en trois alpha avec une précision sans précédent. Ce résultat, qui améliore d'un facteur 5 l'état actuel de la technique, fournit une contrainte importante aux modèles de structure théorique ainsi qu'aux calculs de nucléosynthèse stellaire responsables de l'origine des éléments dans l'univers. Les phénomènes de clustering ont également été étudiés dans les noyaux 19F et 20Ne avec la réaction 19F(p,a) à très basse énergie à l'accélérateur AN-2000 de l'INFN-LNL. Une analyse par R-matrix de la section efficace intégrée a été utilisée pour fournir des informations sur la structure du noyau composé 20Ne avec des implications astrophysiques sur le cycle CNO dans les étoiles. J'ai également étudié les collisions entre les ions lourds à des énergies intermédiaires pour explorer les phénomènes de clustering dans la matière nucléaire diluée et chaude. J'ai développé un modèle thermique des corrélations particules-particules pour décrire la population d'états non liés produits lors de l'évolution des collisions Ar+Ni violentes à 32-95 MeV par nucléon. Les limites d'une approche purement thermique dans un tel système dynamique ont été discutées, avec des idées possibles pour expliquer le mécanisme qui peuplent les états internes dans les noyaux 8Be en discutant l'interconnexion entre la thermodynamique et les effets d'interaction d’état final. Ces études sont importants pour décrire la formation de clusters dans la matière nucléaire. / Clustering phenomena characterise several fields of natural sciences and sociology. They consist on the self-organisation of groups of objects in correlated sub-groups, introducing symmetries and, in some cases, a certain degree of order in the overall system. In nuclear physics, these aspects represent one of the most fascinating effects induced by the Pauli principle in nuclei. Their investigation is an extremely powerful tool to understand the behaviour of nuclear forces in N-body interacting systems. In this thesis, I discuss the results of an experimental campaign that explores clustering aspects in light nuclear systems from a multi-methodic approach and by using different and complementary techniques.The work start with the 10Be nucleus, predicted to be constituted by a molecular cluster structure of two alpha particles kept bound by the two extra valence neutrons. The experiment has been performed with 10Be beams produced at the INFN-LNS laboratory with the FRIBs projectile fragmentation technique. By means of particle-particle correlation techniques, signals of a new state possibly belonging to the 10Be molecular rotational band were observed. Other nuclei along the carbon isotopic chain were also investigated to understand how clustering phenomena evolve with neutron excess. For 11C and 13C we used 10B(p,alpha) and 9Be(alpha,alpha) nuclear reactions, respectively, at low energies. These measurements were made at the tandem accelerator in Naples. Measured Differential cross sections and angular distributions, together with other data available in the literature, were reproduced by R-matrix calculations, which allowed us to refine the spectroscopy of such nuclei and suggest the existence of cluster states, possibly members of molecular rotational bands. The 16C nucleus was investigated with the same setup used in the 10Be case with a very intense secondary beam. I have observed non vanishing yields in both two-body and three-body cluster disintegration channels for 16C which represent extremely rare decays. Finally, the Hoyle state in 12C (7.654 MeV, 0+) was investigated in a high-precision experiment by using the 14N(d,a) reaction at 10.5 MeV at INFN-LNS. The study has provided an upper limit to the direct three-alpha decay process of such state with an unprecedented precision. This result, which improves of a factor 5 the existing state of the art, provides important constraint to theoretical structure models as well as to stellar nucleosynthesis calculations aiming at revealing the origin of elements in the universe. Clustering phenomena have also been studied in 19F and 20Ne nuclei with the 19F(p,a) reaction at very low energies at the AN-2000 accelerator of the INFN-LNL. An R-matrix analysis of the integrated cross-section was used to provide information on the structure of the 20Ne compound nucleus with its astrophysical implications on the CNO cycle in stars.I have also used heavy ion collisions at intermediate energies to explore clustering phenomena in dilute and hot nuclear matter. I have developed a thermal model of particle-particle correlations whit the aim of describing the population of decaying unbound states produced during the evolution of violent Ar+Ni collisions at 32-95 MeV per nucleon. The limitations of a purely thermal approach in such a dynamical system have been discussed, with possible ideas to explain the mechanism which populate internal states in 8Be cluster states accounting for the interplay of thermodynamics with final state interaction effects. Such studies are relevant to model cluster formation in nuclear matter.

