O Transtorno Bipolar (TB) tipo I é uma doença caracterizada por episódios de mania e depressão recorrentes com importante prejuízo do funcionamento global e comprometimento das funções cognitivas. Além disso, sabe-se que o número de episódios de humor patológico ao longo da vida pode também influenciar o funcionamento cognitivo destes sujeitos. Neste cenário, ocorreu a necessidade de se investigar marcadores genéticos para disfunção cognitiva no TB com o objetivo de estudar este fenômeno. Dentre os potenciais genes responsáveis por influenciar a cognição destacam-se os polimorfismos funcionais do fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF), da catecol-O-metiltransferase (COMT), da apolipoproteína-E (APOE) e do canal de cálcio de baixa voltagem subunidade 1-C (CACNA1C). Sabe-se, também, que no TB os marcadores de estresse oxidativo estão aumentados durante todas as fases da doença, entretanto, não é claro qual impacto destes na disfunção cognitiva de indivíduos com TB. O objetivo dessa tese foi avaliar o desempenho cognitivo de pacientes jovens com bipolaridade tipo I e sua associação com o genótipo de BDNF, COMT, APOE e CACNA1C e também com os níveis plasmáticos de oxidação da guanosina (8-OHdG) e citosina (5-Mec) durante os episódios de humor, eutimia e em controles. Para investigar essa associação foram incluídos 116 pacientes (79 em episódio de humor patológico e 37 eutímicos) com diagnóstico de TB tipo I (DSMIV-TR); 97 controles saudáveis foram submetidos à avaliação neuropsicológica e coleta de sangue para extração de DNA visando genotipagem para BDNF (rs6265), COMT (rs4680; rs165599), APOE (rs429358 e rs7412), CACNA1C (rs1006737), 8-OhdG e 5-Mec. A análise dos dados obtidos revelou que pacientes portadores do genótipo Met/Met rs4680/rs165599 do COMT apresentam comprometimento cognitivo mais grave (função executiva, fluência verbal, memória e inteligência) comparado ao genótipo Val/Met ou Val/Val durante episódios maníacos ou mistos. Na mesma direção destes resultados, verificou-se que pacientes portadores do alelo Met rs4680 do COMT apresentam comprometimento do reconhecimento de emoções faciais em episódios de mania e depressão. Nenhum efeito do COMT foi observado em controles. O alelo de risco Met do CACNA1C se associou a um pior comprometimento executivo independente dos sintomas maníacos ou depressivos no TB, porém nenhum efeito se observou nos controles. O alelo Met do BDNF rs6265 ou a presença do alelo 4 da APOE não representa um fator que identifique um grupo com desempenho cognitivo diferenciado durante as fases do TB ou em controles. Sujeitos com TB apresentaram níveis mais elevados de 8-OHdG e tais níveis eram diretamente proporcionais ao número de episódios maníacos ao longo da vida, sugerindo um papel dos episódios hiperdopaminérgicos na oxidação das bases de DNA. Concluiu-se que a genotipagem para COMT e CACNA1C em pacientes com TB pode identificar um grupo de pacientes associados a pior disfunção cognitiva durante as fases maníacas e mistas do TB. Tal dado pode ser um indicador do envolvimento do sistema dopaminérgico e dos canais de cálcio de baixa voltagem na fisiopatologia da disfunção cognitiva no TB e deve ser explorado em outros estudos / Bipolar I disorder (BD) is a disease whose main features include severe mood swings that cause severe impairment in global functioning and cognitive domains. Moreover, the number of mood episodes throughout patients life is also associated with deterioration in cognitive functions. In this context, it is important to study genetic markers for the cognitive dysfunction observed in BD to elucidate the physiopathology of this phenomenon. The main candidates for genetic modulation of cognition are the genes brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT), apolipoprotein E (APOE) and 1-C subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CACNA1C). Furthermore, elevated levels of oxidative stress have been reported in BD for all types of mood episodes but no data is available on their impact on cognitive functioning of BD patients. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether cognitive functioning of BD patients is influenced by BDNF, COMT, APOE, CACNA1C genotypes or by levels of oxidative damage to the DNA base guanosine (8-OHdG) and cytosine (5-Mec). One hundred sixteen patients (79 during mood episode and 37 euthymic) with BD type I (mania, depression or euthymia) and 97 healthy controls were submitted to neuropsychological evaluation and blood collection for DNA analysis. All subjects were genotyped for BDNF (rs6265), COMT (rs4680; rs165599), APOE (rs429358 and rs7412), CACNA1C (rs1006737), DNA levels of 8-OHdG and 5-Mec were also measured. Our results revealed that BD subjects that carried the rs4680/rs165599 Met/Met genotype had more severe cognitive dysfunction (executive function, verbal fluency, memory and intelligence) than carriers of other genotypes during manic or mixed episodes. Moreover, patients carrying the COMT rs4680 Met allele had worse performance on facial emotion recognition tests during manic and depressive episodes. BD carriers of the Met allele of CACNA1C had more severe executive dysfunction than non-carriers, regardless of manic or depressive symptoms. No effect of CACNA1C or COMT genotypes was observed in controls. The genotypes of BDNF or APOE were not associated with cognitive dysfunction in BD patients or controls. The BD group exhibited higher levels of 8-OHdG than the control group and these levels were influenced by the lifetime number of manic episodes, suggesting that hyperdopaminergic episodes may influence the oxidation of DNA bases. In summary, the genotype of COMT and CACNA1C may represent a useful tool for identifying BD subjects at risk of developing more severe cognitive dysfunction in all mood states of the disease. This evidence associating dopamine catabolism and calcium channels to degree of cognitive dysfunction in BD should be further explored by future research

