Thesis (Ed.D.) -- California State University San Marcos ; University of California, San Diego, 2009. / Abstract: leaves viii-ix. Committee members: Robin Marion (chair), Jennifer Jeffries, Carolyn Hofstetter. Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-145) Also issued online

La Première Guerre mondiale prive la France d’une partie des mines du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais, d’un grand nombre de mineurs et des importations de combustible allemandes et belges. En dépit des principes libéraux de la Troisième République, l’État, pour résoudre la pénurie, est conduit à intervenir de plus en plus dans la production, le transport et la commercialisation du charbon. À partir de l’été 1917, le ministre de l’Armement Louis Loucheur organise une administration spécifique, le Bureau national des Charbons, qui exerce la mainmise sur ce marché en regroupant les producteurs et les consommateurs, en fixant les prix et en réglementant la répartition. Après l’armistice, l’augmentation des prix anglais et la faible exécution des livraisons de charbon allemand rendent nécessaires le maintien du contrôle de l’administration. L’objectif du Bureau national des Charbons est alors d’unifier le marché national en essayant d’instaurer des prix de vente uniques sur tout le territoire. Mais en avantageant certaines catégories de consommateurs, il devient également un instrument de politique économique. Ce régime de guerre est supprimé brutalement au début de 1921. La France fait alors face à une crise industrielle de surproduction qui met fin à la pénurie et remet en cause l’intervention de l’État dans le marché. / During the First World War, France loses some coalmines in Nord and Pas-de-Calais, a large number of miners and German and Belgian imports. Despite the liberal principles of the Third Republic, the French State intervenes more and more into the production, the transport and the commercialization of coal to fix the shortage. From summer 1917, the Minister of Armament Louis Loucheur settles a specific administration, the Bureau national des Charbons, which controls the whole market: it gathers producers and consumers, fixes prices and rules the repartition. After the Armistice, increased English prices and insufficient German deliveries impose on the administration to keep controlling the market. The Bureau national des Charbons aims to unify the national market with single sales price for the whole country. It also becomes an instrument of economic policy since it can give some advantages to specific categories of consumer. At the beginning of 1921, this war system is suddenly dismantled. France faces then an industrial overproduction crisis which gives an end to the shortage and questions the State’s market intervention.

Sveriges natur förknippas mer än något annat med skog. Två tredjedelar av landets drygt 40 miljoner hektar landareal täcks av skog. Av 27,1 miljoner hektar skogsmark (inklusive skyddad mark) är 23,3 miljoner hektar produktiv skogsmark. Andelen privata skogsägare uppgår till ca 330 000 personer och äger hälften av all skogsmark i Sverige samt levererar drygt 60 % av den totala råvaran till skogsindustrin. Skogsstyrelsens, och skogsvårdstyrelsernas, främsta roll har alltsedan bemyndigandet 1903 varit rådgivning till skogsägarna, ett viktigt styrmedel för att kunna förebygga lagingripanden och mildra lagstiftningen. I början av 1960-talet väcktes det diskussioner, som sedan dess har varit aktuella, om: att jordens resurser är ändliga och hur vi förvaltar dem. Det mest turbulenta årtiondet för svensk skogsvårdpolitik var 1970-talet och den tidiga miljörelaterade kritiken mot skogsbruket var inte underbyggd av forskning om miljötillståndet i skogen, utan skapades av en allmän opinion i samhället. Flertalet av de intervjuade skogsägarna uppgav att rådgivning varit viktiga vägledare för dem i deras skogsvårdsbeslut, även om det i enstaka fall fått negativa konsekvenser. Miljöhänsynens avtryck i den enskilda skogsägarens skogsvård följer i stort sett den historiska utvecklingen, det är dock inte entydigt om det i första hand berott på Skogsvårdsstyrelsens kampanjer och rådgivning. Resultatet visar att rådgivning i miljöhänsyn påverkar skogsägarnas beslut i sina val av beståndsåtgärder. Den viktigaste slutsatsen som kan dras av studien är att rådgivning, utbildning och kunskaper är de avgörande framgångsfaktorerna i det fortsatta miljövårdsarbetet. Större hänsyn till den enskilde skogsbrukarens äganderätt, erfarenheter och kännedom om sin mark är något som både myndigheter samt den allmänna opinionen bör iaktta och värdesätta. / About two-thirds of Swedens land area is covered by forest. Half of the total forest land is owned by private forest owners.The purpose of this study was to describe the decades before and after the environmental concerns became self-evident in Swedish forestry, and from a forest policy perspective elucidate the introduction of environmental concerns in forest management. Interviews with private forest owners and field studys was conducted to identify specific occurences of conservation that could be linked to advisory service from The National Board of Forestry since the 1970´s. The result shows that guidance, education and skills are crucial success factors for the continuence of conservation and sustainable forestry, but also greater consideration and respect for the private forest owners property rights, experiences and knowledge.