Une fermeture de sous-couche à N=70 dans le ¹¹⁰Zr a longtemps été considérée comme une explication possible du désaccord entre la théorie et les abondances observées des éléments lourds près de la masse 130 résultant du processus de capture rapide des neutrons (processus r). Le processus r n’est pas bien compris en partie à cause des incertitudes relatives aux mécanismes d'évolution de la structure en couches des noyaux riches en neutrons. La fermeture de sous-couche dans le ¹¹⁰Zr, bien qu’improbable, pourrait résulter d’une symétrie tétraédrique ou sphérique. Ces symétries laissent des indications distinctes sur la structure des niveaux de basse énergie et leur effet peut donc être détecté par une simple mesure de spectroscopie. Le système MINOS a été employé à l'installation de faisceaux d'isotopes radioactifs (RIBF) de RIKEN au Japon pour effectuer la première spectroscopie du ¹¹⁰Zr. MINOS, développé au CEA-IRFU, combine une cible de protons épaisse avec un dispositif de reconstruction de vertex de réaction pour permettre une spectroscopie à haute résolution des noyaux rares. Les états de basse énergie dans le ¹¹⁰Zr ont été peuplés par arrachage des protons de la cible MINOS, et les rayons gamma de désexcitation ont été détectés avec l'ensemble de scintillateurs DALI2. Les résultats sont compatibles avec un noyau bien déformé. Aucune preuve n’est obtenue pour une fermeture de sous-couche à N = 70 ni en faveur de la symétrie tétraédrique. Une étude complémentaire explore les sections efficaces inclusives pour les réactions (p,2p) et (p,pn) avec les noyaux riches en neutrons. Environ 60 sections efficaces inclusives ont été mesuré pour l’arrachage d'un nucléon sur la cible MINOS. La systématique (p,2p) montre une augmentation de la section efficace pour les noyaux fils de Z impair, ce qui révèle l'importance des corrélations d'appariement. Les sections (p,pn) sont plus grandes que les sections efficaces (p,2p), d'environ un facteur 10, distribuées aléatoirement autour de 60 mb. La comparaison avec les modèles semi-classiques suggère que ces deux systématiques peuvent être expliquées par le rôle important des corrélations d'appariement dans les systématiques de réactions directes induites par les noyaux exotiques. Enfin, des simulations électrostatiques ont été menés pour optimiser la cage de champ électrique de la chambre de projection temporelle MINOS, en vue d'une future application pour un nouveau programme de physique au CERN appelé PUMA. / A predicted N=70 subshell closure in ¹¹⁰Zr has long been considered a potential explanation for the disagreement between theory and observed abundances of the heavy elements near mass 130 resulting from the rapid neutron capture process (r-process). The r-process is not well understood, due in part to the uncertainties of the neutron-rich structure evolution mechanisms. A subshell closure in ¹¹⁰Zr, though unlikely, could result from either a tetrahedral or spherical symmetry. Each of these symmetries leaves distinct fingerprints on the low lying level structure, and thus can be discerned with a simple spectroscopy measurement. The MINOS system has been used at the Radioactive Isotope Beam Factory of RIKEN in Japan to perform the first spectroscopy of ¹¹⁰Zr. MINOS, developed at CEA-IRFU, combines a thick proton target with a vertex tracker to allow high resolution spectroscopy of rare nuclei. Low lying states in ¹¹⁰Zr were populated via proton removal on the MI- NOS target, and deexcitation gamma rays detected with the DALI2 scintillator array. Results are consistent with a well deformed nucleus. No evidence is found for a subshell closure at N=70 nor tetrahedral symmetry. A complementary study explores inclusive cross sections for (p,2p) and (p,pn) reactions with neutron rich nuclei. Approximately 60 inclusive cross sections have been measured for single nucleon removal on the MINOS target. The (p,2p) systematics reveal an enhanced cross section to odd-Z daughter nuclei, pointing to the importance of pairing correlations. The (p,pn) cross sections are approximately a factor of 10 larger than the (p,2p) cross sections, randomly distributed around 60 mb. Comparison with semi-classical models suggest that both these systematics can be explained by the important role of pairing correlations in direct reaction systematics for exotic nuclei. Finally, the electric field cage of the MINOS time projection chamber is optimized with electrostatic simulations in view of a future application as a pion tracker for antiproton-nucleus collisions in a new physics program at CERN called PUMA.