Introdução - Os efeitos na saúde de dietas vegetarianas (DV) apontam principalmente para a diminuição do risco de Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT), uma vez que modula positivamente parâmetros bioquímicos, particularmente aqueles relacionados ao controle da glicemia e lipemia, além de ser uma medida para o controle de peso. Estudos recentes em adultos demonstram que a dieta possa também modular parâmetros moleculares. Nesse cenário, atenta-se para o papel do Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo (BDNF) o qual parece estar relacionado com a DV em relação à redução de triglicerídeos e colesterol e aumento da sensibilidade à insulina. Objetivo - Avaliar adultos que adotaram uma DV, em relação ao estado nutricional, aos parâmetros bioquímicos e moleculares comparados aos adultos com dieta onívora. Métodos - A população avaliada foi constituída por 96 indivíduos, 56 vegetarianos e 40 onívoros, adultos e de ambos os sexos, em um estudo do tipo transversal. Para o levantamento dos dados sociodemográficos e de estilo de vida foi aplicado questionário e aferidas às medidas de peso corporal (PC) e altura, para posterior cálculo de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e circunferência de cintura (CC). Foi realizada também coleta de sangue para estudos bioquímicos e expressão de BDNF plasmático. Os índices de Castelli 1 e 2 (razões lipídicas) são indicadores de risco cardiovascular (RCV) com maior valor preditivo do que parâmetros isolados, por isso, também foram calculados. A resistência à insulina (IR) foi avaliada pelo índice HOMA_IR. As análises foram conduzidas pelo software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) versão 20.0 e para todas foi considerado um nível de significância de 5 por cento .Foi realizada análise de regressão logística para identificar se a DV e outros fatores podem prever a redução da chance de ter RCV, determinado pelos índices de Castelli 1 e 2.Resultados Em relação às variáveis de estilo de vida, os VEG têm uma tendência a praticar mais atividade física (64,3 por cento vs 42,5 por cento , p = 0,056) e ingerir suplementos alimentares (48,1 por cento vs 20,5 por cento , p = 0,012), embora o número de fumantes se apresente semelhante em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para as variáveis: idade, sexo, prática de fumar, triglicerídeos (TG), Colesterol Total (CT) e lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL- c) entre os dois grupos. Já os valores dos índices de Castelli 1 (3,23 ± 0,84 vs 3,90 ± 0,99, p =0,001)e 2 (1,91 ± 0,69 vs 2,42 ± 0,79, p = 0,001) foram menores em vegetarianos (VEG) do que em onívoros (ONV). O grupo VEG tinha significativamente menor PC (63,9 ± 10,4 vs 69,4 ± 14,6 kg, p = 0,032); IMC (22,5 ± 2,6 vs 25,0 ± 3,9 kg/m2, p = 0,001); CC( 81,8 ± 8,2 vs 87,8 ± 10,9 cm, p = 0,003 ) e maior lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c) (54,88 ± 14,44 vs 47,30 ± 12,27 mg / dl , p = 0,008) . Os VEG também apresentaram menor HOMA-IR (1,17 ± 0,70 vs 1,48 ± 0,8, p = 0,02) em comparação com ONV. Quanto a variável BDNF, não houve diferença entre os grupos VEG e ONV (662,8 + 276,5pg/ml vs 698,1 + 314,9 pg/ml, p=0,563). Conclusão - Sugere-se, portanto, que a DV pode ter efeitos protetores na saúde cardiovascular e no metabolismo desses indivíduos. / Introduction - The effects of vegetarian diets (VD) on health points out mainly to a decrease in the risk for noncomunnicable chronic disease (NCDs) once it positively modulates the biochemical parameters, particularly those related to the control of glicemic and lipemia being also a way of controlling weight. Recent studies have shown that diet can also modulate molecular parameters. In this scenario, one must pay attention to the role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which seems to be related to the VG in what regards the reduction of triacylglycerol and cholesterol, and the increase of insulin sensitivity. Objective - To assess adults that adopted a VD in what regards their nutritional status, biochemical and molecular parameters, in comparison to adults that adopted an omnivorous diet. Methods- A cross-sectional study assessed a population composed of 96 individuals, 56 vegetarians and 40 omnivores, adults of both genders. A questionnaire was administered in order to gather sociodemographic and life-style related data, body weight (BW), height and waist circumference (WC) were surveyed. In order to carry out the biochemical study and the expression of plasmatic BDNF, blood was collected. The Castelli indexes 1 and 2 (lipid ratios) are indicators of cardiovascular risk (CVR) with a higher predictive value than isolated parameters and therefore were calculated. Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated by the HOMA_IR index. The analyses were carried out through the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software, 20.0 version, taking into account a 5 per cent significance level. An analysis of logistic regression was done in order to identify if the VD and other factors are able to prevent the reduction of CVR, determined by the Castelli indexes 1 and 2. Results - There was no statistically significant difference between both groups regarding the following variables: age, gender, smoking habits, triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC) low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL- col). On the other hand, the values of the Castelli indexes 1 (3,23 ± 0,84 vs 3,90 ± 0,99, p =0,001) and 2 (1,91 ± 0,69 vs 2,42 ± 0,79, p = 0,001) were lower in vegetarians (VEG) than in omnivores (OMV). The VEG-groups showed significant lower BW (63,9 ± 10,4 vs 69,4 ± 14,6 kg, p = 0,032); BMI (22,5 ± 2,6 vs 25,0 ± 3,9 kg/m2, p = 0,001); WC ( 81,8 ± 8,2 vs 87,8 ± 10,9 cm, p = 0,003 ) and more high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL col) (54,88 ± 14,44 vs 47,30 ± 12,27 mg / dl , p = 0,008). The VEG-group also presented lower HOMA-IR (1,17 ± 0,70 vs 1,48 ± 0,8, p = 0,02) in comparison to the OMV-group. Regarding life-style parameters, the individuals of the VEG-group displayed a tendency for practicing more physical activity (64,3 per cent vs 42,5 per cent , p = 0,056) and for ingesting food supplement (48,1 per cent vs 20,5 per cent , p = 0,012), although the number of smokers was quite similar between both groups. Regarding the BDNF variable, there was no difference between the VEG-group and the OMVGroup (662,8 + 276,5 pg/ml vs 698,1 + 314,9 pg/ml, p=0,563).Conclusion - In relation to these results it is to be suggested that a VD may exert protective effects on cardiovascular health and on the metabolism of the individuals that adopt it.

Orientador: Cláudia Vianna Maurer-Morelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T06:03:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis-Pinto_FernandaChristina_M.pdf: 1859636 bytes, checksum: b8c3841af89fe165c03148ebcc2437ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O uso de modelos animais tem trazido grandes benefícios para o conhecimento dos processos biológicos normais, bem como para uma maior compreensão das doenças humanas, inclusive as epilepsias. Embora os modelos de roedores sejam os mais usados para explorar os mecanismos que permeiam a epileptogênese, recentemente, um novo modelo animal foi proposto para o estudo das epilepsias, o Daniorerio. Popularmente conhecido como zebrafish, este pequeno peixe possui muitas vantagens para a experimentação científica, principalmente no que se refere à manipulação genética.O Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Cérebro (BDNF, do inglês, BrainDerivedNeurotrophicFactor) é a neurotrofina de maior abundância no sistema nervoso central e que está relacionada à plasticidade neuronal. Sabe-se que os níveis de transcritos e protéicos desta neurotrofina estão alterados nas epilepsias, tanto em humanos quanto em modelos animais; porém, o seu papel nesta condição ainda é controverso. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram (i) investigar o perfil temporal de transcritos dos genes bdnfe seus receptores ntrk2a e ntrk2b após crise epiléptica aguda e (ii) após crises epilépticas repetitivas por meio da técnica da PCR quantitativa (qPCR) usando-se o sistema TaqManTM (AppliedBiosystems, Foster City). As crises epilépticas foram induzidas quimicamente por Pentilenotetrazol (PTZ) em animais adultos e seus encéfalos coletados nos tempos: (i) 0,05h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 72h pós-crise aguda e (ii) uma semana após indução de crise diária por cinco dias consecutivos. Os resultados mostraram que as crises epilépticas modificaram o perfil de expressão das neurotrofinas e apontou para um aumento dos níveis de RNAm do gene bdnf no tempo 0,05h (p= 0,01) que não é descrito em outros modelos. É importante salientar que esses resultados mostram que, no encéfalo do zebrafish, as neurotrofinas estão relacionadas com uma atividade neuronal anormal como em outros modelos animais e em humanos. Este é o primeiro estudo a investigar os níveis de transcritos do gene bdnf e seus receptores no encéfalo do zebrafish, contribuindo para a caracterização deste animal como modelo para estudos das epilepsias / Abstract: Animal models have been contributing to a better understanding of human diseases, including epilepsies. Although rodent models are common organisms used to investigate the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis, recently, Daniorerio has gained attention as a promising model for epilepsy studies. Popular named as zebrafish, this little fish has many advantages for scientific investigation, especially those related to genetic manipulations. BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) is the main neurotropic factor in the central nervous system and it is related to neuronal plasticity. It has been reported that both BDNF transcript and protein levels are increased after