Bakgrund: Endometrios definieras som närvaro av livmoderslemhinnans vävnad utanför livmodern och är en inflammatorisk, östrogen-relaterad sjukdom som drabbar personer i fertil ålder. En individens fysiska och mentala hälsa påverkas negativt till följd av endometrios-relaterad smärta. Alla personer rekommenderas att vara fysisk aktiva eftersom det ger hälsofördelar.    Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka fysisk aktivitet, fysisk träning och vardagsmotion, och upplevd hälsorelaterad livskvalitet hos personer med endometrios, samt att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och upplevd hälsorelaterad livskvalitet.    Metod: Studien var en kvantitativ icke-experimentell tvärsnittsstudie med deskriptiv design.  Konstaterad endometiosdiagos, minst 15 års ålder samt medlem i någon av de större Facebookgrupperna kring endometrios i Sverige var inklusionskriterier för studien. Fysisk aktivitet studerades med hjälp av socialstyrelsens indikatorfrågor. Fysisk aktivitet räknades om till index 3-19, höga värden visar hög fysisk aktivitet. Hälsorelaterad livskvalitet mättes med EHP-30. Index på EHP-30 räknades om till 0-100, där låga värden indikerar god livskvalitet. Korrelation studerades med hjälp av Spearmans rangkorrelationstest.   Resultat: Av 261 deltagare var resultatet för medianen för fysisk aktivitet 10, vilket är under 150 minuter fysisk aktivitet/vecka. Avseende hälsorelaterad livskvalitet var median 55,8, vilket påvisade en påverkad hälsorelaterad livskvalitet.  Det fanns ett svagt samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet (r=-0,3 och p <0,001).  Slutsats: Det var ett svagt samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet hos personer med endometrios. / Background: Endometriosis is defined as uterine lining tissue outside the uterus and is an inflammatory, estrogen-related disease that affects people of fertile age. An individual's physical and mental health is negatively affected by endometriosis-related pain. All people should be physically active because of the health- benefits.    Objective: The purpose was to examine physical activity, physical exercise and everyday exercise, and perceived health-related quality of life in people with endometriosis, also to investigate the correlation between physical activity and health-related quality of life.   Methods: The study was a quantitative non-experimental cross-sectional study with descriptive design.  Endometriosis diagnosis, a minimum of 15 years and a member of one of the large Facebookgroups about endometriosis in Sweden were the inclusion criteria. Physical activity was studied using the National Board of Health and Welfare's physical activity questions. The index was converted to 3-19, high scores show high physical activity. Health-related quality of life was measured with EHP-30. The index was converted to 0-100, low scores indicate good quality of life. Correlation was studied with Spearman's rank correlation test.    Results: Of 261 participants, the median result for physical activity was 10, less than 150 minutes/week of physical activity. In Health-related quality of life the median results were 55,8, an affected health related quality of life. There was a weak correlation between physical activity and health related quality of life (r = -0.3 and p <0.001).    Conclusion: There was a weak correlation between physical activity and health related quality of life.

Psykologer har ett brett uppdrag vid särskilda ungdomshem. Trots det saknas det i nuläget forskning som undersöker särskilda ungdomshem utifrån psykologernas perspektiv. Syftet med förevarande studie var att öka kunskapen och förståelsen för psykologers erfarenheter av att arbeta vid särskilda ungdomshem samt vilka möjligheter och svårigheter som följer med yrkesrollen. Tio semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes och analyserades utifrån tematisk analys. Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman: Psykolog vid särskilda ungdomshem - en mångfacetterad roll, Ett utmanande vård- och behandlingsuppdrag samt Spänningar inom ramen för tvångsvård. Resultatet visade att deltagarna beskrev att psykologrollen kan variera mellan olika institutioner och att det inte finns en enhetlig mall för vad det innebär att arbeta som psykolog vid särskilda ungdomshem. Deltagarna i studien uppgav att psykologerna har en unik kompetens som behövs vid särskilda ungdomshem för att skapa förståelse för ungdomarna och underlätta för övrig personal i deras arbete. Resultatet visade att de utmaningar deltagarna beskrev i vård- och behandlingsarbetet kunde förklaras utifrån den svårbehandlade målgruppen, tvångsvårdkontexten- och institutionsmiljön, brister i själva behandlingsarbetet men även yttre faktorer så som avsaknaden av andra vårdformer samt problem i samverkan med barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin eller socialtjänsten. Svårigheterna i vård- och behandlingsarbetet samt tvångsvårdkontexten beskrevs som etiskt utmanande av deltagarna. Arbetet med ungdomarna sågs samtidigt som positivt och meningsfullt. / Psychologists have a broad mission in special youth homes. Research regarding psychologists working in special youth homes is lacking. The purpose of this study was to increase the knowledge and understanding of psychologists' experiences of working at special youth homes and the opportunities and difficulties that are included in the professional role. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed based on thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in three main themes: Psychologist in special youth homes – a multifaceted role, A challenging care- and treatment assignment and Tensions within the framework of compulsory care. The results showed that the participants description of the professional role of psychologist can vary between different institutions and that there is no homogeneous template for what it means to work as a psychologist at special youth homes. The participants in the study stated that psychologists have a unique competence that is needed to benefit both adolescents and other staff. The challenges within care and treatment described by the participants were linked to the difficult target group, the compulsory care context and the institutional environment, but also external factors such as lack of other forms of care and difficulties in collaboration with child psychiatry and social services. The caregiving context was seen as ethically challenging by the participants, as it involves a major intervention in young people's lives. The work involving the adolescents was seen as positive and meaningful, which the participants emphasized.

