In the study of navigation, frequently it is assumed that navigation is accomplished using either an allocentric strategy based on a cognitive map, or an egocentric strategy based on stimulus response associations. Further, it is frequently assumed that individual navigators, or even entire genders, are only capable of navigating by one strategy or the other. The present study investigated whether individuals or genders were limited to a particular navigational strategy and whether both strategies might be learned or used at the same time. In the present study, undergraduate students were tested in a virtual Morris water maze that was modified to allow successful and efficient navigation using either an allocentric or an egocentric strategy. Learning trials on which the participants had to learn the location of the platform were alternated with probe trials on which participants would show which strategy they were using. At the end of testing, participants were given a series of tests to determine what knowledge they had acquired and which strategies they were capable of using. Results indicated that: a) most people preferred to navigate egocentrically in this maze, but some preferred to navigate allocentrically, b) people tended to use an egocentrically strategy first, but it was not a necessary step to learning to navigate allocentrically, c) people were better at their preferred strategy, d) people learned information about their non-preferred strategy, and e) those who preferred to navigate egocentrically could nevertheless learn to navigate allocentrically. Surprisingly, all of these results were true for both men and women, although women tended to prefer egocentric navigation at a higher rate than men, and men outperformed women when forced to navigate allocentrically. These results suggest it may be too simple to think of navigators as being capable of only a single navigational strategy or of learning only one strategy at a time. / Graduate

Background: Today, women and men do not share leadership positions equally within the organizational context. In turn, leadership, particularly transformational leadership, which is mainly used by female leaders, is essential for organizations. Within the organization, the leaky pipeline is a reason why female leaders face gender-specific challenges in their roles as leaders. Further, some aspects provide support for women in the organizational context. However, there is a gap in the literature regarding how these female leaders can overcome these gender-specific challenges.   Purpose: This thesis aims to investigate how Swedish female middle managers can navigate the hinders and helpers they experience within the organizational context.    Method: The thesis was conducted in a qualitative approach with an interpretivist paradigm. The findings were collected through semi-structured interviews with a sample of Swedish female middle managers in the context of private companies and the municipal sector. The empirical findings were analyzed and coded systematically using Gioia’s et al. (2013) method. As a result, a framework emerged based on the existing literature in line with an inductive approach.    Conclusion: This study proposes the Female Leaders Navigation Framework as a help for the female leaders to navigate in the organizational context. Four navigations: 1) Mindset, 2) Awareness, 3) Preparation, and 4) Communication can be implemented by the female leader to navigate the perceived hinders and helpers in the organizational context.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / A análise de instituições é assunto amplamente pesquisado na área da saúde. A dinâmica organizacional dos serviços é estudada com vistas a entender as implicações desta sobre o processo de cuidado. Nesse contexto a cultura das organizações é entendida como uma possibilidade simbólica contida em uma dimensão maior, denominada cultura nacional. Ainda que esta não determine os valores produzidos no âmbito da oganização, estabelecerá os limites das variações. Essa premissa justifica a incorporação da abordagem sócio antropológica aos estudos de cultura organizacional. Nessa perspectiva, o presente estudo teveo propósito de conhecer as percepções de funcionários de dois serviços de atenção básica do município de Niterói/RJ sobre o significado das relações de amizade e parentesco, bem como das estratégias de navegação social comumente utilizadas fundamentada na perspectiva teórica desenvolvida por Roberto DaMatta. Segundo este autor, o Brasil é uma sociedade relacional, resultante da coexistência de valores associados às definições de indivíduo e pessoa. Ambas correspondem a construções ideológicas que orientam formas de ser, de viver e de pensar opostas, porém complementares. Esta relação conflituosa demanda a mobilização de estratégias de navegação social, entre elas o jeitinho, para transitar entre os valores do indivíduo e da pessoa. Utilizando a abordagem qualitativa foram realizadas 15 entrevistas, divididas entre funcionários de uma unidade de saúde tradicional e de um serviço do Programa Médico de Família de Niterói (PMFN). Subsidiariamente as observações de campo possibilitaram a contextualização daquela realidade social, complementando informações provenientes das conversas. A seleção de funcionários foi feita mediante indicação de cada informante, possibilitando o esboço de redes sociais aparentemente constituídas em ambos os serviços. Os resultados evidenciam o caráter relacional associado ao estereótipo do brasileiro. A manifestação desse traço cultural em diferentes contextos materializa conflitos decorrentes da coexistência de valores baseados no indivíduo e na pessoa. Entre eles destacam-se as distorsões observadas entre discurso e prática, bem como a mobilização de estratégias de navegação social entre elas o jeitinho com o objetivo de estabelecer uma mediação entre a lei impessoal e a pessoa. Cabe destacar ainda que a forma de organização dos serviços do PMFN aparentemente impõe a seus funcionários o desafio concreto de equacionar o princípio igualitário que fundamenta o SUS com o conjunto de valores nos quais se baseiam as relações pessoais na sociedade brasileira. / The analysis of institutions is a subject widely researched in the health-care area. The organizational dynamics of its services is studied with a view to understand its implications for the care process. In this context, the culture of organizations is understood as a symbolic possibility contained in a greater dimension called “national culture”. Though it does not determine the values produced in the ambit of the organization, it shall “establish” the limits of their variations. This premise justifies the incorporation of a socio-anthropological approach into the studies of organizational culture. In this perspective, this study had the purpose of discovering the perceptions of workers in two basic health-care services belonging to the municipality of Niterói/RJ and of the meaning of friendship and kinship relations, as well as the strategies of social navigation usually employed — founded on the theoretical perspective developed by Roberto DaMatta. According to this author, Brazil is a relational society resulting from the coexistence of values associated with the definitions of “individual” and “person”. Both correspond to the ideological constructions that guide some opposed but complementary ways of being, living and thinking. This conflicting relation demands the mobilization of social navigation strategies and among them the “jeitinho brasileiro” in order to cross over the values of the individual and the person. Using the qualitative approach 15 interviews were carried out divided between workers from a traditional health-care unit and from a service belonging to Programa Médico de Família de Niterói (PMFN). In subsidiary fashion, field observations made possible the contextualization of that social reality, complementing information arising from the talks. The selection of the workers was made through indications from each informant, enabling a sketch of social networks apparently constituted within both services. The results evinced the relational character associated with the Brazilian stereotype. The manifestation of this cultural trait in different contexts materializes conflicts resulting from the coexistence of values based on the “individual” and the “person”. Among them, we can highlight the distortions observed between discourse and practice, as well as the mobilization of social navigation strategies — among them the “jeitinho brasileiro” — with a view to establishing a mediation between impersonal law and person. It is also necessary to emphasize that PMFN services’ organizational form apparently imposes on its workers the concrete challenge of equating the egalitarian principle that founds SUS, with values set on which are based personal relations in Brazilian society.

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