seizures in patients and experimental models; however, the temporal transcript profile of the BDNF in the zebrafish brain is unknown. The main aim of this study was to investigate the transcripts profile of bdnf, and ntrk2antrk2b genes by quantitative PCR (qPCR) using TaqManTM system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City), (i) after a single seizure and (ii) repetitive seizures. Seizures were chemically induced by Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in adult animals and their brains collected at (i) 0,05h, 12h, 24h, 48h, and 72h after acute seizure and (ii) one week after single seizure/day by five consecutive days. Our results showed that in the zebrafish brain, changes in neurotrophins transcript levels were related to an abnormal neuronal activity as seems in other experimental models and patients and presented an increase of bdnf mRNA levels at 0,05h (p=0.01) described for the first time. This is the first study exploring transcript profile of neurotrophins in zebrafish brain and contributes to characterize it as a model for epilepsy studies / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestra em Ciências Médicas

Gene transfer to the brain is a promising therapeutic strategy for a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson‟s disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Although many drugs have been developed and introduced into the market to provide symptomatic treatment, there is still no cure for PD. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent survival factor for injured nigrostriatal dopamine neurons and is currently being evaluated as a potential treatment for PD. Gene therapy allows localized, long-term and stable transgene expression after a single intervention to obtain a therapeutic effect. Regulatable promoters for transgene expression furthermore allow optimizing GDNF concentration to avoid undesirable biological activity and clinical side effects. In the first part of the study, an autoregulatory tetracycline-inducible recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV-pTetbidiON) utilizing the rtTAM2 reverse tetracycline transactivator (rAAV-rtTAM2) was used to conditionally express the human GDNF cDNA. Eight weeks after a single intrastriatal injection of the rAAV-rtTAM2-GDNF vector encapsidated into AAV serotype 1 capsids (rAAV2/1), the GDNF protein level was respectively 15 fold higherand undistinguishable from the endogenous level in doxycycline(Dox) treated and untreated animals. However, a residual GDNF expression in the uninduced animals was evidenced by a sensitive immunohistochemical staining. As compared to rAAV2/1-rtTAM2-GDNF, the rAAV2/1-rtTAM2-WPRE-GDNF vector harboring a woodchuck hepatitis post-transcriptional regulatory element, which increases and stabilizes the transgene transcript, expressed a similar concentration of GDNF in the induced state but a basal level ~2.5-fold higher than the endogenous striatal level. However, the distribution of GDNF in the striatum in induced state was more widespread using the rAAV2/1-rtTAM2-WPRE-GDNF vector as compared to rAAV2/1-rtTAM2- GDNF. As a proof for biological activity, for both vectors, downregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was evidenced in dopaminergic terminals of Dox-treated but not untreated animals. In the second part of my study, functional (behavioural) and neurochemical changes mediated by delayed intrastriatal GDNF gene delivery in the partial Parkinson‟s disease rat model were investigated. The rAAV2/1-rtTAM2-WPRE-GDNF vector (3.5 108 viral genomes) was administered unilaterally in the rat striatum 5 weeks after intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) which produces a partial and progressive lesion of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic pathway. Rats were treated with Dox or untreated from the day of vector injection until sacrifice at 4 or 14 weeks (continuous treatment). A sub-group was Dox-treated for 7 weeks (temporary treatment) then untreated until 14 weeks. In the absence of Dox, the GDNF tissue concentration was found to be equivalent to the endogenous level in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. In the presence of Dox, it was ~10-fold higher. Dox-dependent behavioral improvements were demonstrated 4 weeks post-vector injection. At later time points, spontaneous partial recovery was observed in all rats, but no further improvement was found in Dox-treated animals. Moreover GDNF gene delivery only transiently improved dopaminergic function. Over the long term, TH was more abundant, but not functional, and the increase was lost when GDNF gene expression was switched off. The third part of my study consisted in the evaluation of the respective dose-range of therapeutical and undesirable effects of GDNF. Functional effects appeared after delivery of 3.5 108 viral particles which produced 200-300 pg/mg protein of GDNF in the lesioned rat striatum (see above). In order to evaluate the viral dose producing undesirable effects, we compared two different doses of vector: 3.5x108 and 4.4x109 viral genome. In the low dose group, the GDNF concentration in the striatum was ~300 pg/mg protein in the Dox-treated animals and equivalent to the endogenous level in untreated animals (~20 