The majority of the light elements up to iron (Fe) are formed by successive rounds of thermonuclear fusion burning in the stellar interiors. The nuclei heavier than iron (Z>26) are being synthesized mainly by neutron-capture reactions - the astrophysical r-and s-processes. There are 35 neutron deficient stable isotopes between Se and Hg which are shielded from the rapid neutron capture by stable isobars. These so-called p-nuclei are produced in explosive stellar environments via photodisintegration reactions like (γ,n), (γ,p) and (γ,α) on r- or s-seed nuclei. The reaction rates of the p-nuclei are mostly based on theoretical parameterizations using statistical model calculations. At the bremsstrahlung facility of the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE, photon-induced reactions of the p-nuclei are being studied. In the scope of this thesis work, photodisintegration measurements of the p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm have been performed via the photoactivation technique. The residual nuclei resulting from photoactivation were studied via γ-ray spectroscopy. For the decay measurements of short-lived nuclei, a pneumatic delivery system has been used. In the case of 144Sm(°,p) and 144Sm(γ,α) reactions, the activated samarium samples with very low counting statistics were measured at the underground laboratory "Felsenkeller" in Dresden. The experimental activation yields for the 144Sm (γ,n), (γ,p) and (γ, α) and the 92Mo(γ,α) reactions were determined. It is to be emphasized that the (γ,p) and (γ,α) reactions were measured for the first time in a laboratory at astrophysically relevant energies. In all the mentioned experiments, special care was taken to determine the endpoint energy of the bremsstrahlung spectra by using the photodisintegration of deuteron. The 197Au(γ,n)196Au reaction has been established as an activation standard. The photoactivation yields for the 197Au(γ,n) and 144Sm(γ,n) reactions have been compared to the yield calculated using cross sections from previous photoneutron experiments. A comparison of the two data sets leads to a conclusion on the inaccuracies in previous data. The statistical uncertainties involved in the activation experiments are very small except for the case of decay spectra with weak counting statistics. The systematic uncertainties are mostly from the experimental determination of photon flux. A detailed discussion of the overall uncertainty is provided. Hauser-Feshbach statistical model calculations using TALYS and NON-SMOKER codes have been performed for all the concerned reactions. The experimental activation yields, in general, agree within a factor of 2 to the simulated yields using statistical model predictions. The sensitivity of the model codes to the nuclear physics inputs like optical-model potentials, nuclear level densities and γ-ray strength functions has been tested.

The majority of the light elements up to iron (Fe) are formed by successive rounds of ther- monuclear fusion burning in the stellar interiors. The nuclei heavier than iron (Z>26) are being synthesized mainly by neutron-capture reactions - the astrophysical r-and s-processes. There are 35 neutron de¯cient stable isotopes between Se and Hg which are shielded from the rapid neutron capture by stable isobars. These so-called p-nuclei are produced in explosive stellar environments via photodisintegration reactions like (°,n), (°,p) and (°,®) on r- or s- seed nuclei. The reaction rates of the p-nuclei are mostly based on theoretical parameteriza- tions using statistical model calculations. At the bremsstrahlung facility of the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE, photon-induced reactions of the p-nuclei are being studied. In the scope of this thesis work, photodisintegration measurements of the p-nuclei 92Mo and 144Sm have been performed via the photoactivation technique. The residual nuclei resulting from photoactivation were studied via °-ray spectroscopy. For the decay measurements of short-lived nuclei, a pneumatic delivery system has been used. In the case of 144Sm(°,p) and 144Sm(°,®) reactions, the activated samarium samples with very low counting statistics were measured at the underground laboratory "Felsenkeller" in Dresden. The experimental activa- tion yields for the 144Sm (°,n), (°,p) and (°; ®) and the 92Mo(°; ®) reactions were determined. It is to be emphasized that the (°,p) and (°; ®) reactions were measured for the ¯rst time in a laboratory at astrophysically relevant energies. In all the mentioned experiments, special care was taken to determine the endpoint energy of the bremsstrahlung spectra by using the photodisintegration of deuteron. The 197Au(°,n)196Au reaction has been established as an activation standard. The photoactivation yields for the 197Au(°,n) and 144Sm(°; n) reactions have been compared to the yield calculated using cross sections from previous photoneutron experiments. A comparison of the two data sets leads to a conclusion on the inaccuracies in previous data. The statistical uncertainties involved in the activation experiments are very small except for the case of decay spectra with weak counting statistics. The systematic uncertainties are mostly from the experimental determination of photon °ux. A detailed discussion of the overall uncertainty is provided. Hauser-Feshbach statistical model calculations using TALYS and NON-SMOKER codes have been performed for all the concerned reactions. The experimental activation yields, in general, agree within a factor of 2 to the simulated yields using statistical model predictions. The sensitivity of the model codes to the nuclear physics inputs like optical-model potentials, nuclear level densities and °-ray strength functions has been tested.