Den polariserade debatten om hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck i Sverige har karaktäriserats av å ena sidan en feministisk förklaringsmodell, å andra sidan en kulturspecifik förståelse av problemet. Debatten har sipprat ner till det sociala arbetet och orsakat osäkerhet hos socialarbetare i arbetet med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Socialstyrelsen, som utgör den primära kunskapskällan för socialtjänstensarbete, bidrar inte med tillräckligt stöd för professionella i denna fråga. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur problemrepresentationer av hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck produceras genom diskurser i ett urval av Socialstyrelsens kunskapsstöd. Med hjälp av en postkolonial feministisk ansats och diskursanalytisk metod med utgångspunkt i Bacchis angreppssätt ”What’s the problem represented to be?” identifierades och analyserades tre olika diskurser. Vi fann att hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck och patriarkalt förtryck framställdes som ett ”osvenskt” problem, liksom motsägelser mellan problemframställningar och föreslagna insatser. Begreppet ”hederskontext” är centralt i Socialstyrelsens inramning av problemet, men begreppet definieras aldrig utan används snarare för att dölja Andrefiering av våldsutsatta. / The debate on honor-related violence and abuse in Sweden has been characterized by two polarized understandings of the issue, one being feminist and the other a culture-based understanding. This has affected social workers who work with these issues to a point of uncertainty. The National Board of Health and Welfare (NBHW), the Swedish authority responsible for producing guidelines for social workers, has not contributed with enough support in this matter. The aim of this study is to analyze how problem representations of honor-related violence and abuse are produced through discourses in a selection of guidelines published by NBHW. The study takes a postcolonial feminist approach and uses Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be?” approach for analyzing policy. The discourses found seem to be contradicting one another and after reviewing the material, we found that NBHW uses the concept of "honor context" to frame the problem. However, this concept is never properly defined or explained, but is rather used to disguise an Othering of victims of honor-related violence and abuse.

Researchers agree that young transgender individuals are at higher risk of mental illness and suicide problems compared to the general population. Through a literature review, the purpose of this study has been to investigate how young transgender people's mental illness can be affected by the National Board of Health and Welfare's new recommendations to limit hormone treatments for transgender people under the age of eighteen.  Since the National Board of Health and Welfare first started to recommend hormone treatment the access to the medication has now been severely limited. The literature review has been conducted through an analysis of 26 scientific articles and the results has been analyzed on the basis of Goffman's theory of stigma and Meyer, minority stress model. The results of this analysis shows that young transgender people pay a high price of stigma and mental illness for living outside of societal norms. As a transgender person, it is important to be seen for who you are and to be able to freely express your gender identity. Being addressed with the right name and pronoun is part of this. The possibility to undergo hormone treatment is thus of great importance for many individuals. At the same time there are risks linked to this treatment. Good relations with and access to health care is therefore crucial. Nevertheless, according to the results in this study young transgender people’s relationship to health care is in fact both complicated and limited.  Based on the identified themes, the conclusion of this study is that the National Board of Health and Welfare's new recommendations increase the risk mental illness for young transgender people, which consequently also may risk costing the lives of these young people.

