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Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Orientadores: Fernandes Denardi, Wagner Eduardo Matheus / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:00:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Naccarato_AngelaMariaElizabethPiccolotto_M.pdf: 3567933 bytes, checksum: bf53ae2ff5454c30b3dd914c045af6a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Introdução: O câncer de próstata (CaP) é a segunda causa de morte em homens, estudos recentes tem confirmado a eficácia do toque retal (TR) e seus benefícios no diagnóstico precoce. Objetivo: Avaliar aspectos demográficos e psicológicos de homens submetidos ao TR durante consulta para rastreamento do CaP. Pacientes e Métodos: Estudo realizado com 345 pacientes submetidos ao TR pela primeira vez entre Fevereiro 2006 a Dezembro 2007, que foram avaliados quanto às impressões sobre o TR. Dados sobre etnia, idade, escolaridade, profissão e as motivações para o rastreamento foram colhidos e a correlação entre variáveis descritivas e aspectos psicológicos dos pacientes foi realizada. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 52.8 anos. Sentiram medo 40.94% (sendo medo do exame 15.94% e medo do diagnóstico 25%), vergonha 26.45% e 48.26% referiram não pensar em nada. A correlação entre faixa etária, nível de escolaridade e reações emocionais não apresentou diferença significativa. 52.35% consideraram o exame melhor do que imaginavam, dos quais 41.81% eram analfabetos/1º grau incompleto, 4.12% uma experiência ruim e 96.8% fariam o teste novamente. O convencimento em se consultar foi em 50.14% por decisão própria, 26,67% encaminhados por médicos, 18,55% pela esposa, 7,83% por familiares ou amigos, 6,67% através da mídia e 24.06% tiveram consulta marcada pelas parceiras. Embora 85,47% soubessem da importância do exame, 80,81% consideram-se mais esclarecidos após a consulta. A falta de informação sobre o exame foi mais freqüente dentre os pacientes de menor escolaridade e 52.38% com decisão própria em se consultar tinham conhecimento prévio à consulta sobre a importância do exame. Conclusão: Medo e vergonha frente ao TR desempenham papel significativo na resistência ao se submeter ao exame, porem a maioria absoluta dos pacientes achou menos desagradável do que imaginava e repetirá o exame futuramente / Abstract: Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of death in men. Recent studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the digital rectal examination (DRE) in early diagnosis. Aim: To evaluate the psychological and demographic aspects of men who received DRE during the PCa screening in an outpatient clinical setting. Patients and Methods: Patients (345) who underwent DRE for the first time from February 2006 to December 2007 were evaluated for their psychological reactions and feelings after the examination. Data on age, race, education, profession and the motivations for the screening were gathered. Correlation of descriptive and psychological aspects of patients under PCa screening was done. Results: The average age of the patients was 52.8 years; 40.94% had felt fear (examination fear 15.94%, and diagnosis fear 25%), 26.45% shame and 48.26% indicated they were not thinking about anything. There was no correlation between age, educational level and emotional reactions. Most patients (96.8%) would undergo a DRE again and 52.35% had considered it better than they had imagined. Of these patients, 41.81% were illiterate/incomplete elementary school. Only 4.12% described having a negative experience. The factors that persuade the patient to book an appointment were: 50.1% made their own decision, 26.67% were recommended by a physician, 18.55% family/friends and 6.67% were influenced by the media. Wives booked 24.06% of the consultations. Although 85.47% of patients had some previous knowledge about the examination, 80.81% felt they had further clarification afterward. Lower educational level was related to lack of information about DRE, while 52.38% who made their own decision had previous knowledge of the importance of DRE. Emotional aspects and access to information play significant roles in the decision to undergo PCa screening and must be considered in educational campaigns. Conclusion: The majority of the patients found DRE less awkward than what they had imagined it to be and would repeat the examination in the future. Fear and shame before the examination are baseless, but are a barrier to the DRE / Mestrado / Pesquisa Experimental / Mestre em Cirurgia

