The purpose of the study was to determine the causes, of the increased perinatal mortality, identify and describe other factors contributing to the increased perinatal mortality rate in a rural healthcare facility situated in Sekhukhune district in Limpopo province, and to formulate the recommendations that will reduce the perinatal mortality rate based on the results. A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective design was conducted. The study population was one hundred and sixty two (162) records of babies who died in the perinatal facility from the 1st January 2015 to the 31st December 2015 with a gestational age of about 28 weeks or more. No sampling was done, but a census was used. The sample comprised of one hundred and sixty two (162) of all the records related to perinatal mortality. Data were collected from patients’ records by using a checklist. Analysis of the data was performed by the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14 computer software. Frequency tables and pie graphs were used to present the data. The results indicated that 75.3% (n=122) of the records were associated with health personnel as a factor contributing to perinatal mortality. Furthermore, preterm cases accounted for 45.1% (n=73) and prematurity accounted for 37.0% (n=60) of the cases of perinatal mortality. Therefore, preterm births and prematurity are risk factors that should be managed immediately after birth, and all babies should be managed prior to being transferred to the other healthcare institutions. The recommendations are that the education of patients about early antenatal visit, signs of labour and danger signs during pregnancy and training of healthcare workers on record-keeping have to be done on a continuous basis. Managers should conduct quality improvement programmes, benchmarking and implement maternal and neonatal guidelines in the clinical area throughout pregnancy. / Health Studies / M. P. H. (Health Studies)

The study was done to assess the information and care the men and women have on PCC and develop strategies that could improve provision of PCC that could advance maternal and newborn outcome after pregnancy in Malawi. Most for the interventions to improve pregnancy outcome are done too late in Malawi but there is an opportunity during preconception period to plan to improve the health of the couple so that the goal of a healthy mother and baby is attained. The objectives were to: explore and describe the knowledge men and women of childbearing age have on HTSP and PCC, identify variables that influence men and women to acquire appropriate knowledge on PCC and finally to develop strategies that could assist provision of PCC in developing countries like Malawi. Adverse issues that affect the couples could be addressed promptly before the occurrence of pregnancy. A quantitative non-experimental descriptive-correlation design method was used to determine the knowledge men and women of childbearing have on HTSP and PCC. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 300 men and women of childbearing age. The target population for the study was prospective parents that are couples that have an intention to conceive, women of childbearing age that could be accessible at family planning, gyneacological and under-five clinics between the ages of 18-35 years. A questionnaire was adapted from a study conducted in Texas. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse the data by generating frequencies and chi- square. Kruskal Wallis test was used to determine relationship between variables and knowledge on preconception care. The constructs examined were psychological preparation, reproductive health care and the physical care that are provided to ensure a healthy pregnancy outcome. With a 100% response rate the findings indicated a gap of information and care on PCC.Services on PCC were not available in the clinics which indicated a great need to empower health care providers on PCC that could reduce maternal and neonatal mortality rate. The findings were used to develop relevant preconception strategies that would assist health providers to give PCC that would improve maternal and newborn outcomes in Malawi. / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Law / LL.M.