pg/mg protein). In contrast, in the high dose group, GDNF levels reached ~1200 pg/mg protein in induced animals but up to ~300 pg/mg protein in uniduced animals. In the low dose group, Dox-dependent downregulation of TH but no asymetrical behaviour was evidenced. In the high dose group, TH downregulation was observed in both Dox+ and Dox-rats. In addition, amphetamine-induced rotational behaviour was evidenced in Dox+ but not in Dox-rats. These data suggest that low doses of virus are sufficient to induce therapeutically-relevant but not undesirable functional effects of GDNF. Nevertheless,a neurochemical effect of GDNF (TH down-regulation) did appear at low dose. In order to understand the GDNF-induced motor asymmetry, we investigated the anatomical pattern of TH down regulation in striatum. Strikingly, there was a greater loss of TH labeling in striosomes than in the surrounding matrix. Receptors which are known to be differentially expressed in the striosomes i.e. µ-opioid receptor(MOR-1) and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor 1 (NR1) as compared to the matrix were analyzed in the high-dose group of animals. MOR-1 was not affected by GDNF gene delivery. In contrast, NR1 was down regulated. The potential relationship between TH and NR1 down-regulation as well as other previously described neurochemical effects of GDNF (as enhancement of DA release and metabolism, of DA neurons excitability or of TH phosphorylation) and behavioural asymmetry remains to be clarified. As summary, our data suggest that behavioural and neurochemical effects of striatal delivery of GDNF can be controlled by Dox by using the autoregulatory rAAV2/1-TetON- GDNF vector, provided the dose range of gene delivery is carefully adjusted. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Base Teórica: A prevalência de dor crônica na infância é bem documentada e estima-se que atinja entre 20 a 35% da população pediátrica, podendo causar enorme sofrimento em seus portadores, inaptidões pessoais e ser acompanhada de sintomas emocionais importantes. O manejo dessas criancas inclui a compreensão dos fatores biomecânicos, psicológicos e socioculturais associados ao seu contexto. Dentre os fatores psíquicos o pensamento catastrófico sobre a dor, definido como uma resposta negativa exagerada a mesma, tem sido identificado como uma estratégia adaptativa às circunstâncias. A escala de avaliação do pensamento catastrófico em crianças - Pain Catastrophizing Scale – child version (PCS-C), adaptada da escala para adultos, já está validada em diferentes línguas, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o catastrofismo em crianças brasileiras. Objetivos: O objetivo desse estudo é validar e adaptar a PCS-C para o português do Brasil, examinar as propriedades psicométricas, bem como a estrutura fatorial da escala, e sua correlação com a dor e suas consequências em crianças com e sem dor crônica. Métodos: A versão em português do Brasil foi modificada por um grupo de especialistas a fim de torná-la apropriada para aplicação em crianças entre 7-12 anos. Para avaliar as propriedades psicométricas, 100 crianças (44 com dor crônica e 56 saudáveis) responderam a versão brasileira da PCS-C (BPCS-C). Também foram questionadas quanto aos níveis de dor e quanto à capacidade funcional durante atividades da prática de educação física na escola. Ainda, amostras de saliva foram passivamente coletadas a fim de se medir o fator neurotrófico derivado do cérebro (BDNF). O subgrupo de crianças com dor crônica foi recrutado dos ambulatórios de gastro pediatria, oncologia e reumatologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e o subgrupo de crianças saudáveis foi recrutado de uma escola pública. Resultados: O estudo mostrou uma boa consistência interna do instrumento (alfa de Crombach: 0,81 para o escore total da BPCS-C). Tanto a análise paralela, quanto a análise fatorial exploratória identificaram 2 dimensões (fatores) no instrumento. A análise fatorial confirmatória apresentou os melhores valores de ajustamento (CFI, confirmatory fit-index) quando comparada a outros modelos já existentes. Os escores totais da BPCS-C não diferiram entre as crianças com dor crônica e as saudáveis. No entanto, a dificuldade progressiva de realizar as atividades da Educação Física na escola foi associada com o catastrofismo (p=0,019) nos pacientes com dor crônica. BDNF salivar apresentou fraca associação (r=0,27 p=0,012) com o catastrofismo. Conclusão: Os resultados suportam a validade e confiabilidade da BPCS-C. A estrutura de 2 fatores apresentou adequado ajustamento podendo ser usada, mesmo que diferindo do número de fatores da escala original, pois escore total é o valor mais utilizado para composição do diagnóstico. A ausência de diferença entre os escores nas crianças doentes e saudáveis sugere a necessidade de estudos mais profundos sobre a catastrofização em crianças e a necessidade de instrumentos específicos, e não apenas adaptação daqueles utilizados em adultos. / Introduction: The prevalence of chronic pain in childhood is well documented and is estimated to reach 20 and 35% of the pediatric population. Chronica pain can cause enormous suffering, personal miscarriages and it can be accompanied by important emotional symptoms. The management of these children