Teacher attrition and retention has become a major issue facing education policymakers and practioners as our nation's school age population continues to grow, but the teaching workforce does not. This study seeks to examine the impact of certification by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) on burnout levels in educators. The potential benefits to teachers who pursue NBPTS certification include a sense of professional pride, new leadership roles and responsibilities for teachers, recognition of outstanding teaching practice, and higher salaries (Shapiro, 1995). Some of these potential rewards seem to address a number of the factors that are related to the onset burnout, and therefore may reduce teacher attrition. The study utilized the Maslach-Leiter conceptual framework to examine burnout, which breaks the burnout construct into three separate dimensions; emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. The research questions sought to determine if there was a difference between National Board Certified Teachers (NBCTs) and their non-certified peers in each of these dimensions of burnout. The research sample consisted of the NBCTs and a comparable random sample of their non-certified peers from a large urban school district in the Central Florida area. The Maslach Burnout Inventory Educators Survey was used a basis of comparison of the burnout levels. The two groups were compared utilizing an independent samples t-test. The instrument utilized in this study also included demographic questions, as well as questions that were designed to measure the various elements of the Maslach-Leiter theoretical model of burnout. These questions and the independent variable NBPTS certification were included in a multiple regression analysis in order to determine if the differences noted between the groups using the independent samples t-tests were in fact a result of NBPTS certification, and not the theoretical model itself. The instruments were mailed in the fall of 2006, and were returned to the researcher anonymously. A total of 476 surveys were returned, for a response rate of 52%. The independent samples t-tests revealed significant differences between NBCTs and their non-certified peers on all three dimensions of burnout. An examination of the individual scores for each group revealed that in each of the dimensions showed that the NBCTs demonstrated lower levels of experienced burnout in each dimension. The multiple regression analyses that were conducted to confirm that NBPTS certification was in fact a significant factor in the development of each burnout dimension revealed mixed results. Emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment were both found to have a significant negative relationship with NBPTS certification, which indicates that the NBCTs are significantly less burned out then their non-certified peers. Despite the initial finding of significance in the independent samples t-test, NBPTS certification was not found to be a significant factor in the onset of the depersonalization dimension of burnout. This relationship needs further exploration in future studies. The significant difference between the research and control groups in this study suggests that NBPTS certification may reduce burnout levels in at least two dimensions. Legislators and policymakers at the state and federal levels have provided millions of dollars to support NBPTS certification. These findings seem to indicate that this financial support has impacted burnout levels in educators, and may therefore warrant examination as a strategy to address the issue of teacher attrition.

<p>The aim is to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of social categorization and discrimination, as well as the connection between them. This has been accomplished by examining Swedish refugee policy towards Jewish refugees during the Second World War and the Holocaust, as conducted by The Foreigner’s Bureau of the National Board of Health and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during 1938−1944. The study also compares the Swedish refugee policy with that of Denmark, Switzerland, Great Britain and the United States. The investigation is guided by such concepts as social categorization, discrimination, antisemitism, organizational culture and established practice. The primary sources are documents, minutes and personal dossiers; <i>Svensk författningssamling</i> (legislation) and articles in <i>Sociala Meddelanden</i> (the National Board’s official journal).</p><p>The main conclusions are that Sweden was not perceived as a country of immigration, based partly of the widespread fear that too many Jewish refugees would create a “Jewish Question”. Swedish authorities discriminated against Jewish refugees on grounds of “race” through a process of categorization. This process began already in the 1920’s, and gradually transformed the definition of “Jew” from a religious to a “racial” definition, based on the Nuremberg Laws. The differentiation of Jewish refugees in official statistics ceased in September 1943, yet it continued secretly until February 1944, encompassing the Norwegian and Danish Jews as well. One important result shows that the shift in policy – from discrimination to large scale reception – was a slow process where this differentiating practice and antisemitic perceptions remained operative. What is defined as an antisemitic background bustle is used to explain how moderate antisemitic expressions were perceived as “unbiased” and “normal” within the Swedish society. Though Sweden’s refugee policy seems similar to that of other countries surveyed, the shift in policy stands out as unique in comparison.</p>

<p>The intention of this study was to examine the interaction between authorities. More specifically it had a purpose to look at the ongoing cooperation between social workers and staff of special homes of closed institutional youth care. The sanction system for young offenders’ reform of 1999 where young people between the ages of 15-17 who have committed serious crimes, can be sentenced to secure institutional treatment instead of prison, aims to counteract the harm which can result from a stay in prison. The social welfare board in the young person´s local authority and the national board of institutional care shall cooperate during the youth’s placement at the special home of closed institutional youth care. This study was based on eight qualitative interviews with social workers chosen randomly from all over Sweden and staff members from different special homes of closed institutional youth care. To interpret the material we have been using theory of collaboration and cooperation of Danermark and Kullberg. We have also used earlier studies within the area. The study has resulted that the social welfare board are more satisfied with the corporation than the national board of institutional care are. The study also shows that there has been an improvement. Significant reasons for this result has proved to be; the two different employers with different mission statement who are cooperating, unclear guidelines and the lack of knowledge within in the social services. Today there’s an ongoing cooperation that needs to be developed.</p>