BACKGROUND: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical condition that is characterized by mild changes in cognition. The amnestic form of MCI (aMCI) primarily affects memory and is thought to represent a stage between healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The medial temporal lobe (MTL) and the limbic system are two areas of the brain that have been implicated in the amnestic form of MCI. While MCI represents a risk factor for AD, it does not always lead to dementias. Being a carrier of the APOE Ɛ4 allele has also shown to increase chances of progression from MCI to AD. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the subnuclei of the amygdala, along with other specific regions within the MTL, can differentiate between cognitively normal individuals and age-matched subjects with aMCI. METHODS: T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from two sources, the Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center (BU-ADC) and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), was compiled for cross-sectional analysis. 95 scans in total from 45 cognitively normal participants and 50 diagnosed with aMCI were analyzed and the volumes of interest were automatically generated by the developmental version of FreeSurfer v6.0. To evaluate how well the volumes could predict either group membership (i.e. control group or MCI group) or APOE Ɛ4 status (i.e. carrier or noncarrier), the variables were assessed by nominal logistic regression models. RESULTS: Six of the nine nuclei of the amygdala had significantly reduced volumes in the aMCI group compared to controls. The whole amygdala and the perirhinal cortex also demonstrated reduced volumes in the aMCI group compared to the control group. The whole amygdala was a good predictor of group membership (R2 = 0.1386, whole model test chi square = 18.21558, p = 0.0004), but none of the subnuclei were good predictors individually. A model containing the 9 nuclei, the entorhinal cortex, and the perirhinal cortex provided a good fit for predicting APOE Ɛ4 status fit (R2 = 0.3000, whole model test chi square = 36.29563, p = 0.0002) and the best predictor was the corticoamygdaloid transition area of the amygdala. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study confirm previous findings of reduced whole amygdala volume and add to the limited literature of reduced perirhinal cortex and amygdaloid nuclei volumes in MCI compared to healthy controls. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time the automatic segmentation atlas was used to analyze the volumes of nine subnuclei of the amygdala in a population of aMCI. Our model testing the volume of the whole amygdala accurately predicted aMCI subjects with 58% accuracy and controls with 70% accuracy; the accuracy rose to 69% when the entorhinal cortex and the perirhinal cortex were added to the model to predict aMCI subjects from controls. Additionally, the model for predicting APOE Ɛ4 status identified noncarriers of the allele at 85% accuracy. Future studies should consider increasing the sample size to better assess small ROIs and assess for differences in the separate hemispheres.

<p>Microscopy image analysis can provide substantial information for clinical study and understanding of the biological structure. Two-photon microscopy is a type of fluorescence microscopy that can visualize deep into tissue with near-infrared excitation light. Large 3D image volumes of complex subcellular are often produced, which calls for automatic image analysis techniques. Automatic methods that can obtain nuclei quantity in microscopy image volumes are needed for biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. In general, several challenges exist for counting nuclei in 3D image volumes. These include “crowding” and touching of nuclei, overlapping of two or morenuclei, and shape and size variances of the nuclei. In this thesis, a 3D nuclei counterusing two different generative adversarial networks (GAN) is proposed and evaluated.Synthetic data that resembles real microscopy image is generated with a GAN. The synthetic data is used to train another 3D GAN network that counts the number o fnuclei. Our approach is evaluated with respect to the number of ground truth nuclei and compared with common ways of counting used in the biological research.Fluorescence microscopy 3D image volumes of rat kidneys are used to test our 3D nuclei counter. The evaluation of both networks shows that the proposed technique is successful for counting nuclei in 3D. Then, a 3D segmentation and classification method to segment and identify individual nuclei in fluorescence microscopy volumes without having ground truth volumes is introduced. Three dimensional synthetic data is generated using the Recycle-GAN with the Hausdorff distance loss introduced into preserve the shape of individual nuclei. Realistic microscopy image volumes with nuclei segmentation mask and nucleus boundary ground truth volumes are generated.A subsequent 3D CNN with a regularization term