Thesis in English, Annexure E: Consent form (leaf 81) as well as KABP Survey Questionnaire (leaves 87-91) in English and SiSwati. / The purpose of the study was to assess knowledge, explore attitudes and determine practices of breastfeeding mothers living with HIV regarding post-natal PMTCT interventions and services. The study was quantitative and descriptive in nature, utilising a retrospective cohort design. The study sample included breastfeeding mothers living with HIV, who attended the King Sobhuza II public health unit in the Manzini region of Swaziland. A written questionnaire was administered to a non-random sample of 90 consecutively selected mothers living with HIV attending the above-cited public health unit for post-natal health purposes. The overall study results revealed that the majority of breastfeeding mothers living with HIV in the afore-mentioned region (77.8%) presented high levels of knowledge on PMTCT, and 90% demonstrated a positive attitude; while a further 90% also demonstrated positive behaviour towards PMTCT. However, stigma and discrimination among family members, non-disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners; as well as poverty and fear of future drug-resistance are the cause of non-adherence to ARV prophylaxis. Furthermore, inconsistent condom use, mixed-feeding methods and wet-nursing also emerged as other contributing factors to the increase of post-natal mother-to-child transmission of HIV among breastfeeding mothers living with HIV. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Text in English / This qualitative descriptive phenomenological study explored the experiences of HIV positive women utilising PMTCT services at a central hospital in Zimbabwe. Data was collected using in-depth interviews of fifteen participants. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Using the Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis framework for data analysis, two super-ordinate themes emerged, namely resources for provision of PMTCT services and approaches and nature of PMTCT care. The study revealed challenges experienced by HIV positive women emanating from material, financial and human resource related constraints in the PMTCT setting. The resource challenges negatively affected access and utilisation of PMTCT services. A practice model, whose purpose is to enhance the quality and utilisation of PMTCT services, was developed and described. The model was evaluated using Chin and Krammer (2011) criteria plus a modified form of the Delphi technique. These findings have implications for effective PMTCT service provision. The key lessons learnt for programmatic improvement were that in order to provide quality and accessible PMTCT services the health care system will need to be well resourced. There is need to strengthen the health care system in line with HIV related programmatic changes. / Health Studies / D. L.itt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Du fait de son impact sur la morbidité et la mortalité infantile, ainsi que de ses implications sur la santé à l’âge adulte, le petit poids de naissance constitue un problème majeur de santé publique. Le Burkina Faso, pays sahélien enclavé au cœur de l’Afrique occidentale est classé dans le groupe des pays pauvres très endettés et présente une forte prévalence de petit poids de naissance, imputable dans la majorité des cas au retard de croissance intra-utérine. Le contexte de ce travail, réalisé en milieu rural, se caractérise par une situation socioéconomique précaire se traduisant par un faible niveau des indicateurs de l’état de santé et une faible accessibilité aux services sociaux de base.<p><p>Objectifs, hypothèses<p>Ce travail repose sur les hypothèses que les facteurs socioéconomiques influencent la survenue du petit poids de naissance et que le petit poids de naissance a un impact négatif sur la croissance et la survie au cours de la première année de vie. <p>Ce travail s’est fixé pour objectifs de :<p>•connaître l’importance du petit poids de naissance à terme ;<p>•analyser les déterminants du petit poids de naissance ;<p>•proposer un score pour l’identification des femmes enceintes à risque de mise au monde d’un enfant de petit poids ;<p>•identifier les facteurs influençant la croissance des enfants nés de petit poids ;<p>•étudier l'impact du déficit pondéral à la naissance sur la morbidité et la mortalité infantile ;<p>•formuler des recommandations pour la prévention et la prise en charge du petit poids de naissance en milieu défavorisé dans le but d’orienter les stratégies de réduction de la mortalité infantile.<p><p>Méthodologie<p>Trois types d’études ont été réalisés:<p>•une étude de cohorte rétrospective portant sur 435 enfants dans le but d’explorer les facteurs de risque, la croissance, le statut nutritionnel et la mortalité des enfants nés de petit poids de naissance à terme.