The authors report a case of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of a breast mass in a 36‐year‐old woman with previous history of lumpectomy and therapeutic radiation for breast carcinoma. The changes seen were interpreted as recurrent carcinoma, while subsequent biopsy showed only radiation changes. Radiation‐induced changes in breast tissue are a potential diagnostic pitfall. The characteristic cytopathologic changes and their differential diagnosis are discussed.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Univ. , 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Eukaryotic translation elongation factor eEF1A exists in two closely related variant forms, eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, that are encoded by separate loci. The former is the second most abundant protein in the cell and is almost ubiquitously expressed but eEF1A2 expression is more limited and its presence was defined predominantly in neurons and muscle cells. Both perform equally well in translation elongation and are responsible for delivering aminoacylated tRNA to the A site of the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner. Translation factor eEF1A2 was identified as an oncogene due to inappropriate expression being observed in the high proportion of ovarian, breast, lung, colon and pancreatic tumours. Additionally, its forced expression in rodent fibroblasts resulted in soft agar colony formation along with tumours when overexpressing cells were injected into nude mice. The mechanism by which eEF1A2 contributes to oncogenesis remains unclear. Gene amplification is not solely responsible for eEF1A2 upregulation and neither activating mutations nor methylation status changes are seen in tumours. Interestingly, no connection of eEF1A1 with any malignancy has been made. It is proposed that the oncogenic properties of eEF1A2 might be associated with its conventional role in translation or perhaps with non-canonical functions that differ from those of the eEF1A1 variant. The main objectives of this PhD project were to elucidate the differential functions of both variants of eEF1A in cancer and to investigate other possible mechanism of eEF1A2 upregulation. In order to compare the contribution of overexpressed eEF1A variants to cellular transformation, stable cell lines were generated in NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts and tested in a panel of in vitro transformation assays. Mammalian expression plasmids used for transfection contained each eEF1A variant coding sequence with or without its own 5‟UTR and each variant with the 5‟UTR from the other eEF1A form. Transient transfections with the same mammalian expression plasmids were performed to observe that incorporation of exogenous eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 resulted in a decrease of the endogenous eEF1A1 expression at the mRNA and protein level. The dynamic interplay between exogenous and endogenous variants occurred within the first 48 hours post transfection but Eef1a1 returned to the levels seen in controls as soon as the expression of any of the exogenous eEF1A forms started to decline. In contrast, in almost all tested stable cell lines, the levels of endogenous eEF1A1 remained unchanged, at both the mRNA and protein level. NIH-3T3 lines constitutively expressing eEF1A forms were subsequently subjected to various in vitro transformation assays. Stable cell lines of eEF1A1 coding sequence origin formed colonies and foci but with lower efficiency when compared to the eEF1A2 coding sequence variant. It was also shown that anchorage independent growth and foci formation were affected by incorporating either the eEF1A1 or eEF1A2 5‟UTR in front of either eEF1A1 or eEF1A2 coding sequence. There was no apparent increase in migration and invasion of the cell lines stably expressing eEF1A. No significant association between protein synthesis rate or increased overall eEF1A level and transformed phenotype in all tested stable cell lines was observed. Expression of eEF1A1 or eEF1A2 was also determined immunohistologically in panels of different tumour arrays. Moderate to high expression of eEF1A2 protein was observed in 43% of colorectal cancers analysed. The level of eEF1A2 expression appeared to be inversely correlated (P = 0.024) with metastasis in lymph nodes in one of the tested colorectal tumour arrays. Moreover, no substantial upregulation of eEF1A2 at the protein level was confirmed in hepatocellular carcinoma and malignant melanoma arrays. In contrast, eEF1A1 protein expression was mostly weak or absent in these malignancies.

Cheung Suet Ling. / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 110-135.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, May, 2009. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-119).

The metastatic process requires that tumour cells are capable of traversing various micro-environmental barriers, such as the basement membrane. There are various proteolytic mechanisms which could contribute to the process, plasminogen activation by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is one such mechanism. Extensive reports in the literature (reviewed in the introduction) indicate that most tumour cells synthesize uPA and that it is this enzyme, particularly when receptor-bound, which plays a role in invasion. UCT-Mel 3 is a human malignant melanoma cell line which was established in our laboratory, and has been shown to be highly metastatic in the nude mouse. This cell line is typical of many melanomas in that it synthesizes only tPA and not uPA. In part 1 of this thesis I further investigated the plasminogen activator production by these cells (at the level of mRNA as well as activity) as well as expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor PAl-1 and receptors for tPA and uPA (uPAR). UCT-Mel 3 cells expressed uPAR although uPA was not detected. I also examined cells cultured from two metastatic deposits. Interestingly, the metastatic cells produced PAl-1 which was undetected in the parent cells. After confirming that UCT-Mel 3 do not express detectable levels of uPA, I attempted (in part 2) to determine whether tPA could play a comparable role to that of uPA in the invasive process. My strategy was to inhibit the expression of tPA via two different methods, namely the use of antisense RNA and ribozyme. I then hoped to isolate clones producing no tPA, which would have been injected into nude mice in order to assay for metastasis. Unfortunately, neither of these methods proved to be successful in abrogating tPA expression. I was thus unable to achieve the ultimate aim of the project. However, during the course of the study a number of unforeseen problems arose. Firstly, the clonal variation within the cell population, and secondly, my inability to obtain antisense transfectants. I have speculated that a possible reason for the latter may be that the cells are in fact unable to grow in the absence of tPA.

Through humoral and cell-mediated mechanisms, the immune system plays a vital role in protecting every organ system. Disorders of the immune system may result in various cutaneous manifestations, including cutaneous malignancies. In patients with immunodeficiency, the risk of development of malignant cutaneous neoplasms is substantially increased. This increased risk may be due to oncogenic viruses that find a suitable microenvironment for tumorigenesis and cancer development. A subset of cutaneous malignancies that develop in patients with immunodeficiency may show aggressive clinical and biological behavior. Here, we report six cases of highly aggressive and deadly cutaneous neoplasms that arose in patients with a known history of immunodeficiency: two cases of Kaposi sarcoma in patients with immunosuppression due to human immunodeficiency virus infection; a case of Merkel cell carcinoma and a case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplant; a case of multiple cutaneous tumors, including invasive melanoma, SCC, and sebaceous carcinoma, in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia and a history of organ transplant; and a case of basal cell carcinoma and melanoma in situ in a patient with primary immunodeficiency.