includes understanding the biomechanical, psychological and sociocultural factors associated in this context. Among the psychic factors, catastrophic thinking about pain is identified as an adaptive strategy to the circumstances. The instrument for catastrophic thinking evaluation in children - Pain Catastrophizing Scale - child version (PCS-C), adapted from the scale for adults, is already validated in different languages, however little is known about catastrophism in Brazilian children. Objectives:. With this cross-sectional study, we aim to adapt the Brazilian version of the PCS-C (BPCS-C) and to examine the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the scale for children with and without chronic pain. Methods: The Brazilian version of the PCS-C was modified by a group of experts to appropriate it for children between 7-12 years. To asses the psychometric properties of the version, 100 children (44 with chronic pain and 56 healthy children) answered the BPCS-C, the visual analog scale and one functional school activity question. It was also collected a passive salivary sample to measure BDNF. The chronic pain children sample was recruited from the gastropediatric, oncologic, and reumatologic ambulatories at a tertiary hospital and the healthy children from a fifth grade public school. Results: We observed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s value of 0.81 for the total BPCS-C). Both parallel analysis and exploratory factorial analysis retained 2 factors for instrument dimensions. The confirmatory factorial analysis presented the best adjustment values (CFI, confirmatory fit-index) when compared to other existing pre-existing models. BPCS-C total scores were not diferente between chronic pain and healthy children. However, the progressive difficulty of performing physical education activities at school was associated with catastrophism (p = 0.019) in patients with chronic pain. 6 Salivary BDNF presented a weak association (r = 0.27 p = 0.012) with catastrophism. Discussion: The results support the validity and reliability of BPCS-C. The 2-factors structure presented an adequate adjustment and can be used for brazilian children population. Although different from the number of factors of the original scale, the instrument measured the most used value for diagnosis, total score. The lack of difference between scores in chronic pain and healthy children suggests the necessity of further studies on catastrophizing in children, as well as for specific instruments, instead of simple adaptation of those used in adults.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), an important neural growth factor, has gained growing interest in neuroscience, but many influencing physiological and analytical aspects still remain unclear. In this study we assessed the impact of storage time at room temperature, repeated freeze/thaw cycles, and storage at 80 C up to 6 months on serum and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-plasma BDNF. Furthermore, we assessed correlations of serum and plasma BDNF concentrations in two independent sets of samples. Coefficients of variations (CVs) for serum BDNF concentrations were significantly lower than CVs of plasma concentrations (n = 245, p = 0.006). Mean serum and plasma concentrations at all analyzed time points remained within the acceptable change limit of the inter-assay precision as declared by the manufacturer. Serum and plasma BDNF concentrations correlated positively in both sets of samples and at all analyzed time points of the stability assessment (r = 0.455 to rs = 0.596; p < 0.004). In summary, when considering the acceptable change limit, BDNF was stable in serum and in EDTA-plasma up to 6 months. Due to a higher reliability, we suggest favoring serum over EDTA-plasma for future experiments assessing peripheral BDNF concentrations.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin involved in the regulation of food intake and body weight, has been implicated in the development and maintenance of Anorexia nervosa (AN). The majority of previous studies reported lower BDNF levels in acutely underweight AN patients (acAN) and increasing levels after weight rehabilitation. Here, we investigated serum BDNF concentrations in the largest known AN sample to date, both before and after weight restoration therapy. Serum BDNF was measured in 259 female volunteers: 77 in-patient acAN participants of the restrictive type (47 reassessed after short-term weight rehabilitation), 62 individuals long-term recovered from AN, and 120 healthy controls. We validated our findings in a post-hoc mega-analysis in which we reanalyzed combined data from the current sample and those from our previous study on BDNF in AN (combined sample: 389 participants). All analyses carefully accounted for known determinants of BDNF (age, sex, storage time of blood samples). We further assessed relationships with relevant clinical variables (body-mass-index, physical activity, symptoms). Contrary to our hypotheses, we found zero significant differences in either cross-sectional or longitudinal comparisons and no significant relationships with clinical variables. Together, our study suggests that BDNF may not be a reliable state- or trait-marker in AN after all.

No description available.

Obesity is associated with deficits in cognitive function, particularly within the domain of executive function (EF). EF refers to higher order cognitive processes that regulate our ability to sustain attention, inhibit subconscious tendencies, remember and manipulate information for immediate use, and remain cognitively flexible. Deficits in EF in overweight and obese individuals may impact the success of weight loss and maintenance efforts. Therefore, understanding the biological links between obesity and EF, as well as the ability to reverse EF deficits with weight loss, is imperative. The first study aimed to determine the effect of weight loss in overweight and obese, middle-aged and older adults on serum brain-derived neurotrophic fact (BDNF), S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Serum samples (n=21; 50-75 years, BMI 25-40 kg/m2) were pooled from two prior weight loss studies. Fasting blood measurements were taken before and after 8- or 12-weeks of hypocaloric diet-induced weight loss (1200 or 1500 kcal/d). Body Mass Index (BMI), body weight, waist circumference, and percent body fat (All p<0.001) decreased with weight loss. Serum BDNF (p=0.871), S100B (p=0.898), and GFAP (p=0.506) did not change following weight loss. The second study aimed to determine the correlation between the magnitude of change in serum BDNF, S100B, and GFAP and the magnitude of improvement in EF performance on three computer-based tests. Participants (n=8; 50-75 years, BMI 25-40 kg/m2) completed 4-weeks of hypocaloric diet-induced weight loss (1200 or 1500 kcal/d), followed by 4-weeks of weight maintenance (hypocaloric diet + steps/d goal). Fasting blood and EF measurements were completed at baseline, and weeks 4 and 8. BMI (p=0.001), body weight (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.002), and percent body fat (p=0.001) decreased from baseline to week 8. Serum BDNF (p=0.359), S100B (p=0.277), and GFAP (p=0.585) did not change following weight loss. Go/No-Go (GNG) errors of commission (p=0.009) and AX-Continuous Performance Test (AX-CPT) correct response time (p=0.041) decreased following the weight loss. The change in serum GFAP was inversely correlated with GNG errors of omission (r=-0.716, p=0.046) and AX-CPT correct hits (r=-0.737, p=0.037), and positively correlated with AX-CPT correct response time (r=0.859, p=0.006). In conclusion, although weight loss does not influence serum BDNF, S100B, or GFAP levels, it may have a positive effect on inhibitory control in overweight and obese, middle-aged and older adults. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between serum BDNF, S100B, and GFAP and executive function. / Master of Science / Obesity is associated with lower brain function, particularly in executive function (EF). EF refers to advanced thought processes that help to maintain focus, practice self-control, solve problems, and easily switch between tasks. Lower EF in individuals with overweight and obesity may impact the success of weight loss and maintenance efforts. Because of this, understanding body processes that may link obesity and lower EF, as well as the ability to improve EF with weight loss, is very important. The first study aimed to determine the effect of weight loss on blood proteins responsible for brain health: brain-derived neurotrophic fact (BDNF), S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Twenty-one blood samples from overweight and obese, middle-aged and older adults were combined from two completed weight loss studies. In these studies, blood was measured before and after 8- or 12-weeks of a weight loss (low calorie diet;1200 or 1500 Calories per day). Body Mass Index (BMI), body weight, waist circumference, and percent body fat all decreased with weight loss; however, levels of BDNF, S100B, and GFAP in the blood did not change. The second study aimed to determine the relationship between blood BDNF, S100B, and GFAP and performance on three computer-based tests of EF before and after weight loss. Eight overweight and obese, middle-aged and older adults completed 4-weeks of weight loss (low-calorie diet; 1200 or 1500 Calories per day), followed by 4-weeks of weight maintenance. BMI, body weight, waist circumference, and percent body fat all decreased following the weight loss and maintenance intervention (week 8). Blood BDNF, S100B, and GFAP levels did not change, but performance on two EF measures improved: participants made less errors of commission (doing something when not supposed to) and had faster reaction time following the intervention, indicating better self-control. Additionally, greater increases in GFAP were associated with less errors of omission (not doing something when supposed to), fewer correct responses, and slower reaction time. In conclusion, although weight loss did not affect blood BDNF, S100B, or GFAP levels, it may improve self-control in overweight and obese, middle-aged and older adults. Further research is needed to understand the relationship between weight loss, blood proteins of brain health, and EF.

Einleitung: Bei der Dystonie handelt es sich um eine Erkrankung des zentralen Nervensystems. Sie ist charakterisiert durch ungewollte, dauerhafte oder wiederkehrende Muskelkontraktionen, die zu abnormalen Bewegungsabläufen und Haltungen führen. Sie ist die dritthäufigste Bewe-gungsstörung beim Menschen. Bisherige Befunde beim Menschen und Untersuchungen an Tier-modellen weisen u.a. auf eine besondere Bedeutung der Basalganglien-Thalamus-Schleife hin, die an der Kontrolle von willkürlichen und unwillkürlichen Bewegungen beteiligt ist. So konnten bei unterschiedlichen Tiermodellen Veränderungen im Striatum (STR), der Eingangsstruktur der Basalganglien, nachgewiesen werden. Beim dtsz Hamster, einem gut etablierten Tiermodell für die paroxysmale Dystonie, konnte neben vielen striatalen Veränderungen eine Reduktion der GABAergen Interneurone (IN), wie Parvalbumin-positive (PV+) IN, zum Zeitpunkt der maximalen Ausprägung der Dystonie gezeigt werden. Ziele der Untersuchung: Die Gründe für den Mangel an striatalen GABAergen IN bei der dtsz Hamstermutante sollten weiter untersucht werden, indem der Frage nachzugehen war, ob beim dtsz Hamster eine Migrations- oder Ausreifungsstörung der IN vorliegt. Dazu wurde das Homöodomänprotein Nkx 2.1, als Marker für aus dem medialen Ganglienhügel eingewanderte IN, im STR der dtsz Hamstermutante untersucht. Die Expression des Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), des Kalium-Chlorid-Kotransporters 2 (KCC2) und die zytosolische Carboanhydrase vom Isotyp 7 (CAH7) wurden als Indikatoren für die Ausreifung von GABAergen IN herangezogen. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Die Untersuchungen wurden vergleichend an dtsz Hamstern und Kontrollhamstern durchgeführt. Beim dtsz Hamster zeigt die Dystonie einen altersabhängigen Verlauf (Beginn: ca. 16. Lebenstag (LT); Maximum: 30.-42. LT; Remission: 70. LT). Deshalb wurden als Untersuchungszeitpunkte der 18. LT und der 33. LT gewählt. Um die Migration der striatalen IN zu untersuchen, wurde im STR bei 33 Tage alten Hamsterns die Dichte der immun-histochemisch markierten Nkx 2.1-positiven Zellen stereologisch ermittelt. Der mRNA-Gehalt wurde relativ mittels „quantitativer Echtzeit-PCR“ (qPCR) bestimmt. Zusätzlich wurde die mRNA-Expression von Nkx 2.1 bei 18 Tage alten Tieren untersucht. Von KCC2 und CAH7 wurde die mRNA mittels qPCR bei 18 und 33 Tage alten Hamstern im STR untersucht. Die Expression von BDNF wurde mittels ELISA-System im Kortex (Cx), STR und im restlichen Gehirngewebe („R“) bei 33 und 18 Tage alten Tieren bestimmt. Der BDNF-mRNA Gehalt wurde im Cx (18. und 33. LT) und im STR (33. LT) untersucht. Des Weiteren sollte BDNF bei 33 Tage alten Hamstern mittels immunhistochemischer Markierung im Cx und STR untersucht werden. Die Untersuchung von BDNF im Cx ist deshalb wichtig, weil BDNF vom Cx in das STR trans-portiert wird. Zusätzlich wurde Parvalbumin (PV) zusammen mit Nkx 2.1 immunhistochemisch markiert und die mRNA-Expression von PV bei 18 und 33 Tage alten Tieren bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Für Nkx 2.1 konnte kein Unterschied in der Zelldichte zwischen dtsz- und Kontroll-hamstern gefunden werden. Ebenfalls gab es weder bei 18 noch bei 33 Tage alten Tieren einen Unterschied in der Nkx 2.1-mRNA-Expression. Unterschiede in der mRNA-Expression von KCC2 und CAH7 im STR (18. und 33. LT) lagen auch nicht vor. Die Expression der PV-mRNA im STR bei 33 Tage alten Tieren war jedoch erwartungsgemäß vermindert. Auf mRNA-Ebene konnte im Cx für BDNF kein Unterschied zwischen dtsz- und Kontrolltiergruppe gefunden wer-den. Bei beiden Tiergruppen wurde mittels ELISA im STR mehr BDNF nachgewiesen als im Cx und im R (18. und 33. LT) nachweisbar. Entgegen der Hypothese war nach Analyse der Daten mittels Zwei-Wege ANOVA eine geringe Erhöhung der BDNF-Expression im Cx und STR bei 33 Tage alten dtsz Hamstern nachweisbar. Dies lag daran, dass die BDNF-Expression nur bei den Kontrolltieren am 33. LT im Vergleich zum 18. LT herunterreguliert war. Die Ergebnisse der BDNF-Immunhistologie waren in Hinblick auf die Spezifität zweifelhaft. Schlussfolgerung: Die Nkx 2.1 Daten lassen auf eine ungestörte Migration striataler IN bei der dtsz Mutante schließen. Wahrscheinlich ist eine Ausreifungsstörung für den Mangel an GABAer-gen IN verantwortlich. Die Ergebnisse von KCC2 und CAH7 zeigen, dass keine generelle Ausreifungsstörung von GABAergen Neuronen vorliegt, wobei dies für kleinere Subpopulationen nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann. Entgegen der Arbeitshypothese konnte keine Verringerung sondern eine leichte Erhöhung von BDNF zum 33. LT bei der dtsz Hamstermutante festgestellt werden. Eine mögliche Erklärung könnte sein, dass BDNF auf Grund der verzögert einsetzenden Entwicklung der IN nicht herunterreguliert wird. Die Gründe für diese Erhöhung wie auch weitere Marker für die neuronale Ausreifung werden durch weiterführende Studien untersucht.