<p>•Une étude transversale portant sur 1013 naissances vivantes à terme qui a permis de déterminer la fréquence du petit poids de naissance et d’analyser les facteurs associés qui lui étaient associés.<p>•Une étude de cohorte prospective au cours de laquelle les 1013 enfants enrôlés dans l’étude transversale ont été suivis afin d’analyser leur croissance et leur survie au cours des 12 premiers mois de vie.<p><p>Principaux résultats <p>•Le petit poids de naissance représente 15,8% des naissances à terme. <p>•Le sexe féminin est prédominant chez les enfants de petit poids.<p>•Les facteurs sociodémographiques associés au petit poids de naissance sont essentiellement des caractéristiques sociodémographiques maternelles :le jeune âge de la mère (moins de 20 ans), le faible niveau d’instruction, le mauvais état nutritionnel et la faible accessibilité géographique aux structures de santé.<p>•Les facteurs obstétricaux associés au petit poids sont :la primiparité, la survenue de vomissements gravidiques, l’exécution de travaux champêtres et une charge de travail plus importante en cours de grossesse.<p>•Le score proposé pour l’identification des femmes à risque a un pouvoir de discrimination acceptable et présente une bonne stabilité et une faible marge d’erreur de prédiction.<p>•Indépendamment de la catégorie de poids à la naissance, tous les enfants demeurent en dessous des médianes des courbes de référence internationales pour l’ensemble des indices nutritionnels entre 0 et 12 mois. <p>•Malgré des gains plus importants mais de façon non significative, les enfants de PPN montrent une incapacité à combler leur retard en taille et en poids.<p>•Le PPN est associé à un risque significativement plus élevé de retard de croissance et d’insuffisance pondérale au cours de la première année de vie.<p>•Le petit poids de naissance et la non-complétude de la consultation prénatale étaient associés à un risque deux fois plus important de décès. <p>•L’état nutritionnel à l’âge de 3 mois ainsi qu’à l’âge de 6 mois joue un rôle plus important dans la survie chez les enfants de PPN que chez les enfants nés de poids normal.<p><p> <p>Conclusions<p>Les solutions au problème du petit poids de naissance impliquent un paquet d’interventions intégrant des stratégies avant, pendant et après la grossesse et des programmes de prise en charge ciblant les enfants de petit poids après leur naissance. Il s’agit prioritairement de :<p>•l’information et de la sensibilisation des populations pour un meilleur suivi de la grossesse et une complétude de la consultation prénatale ;<p>•l’adoption de pratiques et d’habitudes en faveur d’une alimentation équilibrée des femmes enceintes ;<p>•un plaidoyer pour un allègement de la charge de travail des femmes enceintes ;<p>•l’utilisation de méthodes opérationnelles pour l’identification des femmes à risque ;<p>•l’amélioration de la qualité des prestations de surveillance de la grossesse ;<p>•la redéfinition du contenu et des protocoles des programmes de suivi et de promotion de la croissance des jeunes enfants avec une attention particulière pour les enfants nés de petit poids ;<p>•la lutte contre certaines pratiques sociales comme les mariages précoces et les grossesses chez les adolescentes et les femmes de moins de 20 ans ;<p>•la promotion de la scolarisation des jeunes filles et l’alphabétisation des mères ;<p>•l’amélioration de l’état nutritionnel de la population ;<p>•la réalisation d’études pour évaluer l’impact de certains déterminants et interventions sur l’incidence du petit poids et le devenir des enfants nés avec un handicap pondéral :rôle de l’infection palustre, interventions nutritionnelles ciblant les enfants de petit poids, apports nutritionnels pendant la grossesse.<p><p>Summary<p><p>Due to its impact on infant morbidity and mortality, and its effects on adult’s health, low birth weight (LBW) is a major issue in the public health sector. Burkina Faso, a Sahelian country land-locked in the heart of West Africa is listed among the heavily indebted poor countries, with a high prevalence of Low Birth Weight, caused in most cases by intra uterine growth retardation. The context of the current study, conducted in urban area, is characterised by a poor socio-economic situation resulting in weak health indicators and difficult access to the basic social services.<p><p>Objectives, assumptions<p><p>The study is based o the assumptions that socio-economic factors have an influence on the occurrence of Low Birth Weight and that Low Birth Weight has a negative impact on growth and survival during the first year of the infant.<p>The study has the following objectives:<p>•To assess the importance of low birth weight a term;<p>•To analyse the determinant factors of low birth weight;<p>•To suggest a classification for the identification of pregnant women at risk of giving birth to low birth weight infants ;<p>•To identify factors which have an impact on the growth of low birth weight children ;<p>•To look at the impact of body weight deficiency at birth on infant morbidity and mortality ;<p>•To give recommendations on the prevention and treatment of low birth weight children from underprivileged background with the aim to orientate strategies for infant mortality reduction.<p><p>Methodology<p>Three types of studies were conducted:<p>•A retrospective cohort study of 435 children aiming at exploring risk factors, growth, nutritional status, and mortality of low birth weight infants in the long run.<p>•A cross-sectional study of 1013 live full-term births, which led to determining the frequency of low birth weight and at analysing associated factors which are linked to low birth weight.<p>•A prospective cohort study during which the 1013 children taken into consideration for the cross-sectional study were followed up so as to analyse their growth and survival all along the first 12 months of their life.<p><p>Main results<p>•Low birth weight represents 15.8% of full-term births.<p>•Female babies are predominant among low birth weight babies.<p>•Socio-demographic factors linked to low birth weight are mainly maternal socio-demographic characteristics: young mother (below 20 years old), low educational level, poor nutritional status and limited geographical access to health infrastructures.<p>•Obstetrical factors linked to low birth weight are the following: primiparity, occurrence of vomiting during pregnancy, field work and a heavier workload during pregnancy.<p>•The suggested classification for the identification of women at risk proves to have an acceptable power of discrimination and shows good stability and limited margin of error for prediction.<p>•Regardless of weight categories at birth, all children remain below medians of international reference curves for all nutritional indicators between 0 and 12 months. <p>•In spite of more important but not significant weight gains, LBW children prove not to be able to catch up on height and weight.<p>•LBW is linked to a significantly higher risk in growth retardation and weight deficiency during the newborn’s first year of life.<p>•LBW and non-complete antenatal visits are linked to a death risk multiplied by two.<p>•The nutritional status at the age of 3 months and 6 months old plays a more important role in the survival in LBW children than in children born with normal weight.<p><p>Conclusions<p>Solutions to LBW imply a package of interventions which should integrate strategies before, during and after pregnancy, together with treatment programmes targeting LBW children after their birth. In priority, these are:<p>•Information and awareness given to population for a better follow-up of pregnancies and complete cycles antenatal visits ;<p>•New practices and habits to be taken on favouring a balanced diet of pregnant women ;<p>•Advocacy actions aiming at reducing the workload of pregnant women ;<p>•The use of operational methods to identify women at risk ;<p>•Improving the quality of monitoring of pregnancy; <p>•Redefined content and procedures of monitoring programs and promoting young children growth, with particular focus on LBW children ;<p>•The fight against some social practices such as early marriages and pregnancies of teenagers and women below 20 years;<p>•The promotion of school education for young girls and literacy for mothers ;<p>•Improving the nutritional status of the population;<p>•The realisation of studies to assess the impact of some determinant factors and interventions on the occurrence of low birth weight and on the future of children born with weight deficiency: role of malaria, nutritional interventions targeting LBW children, nutritional intakes during pregnancy<p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’activation des lymphocytes T nécessite un double signal. Le premier est antigénique et permet la reconnaissance d’un peptide spécifique présenté à la surface de cellules présentatrices d’antigène (APC). Le second signal est co-stimulateur et implique l’interaction avec des molécules activatrices exprimées par les APC et la présence de cytokines proinflammatoires. Les cellules dendritiques (DC) sont les uniques APC capables de délivrer ce double signal et d'activer les lymphocytes T naïfs, initiant ainsi les réponses immunes primaires. L’immaturité du système immunitaire du nouveau-né est responsable d’une plus grande susceptibilité aux maladies infectieuses ainsi qu’une faible réponse vaccinale. Des déficiences tant au niveau de l’immunité innée que de l’immunité acquise participe à une faible défense face aux agressions. A la naissance, les DC expriment des niveaux faibles de molécules co stimulatrices et présentent un défaut majeur de synthèse d'IL 12, cytokine cruciale pour l’établissement de réponses de type Th1. Le but de ce travail est d’évaluer la capacité des DC du nouveau-né humain à activer les lymphocytes T CD8+.<p>Dans une première approche, nous avons utilisé un modèle unique d’induction de réponse primaire in vitro qui permet d'étudier l'activation de lymphocytes T CD8+ spécifiques de l’antigène Melan-A, une protéine du soi exprimée par les mélanocytes. Ces lymphocytes existent à des fréquences particulièrement élevées chez les individus sains HLA-A2 et présentent les caractéristiques de lymphocytes T naïfs. Dans ce modèle, nous avons d’abord analysé les capacités immunostimulatrices de différentes populations de DC différenciées in vitro. Nous avons observé que les DC différenciées par la culture de monocytes purifiés en présence d'IL-3 et d’IFN-beta sont capables d’initier une réponse fonctionnelle des lymphocytes T CD8+, analogue à celle induite par les DC différenciées en présence de GM-CSF et d’IL-4. Ce même modèle nous a permis de démontrer que, en dépit de leur défaut de production d’IL 12, les DC du nouveau-né sont capables d'induire efficacement une réponse lymphocytaire T CD8+ cytotoxique.<p><p>Afin dévaluer la relevance in vivo de nos observations, nous avons étudié le phénotype et la fonction des DC circulantes chez des nouveau-nés infectés par le cytomégalovirus (CMV). L’infection par le CMV au cours de la vie fœtale représente une situation clinique où le nouveau-né développe une réponse mature et fonctionnelle des lymphocytes T CD8+, alors que celle des lymphocytes T CD4+ est déficiente. Ces expériences ont montré que le phénotype, la fonction et la réponse à différents stimuli des APC présentes en périphérie ne sont pas affectés par l’infection congénitale par le CMV. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’observation des DC circulantes des nouveau-nés infectés par le CMV ne permet pas d’analyser l’influence du virus sur la fonction des DC néonatales. Dans ce but, nous avons reproduit un modèle d’infection in vitro de DC par une souche primaire du CMV. L’utilisation de micropuces à ADN nous a permis de comparer l’expression de gènes différentiellement induits par l’infection des DC d’adultes et de nouveau-nés. Nous avons ainsi révélé une proportion importante de gènes différentiellement induits, parmi lesquels celui de l’IFN-beta. Nous avons confirmé ce défaut au niveau protéique et mis en évidence une production d’IL 12 déficiente en réponse à l’infection par CMV.<p>L’ensemble de nos résultats indique que malgré leur immaturité, les DC du nouveau-né sont capables, dans certaines circonstances, d’induire une réponse lymphocytaire T CD8+ cytotoxique. Cependant, le défaut de production de certaines cytokines co-stimulatrices pourrait être impliqué dans la faible réponse des lymphocytes T CD4+ à l’infection par CMV. Ces observations ont d’importantes implications pour la compréhension de l’induction de réponses cytotoxiques au cours d’infections virales et pour l’élaboration de stratégies vaccinales en début de vie.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Background: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is regarded as one of the most important causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. GBS recto-vaginal colonization is important in the health of a mother and her neonate, especially in developing countries. Maternal vaginal colonization with GBS at the time of delivery can cause vertical transmission to the neonate. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique used to characterize microbial isolates by means of sequencing internal fragments of housekeeping genes and has the advantage of reproducibility and has been shown to correlate with the other typing techniques and thus has emerged as the standard for delineating the clonal population of GBS. The study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of GBS colonization among pregnant women and their neonates, and to characterize the isolates by multilocus sequence typing technique at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Pretoria. Methodology: A total of 413 pregnant women who visited the antenatal clinic were recruited and screened. Participants were interviewed using a questionnaire to gather demographic and other relevant information such as history of current pregnancy, previous miscarriages and still births. Samples from maternal rectum and vagina as well as neonate ear and umbilical cord were taken for culture using colistin and nalidixic acid (CNA) blood agar and incubated for 24-48 hours. If negative after 48 hours, Todd-Hewitt broth was subcultured after 18-48 hours onto sheep blood agar. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to characterize seven group B streptococcus isolates collected at Dr George Mukhari academic hospital. Fragments of seven housekeeping genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for each strain and sequenced. CLC bio software (Inqaba biotech, South Africa; Pretoria) was used to analyse sequenced loci and UPGMA dendrogram was constructed. Results: The colonization rate for GBS in pregnant women and their neonates was 30.9% and 0%, respectively. A higher proportion of GBS were isolated from the rectum (37.9%) as compared to the vagina (20.6%). Most socio-economic, demographic and obstetric factors analysed were not significantly associated with.GBS colonization. On 128 positive samples, the results of Todd-Hewitt enrichment broth and direct plating method using CNA were compared. A total of 45.3% of colonised were positive on direct selective agar (CNA); an additional 54.7% samples were recovered from Todd-Hewitt broth. Three genes (adhP, glnA and tkt) were sequenced successfully for six samples (1, 2. 