that discourage detection out of nucleus boundary is used to detect and segment nuclei. Nuclei boundary refinement is then performed to enhance nuclei segmentation. Experimental results on our rat kidney dataset show the proposed method is competitive with respect to several state-of-the-art methods. A Distributed and Networked Analysis of Volumetric Image Data(DINAVID) system is developed to enable remote analysis of microscopy images for biologists. There are two main functions integrated in the system, a 3D visualization tool and a remote computing tool for nuclei segmentation. The 3D visualization enables real-time rendering of large volumes of microscopy data. The segmentation tool provides fast inferencing of pre-trained deep learning models trained with 5 different types of microscopy data.<br></p>

Chronic stress and dysfunction of the serotonergic system in the brain have been considered two of the major risks for development of depression. In this study, adult Fischer 344 rats were subjected to a regimen of chronic social defeat (CSD). To mimic stressful conditions, some rats were not exposed to CSD, but instead treated with corticosterone (CORT) in oral solution while maintained in their home cage. Protein levels of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), hippocampus, frontal cortex, and amygdala were examined by Western blotting or immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that CSD up-regulated SERT protein levels in the DRN, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and amygdala regions. This up-regulation was abolished or prevented by adrenalectomy, or treatment with antagonists of corticosteroid receptors mifepristone and spironolactone, alone or in combination. Similarly, up-regulated SERT protein levels in these brain regions were also observed in rats treated with oral CORT ingestion, which was analogously prevented by treatment with mifepristone and spironolactone. Furthermore, both CSD- and CORT-induced up-regulation of SERT protein levels in the DRN and three brain regions were attenuated by simultaneous treatment with fluoxetine, an antidepressant that specifically inhibits serotonin reuptake. The results indicate that up-regulation in SERT protein levels in the DRN and forebrain limbic structures caused by CSD regimen was mainly motivated by CORT through corticosteroid receptors. The present findings demonstrate that chronic stress is closely correlated with the serotonergic system by acting on the regulation of the SERT expression in the DRN and its projection regions, which may contribute to the development of depression. Chronic stress and dysfunction of the serotonergic system are etiologically related to depression. In an attempt to explore their interaction, we found that chronic social defeat upregulated expression of serotonin transporter in the DRN and the projection regions, which may induce an alteration of serotonin transformation in the brain. This interaction may account for the development of this disease.

Doctor Educationis / The progressive development of scintillator detectors has made it possible to perform direct electronic lifetime determination up to a few hundred nanoseconds. The 2” by 2” LaBr3:Ce detectors provide a combination of excellent time resolution and good energy resolution. Recently a fast timing array has been commissioned at iThemba LABS, Cape Town consisting of eight 2” by 2” LaBr3:Ce detectors. Test measurements using radioactive sources produced at the laboratory were conducted. Six 2” by 2” LaBr3:Ce detectors were coupled to the AFRODITE array as their first in-beam experiment. AFRODITE consisted of eight HPGe clover detectors as well as two 3.5” x 8” LaBr3:Ce detectors. A particle telescope was used to select the desired reaction channels. The reactions of interest 45Sc(p,d)44Sc and 45Sc(p,α) 42Ca were carried out at a beam energy of 27 MeV. The current analysis also investigates the rare earth nucleus 150Gd which was populated through 150Sm(α,4n)150Gd at a beam energy of 48 MeV. Through these reactions, excited states that have lifetimes which are apt for the characterization of the 2” by 2” LaBr3:Ce detectors were populated. Various techniques such as the slope method and the centroid shift method have been employed to extract the lifetimes of excited states. Lifetimes that were previously measured for 44Sc and 42Ca were measured again in this work. New lifetimes were obtained 44Sc and 150Gd. Shell Model calculation were done to compare experimental and theoretical results. All these endeavours will seek to unveil the quadrupole moment of nuclei and their intrinsic behaviour.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18047号 / 理博第3925号 / 新制||理||1566(附属図書館) / 30905 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)准教授 小嶋 泉, 教授 岡本 久, 教授 重川 一郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第18068号 / 理博第3946号 / 新制||理||1568(附属図書館) / 30926 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 延與 佳子, 教授 畑 浩之, 准教授 板垣 直之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM