Les maladies neurodégénératives regroupent un ensemble de neuropathologies qui se caractérisent par le dysfonctionnement progressif des neurones et leur perte irréversible au niveau du système nerveux central. Parmi ces maladies figure la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) qui est une des conditions neurodégénératives la plus fréquente. Bien qu’aucune étiologie n’ait encore été identifiée, le vieillissement est par conséquent le principal facteur de risque de la MA. Grâce aux recherches réalisées sur le vieillissement, des caractéristiques de changements cellulaires et biochimiques, comme la sénescence cellulaire et l’inflammaging, ont été associées à ce phénomène. La sénescence cellulaire qui se définit par un état d’arrêt du cycle cellulaire pourrait aggraver une maladie neurodégénérative, entre autres par le biais de phénotypes sécrétoires associés à la sénescence. L’implication du proto-oncogène BMI1 dans la régulation du cycle cellulaire et la sénescence a été démontrée à travers son inhibition du locus INK4/ARF. De plus, une déficience en BMI1 a été rapportée dans des neurones de certains patients avec la MA, et elle est également associée à une neurodégénérescence précoce. Le complexe NF-κB participe à l’expression d’un large éventail de gènes de cytokines pro-inflammatoires impliquées dans les processus de l’inflammaging et de la sénescence cellulaire. Cependant, l’implication conjointe de BMI1 et de NF-κB dans les processus de neurodégénérescence demeure peu connue. Compte tenu de ce contexte, dans le cadre de ce projet de maitrise, nous avons voulu explorer l’implication conjointe des molécules BMI1 et de la voie canonique du facteur NF-κB dans la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires en utilisant des modèles in vivo et in vitro reproduisant un phénotype de neurodégénérescence similaire à la maladie d’Alzheimer. Nos résultats indiquent qu’une déficience en BMI1 est corrélée à une inactivation du facteur NF-κB aussi bien dans des neurones in vitro qu’in vivo ainsi qu’a une baisse de l’expression des cytokines IL6 et IL8. Bien que nous présentions des résultats générés à partir d’expériences non dupliquées, ils convergent tout de même vers des conclusions similaires à celles obtenues au niveau de pathologies cancéreuses. Ainsi notre projet apporte une information additionnelle qui pourrait servir à la compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents au phénomène de l’inflammaging dans la neurodégénérescence. / Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of neuropathologies characterized by the progressive dysfunction of neurons and their death in the central nervous system. Among these diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common one. Although no aetiology has yet been identified, aging is therefore the main risk factor for AD. Thanks to several research work on aging, cellular characteristics and biochemical changes, such as senescence and inflammaging, have been associated with this phenomenon. Senescence, which is defined as a state of cell cycle arrest, could worsen neurodegenerative diseases throughout senescence associated secretory phenotypes. The involvement of the proto-oncogene BMI1 in cell cycle regulation and senescence has been demonstrated through its inhibition of the INK4/ARF locus. Additionally, BMI1 deficiency has been reported in neurons of AD patients, and it is also associated with early neurodegeneration. The NF-κB complex participates in the expression of a wide range of pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the processes of inflammaging and cellular senescence. However, little is known about the joint involvement of BMI1 and NF-κB molecules in neurodegeneration processes. Given this context, within the framework of this master's project, we wanted to explore the combined implication of BMI1 and the canonical pathway of the NF-κB factor in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines using in vivo and in vitro models reproducing a neurodegenerative phenotype similar to Alzheimer's disease. Our results indicate that a deficiency in BMI1 is correlated to an inactivation of the NF-κB expression both in vitro and in vivo neurones, as well as with a decrease in the expression of cytokines IL6 and IL8. Although we present results generated from unduplicated experiments, they nonetheless converge towards similar conclusions obtained in studies carried out on cancerous pathologies. Thus, our project provides additional information that could help to understand the mechanisms underlying the inflammaging phenomena in neurodegeneration.

<p>The crossing of host barriers (intestinal, blood-brain, and placental) is a critical step for systemic infections caused by entero-invasive pathogens. In the intestine, the epithelial cells are the first line of defense against enteric pathogens. <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> is a facultative-intracellular foodborne pathogen that first crosses the intestinal barrier to cause a systemic infection. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood.</p><p><br></p> <p>We demonstrate that <i>Listeria</i> adhesion protein (LAP) promotes the translocation of <i>L. monocytogenes </i>across the intestinal barrier in mouse models (A/J and C57BL/6). Relative to the wild-type (WT; serotype 4b) or the isogenic bacterial invasion protein Internalin A mutant (Δ<i>inlA</i>) strain, the <i>lap^─</i> strain showed significant defect in translocation across the intestinal barrier and colonization of the mesenteric-lymph nodes, liver and spleen in the early phase of infection (24 h and 48 h). LAP induces intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction for increased translocation as evidenced by increased permeability to 4-kDa FITC-dextran (FD4), a marker of paracellular permeability, in the serum and urine of WT and Δ<i>inlA</i>- infected mice and across Caco-2 cell barrier, but not the <i>lap^─</i> mutant strain. Microscopic examination confirmed localization of the WT and Δ<i>inlA</i> strains in the tight junction, a crucial barrier of intestinal paracellular permeability, in the mouse ileal tissue but the <i>lap^─</i> strain remained confined in the lumen. LAP also upregulates TNF-α and IL-6 in intestinal epithelia of mice and in Caco-2 cells for increased permeability. </p><p><br></p> <p>Investigation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of LAP-mediated increase in intestinal permeability by using <i>lap^─</i> mutant strain, purified LAP and shRNA-mediated Hsp60 suppression, we demonstrate that LAP interacts with its host receptor, Hsp60, and activates the canonical NF-κB signaling, which in turn facilitates myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK)-mediated opening of the epithelial barrier via the cellular redistribution of major epithelial junctional proteins claudin-1, occludin, and E-cadherin. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB or MLCK in cells or genetic ablation of MLCK in mice (C57BL/6) prevents mislocalization of epithelial junctional proteins, intestinal permeability and <i>L. monocytogenes</i> translocation across the intestinal barrier.</p> <p><br></p><p>Furthermore, LAP also promotes <i>L. monocytogenes </i>translocation across the intestinal barrier and systemic dissemination in a Mongolian gerbil that are permissive to the bacterial invasion proteins; InlA-and InlB-mediated pathways; similar to that in humans. We show a direct LAP-dependent and InlA-independent pathway<i> </i>for <i>L. monocytogenes</i> paracellular translocation across the intestinal epithelial cells that do not express luminally accessible E-cadherin. Additionally, we show a functional InlA/E-cadherin interaction pathway that aids <i>L. monocytogenes</i> translocation by targeting cells with luminally accessible E-cadherin such as cells at the site of epithelial cell extrusion, epithelial folds and mucus-expelling goblet cells. Thus, <i>L. monocytogenes</i> uses LAP to exploit epithelial innate defense in the early phase of infection to cross the intestinal epithelial barrier, independent of other invasion proteins.</p><p><br></p> <p>This work fills a critical gap in our understanding of <i>L. monocytogenes </i>pathogenesis and sheds light to the complex interplay between host-pathogen interactions for bacterial crossing of the crucial intestinal barrier.</p> <br>