4,6,12 and 65). The UPGMA tree with 1000 bootstrap showing the relationship between six samples was drawn.Conclusion: This study revealed that pregnant women of all ages are at risk of group B streptococcus colonization. Group B streptococcus was common among pregnant women at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital. No socio-economic risk factor was associated with group B streptococcus colonization. Results confirm that the combination of Todd-Hewitt broth and CNA agar plate is a time saving and sensitive method. The allelic profile, characteristics such as G+C (guanine+cytosine) content and dN/dS ratio were not analysed because of the smaller sample size used in this study, which shows that the MLST method was unsuccessful in this study. The UPGMA tree based on differences in consensus of the isolates showed that all group B streptococcus isolates are clustered and descend from a single node. / Life & Consumer Sciences / Life Sciences / M.Sc. (Life Sciences)

Background: Group B streptococcus (GBS) is regarded as one of the most important causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. GBS recto-vaginal colonization is important in the health of a mother and her neonate, especially in developing countries. Maternal vaginal colonization with GBS at the time of delivery can cause vertical transmission to the neonate. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a technique used to characterize microbial isolates by means of sequencing internal fragments of housekeeping genes and has the advantage of reproducibility and has been shown to correlate with the other typing techniques and thus has emerged as the standard for delineating the clonal population of GBS. The study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of GBS colonization among pregnant women and their neonates, and to characterize the isolates by multilocus sequence typing technique at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Pretoria. Methodology: A total of 413 pregnant women who visited the antenatal clinic were recruited and screened. Participants were interviewed using a questionnaire to gather demographic and other relevant information such as history of current pregnancy, previous miscarriages and still births. Samples from maternal rectum and vagina as well as neonate ear and umbilical cord were taken for culture using colistin and nalidixic acid (CNA) blood agar and incubated for 24-48 hours. If negative after 48 hours, Todd-Hewitt broth was subcultured after 18-48 hours onto sheep blood agar. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to characterize seven group B streptococcus isolates collected at Dr George Mukhari academic hospital. Fragments of seven housekeeping genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for each strain and sequenced. CLC bio software (Inqaba biotech, South Africa; Pretoria) was used to analyse sequenced loci and UPGMA dendrogram was constructed. Results: The colonization rate for GBS in pregnant women and their neonates was 30.9% and 0%, respectively. A higher proportion of GBS were isolated from the rectum (37.9%) as compared to the vagina (20.6%). Most socio-economic, demographic and obstetric factors analysed were not significantly associated with.GBS colonization. On 128 positive samples, the results of Todd-Hewitt enrichment broth and direct plating method using CNA were compared. A total of 45.3% of colonised were positive on direct selective agar (CNA); an additional 54.7% samples were recovered from Todd-Hewitt broth. Three genes (adhP, glnA and tkt) were sequenced successfully for six samples (1, 2. 4,6,12 and 65). The UPGMA tree with 1000 bootstrap showing the relationship between six samples was drawn.Conclusion: This study revealed that pregnant women of all ages are at risk of group B streptococcus colonization. Group B streptococcus was common among pregnant women at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital. No socio-economic risk factor was associated with group B streptococcus colonization. Results confirm that the combination of Todd-Hewitt broth and CNA agar plate is a time saving and sensitive method. The allelic profile, characteristics such as G+C (guanine+cytosine) content and dN/dS ratio were not analysed because of the smaller sample size used in this study, which shows that the MLST method was unsuccessful in this study. The UPGMA tree based on differences in consensus of the isolates showed that all group B streptococcus isolates are clustered and descend from a single node. / Life Sciences / M.Sc. (Life Sciences)