Abstract Aim: The purpose of the study is to show the influence of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI in form of esomeprazole) on the bioactivation of dietary nitrate (sodium-nitrate solution) in submaximal exercise, through affecting the gastric pH. Method: Randomized, doubled-blinded, placebo-controlled and crossover study with six subjects (mean ± SD, age 29 ± 5years, height 170 ± 5 centimeters, weight 70 ± 5 Kg, BMI 24,36 ± 1,75 Kg/m2 blood pressure 119/ 77 ± 6 mmHg, 3 male and 3 female). They were tested in two different trials. Every trial consisted of two parts. One part was cycling on 4 different submaximal stages (80W/60RPM, 80W/90RPM, 120W/60RPM, 120W/90RPM) for 5 minutes each, with 90 minutes rest in between. The same protocol was repeated. In the beginning of the resting time a sodium nitrate solution (NaNO3-, 10mg/kg body weight) was ingested. VO2, VCO2, RER, VE, Lactate, Glucose, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. Venous blood samples were taken. Whether esomeprazole (10mg) or a placebo were taken 24h, 12h and directly before being tested in both trials. Subjects were pleased to have a nitrate poor diet starting when taking the pills. An information sheet was provided. Results: No significant differences were found between the post values and the treatment. Tendencies of a higher oxygen consumption when taking esomeprazole (2,62%) in comparison to placebo (0,11%) were observed. Systolic BP decreased by 3,91% with the placebo while it decreased just 2,04% with esomeprazole after intake. Sex-specific differences occurred in the metabolism of esomeprazole and dietary nitrate. RER showed a significant post nitrate difference between the female and male participants with t=.006 and a significance in predietary nitrate intake. VE in female (40,79 ± 7,20 L/min) and (50,03 ± 10,09 L/min) in male were as well significant (t=.017). Conclusion: Tendencies of effects of PPI are seen in the post-values of VO2 and BP after intake of dietary nitrate. Gender-differences are shown in RER and VE. More research is needed to see the impact of dietary nitrate on the human body under submaximal load.

The aim of the thesis was to assess the effect of humic substance HS 1500 on the tolerance of Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) to nitrite. Preparation Huminfeed was used as a source of substance HS 1500. Tolerance of Sterlet to nitrite was assessed on the basis of the results of acute toxicity tests and the results of haematological and biochemical blood examination of fish that were exposed to increased concentrations of nitrite in the presence and absence of preparation Huminfeed.

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem o propósito de relatar o desenvolvimento de um sensor planar eletroquímico com três eletrodos para o monitoramento de nitrito e seus interferentes (ácido úrico, ácido ascórbico e paracetamol). Para tal, no procedimento experimental é descrito o desenvolvimento do aparato extracorpóreo (mini-bomba compressora, válvulas solenóides e cela de análise). Esse é acoplado a um sistema de Análise por Injeção em Fluxo Automatizada (do inglês, Flow-injection Analysis) FIA-automatizada. Este trabalho também descreve a fabricação dos sensores em substrato de alumina, o processo de limpeza padrão dos eletrodos, o processo de obtenção dos eletrodos de referência em HCl (0,1 mol L-1) e ativação eletroquímica da superfície do eletrodo de trabalho com H2SO4 (0,1 mol L-1). Em seguida, é mostrada a estabilização dos eletrodos de referência Ag/AgCl em solução salina contendo cloretos, o estudo da secagem dos eletrodos em temperatura ambiente com exposição à luz e a caracterização dos mesmos por três métodos distintos, a saber: i) teste de reversibilidade (corrente redox vs. potencial); ii) variação do potencial com o tempo (coeficiente de degradação termodinâmica) e iii) variação do potencial com a concentração de cloretos. Também, apresenta-se a caracterização da área efetiva exposta do eletrodo de medição (trabalho) e os resultados da deposição de 1-2 Diaminobenzeno (DAB) como polímero seletivo. Além disso, são apresentados os resultados e discussões dos pseudo-eletrodos (recoberto ou não com Náfion® 117). Um ponto relacionado, a histerese associada à irreversibilidade dos eletrodos de referência resultou da ordem de 40 mVAg/AgCl Náfion® 117. Os potencias termodinâmicos observados foram da ordem de 100 ± 6 mVAg/AgCl Náfion® 117 para pseudo-eletrodo de referência sem e com Náfion® 117. Depois, foi realizado um estudo criterioso dos potenciais de resposta ao nitrito e aos interferentes por meio da técnica de DPV (do inglês, Differencial Pulse Voltammetry). Para evitar degradação acelerada (corrosão) do polímero sobre o eletrodo de trabalho, optou-se por realizar as medições com potencial igual a 0,50 VAg/AgCl Náfion® 117. Nessa condição, apresenta-se a monitoração de nitrito por FIA-automatizada na faixa de concentração de 50 a 250 mol L-1. Os resultados para a medição de nitrito mostraram que o sensor planar eletroquímico amperométrico desenvolvido é promissor, pois esse apresentou ótimo desempenho de reprodutividade (99,66%), sensibilidade (90 microA mol-1 L mm-2), seletividade (0,32%), repetitividade (91,28%) e estabilidade (15 ± 0,3 pA). / In this Master of Science, it has been developed an electrochemical planar sensor defined with three electrodes for nitrite measuring and its interferents (uric acid, ascorbic acid and paracetamol). In the experimental procedure, it is shown the development of an extracorporis set up (mini-pump, solenoid valves and analysis cell) which is coupled to a system of Flow-injection Analysis (FIA). This work also describes the sensor fabrication using alumina substrates, the standard cleaning of the electrodes, the process to obtain Ag/AgCl reference electrodes in HCl (0.1 mol L-1) and electrochemical activation of the working-electrode surface with H2SO4 (0.1 mol L-1). Following, it is shown the study of drying for electrodes at room temperature with exposition to room light and their characterization using three different methods: i) reversibility test (redox current vs. potential); ii) variation of the potential with the time (thermodynamics degradation coefficient) and iii) variation of the potential with the chloride concentration. Also, it is presented the characterization of the effective exposed area of the working electrode and the results of the deposited 1-2 Diaminobenzene (DAB) is presented as a selective polymer. In addition, the results and discussions of the pseudo-reference (recovered or not with Nafion® 117) are presented. Related to irreversibility is the hysteresis associated to the reference electrodes which resulted in the order of 40 mVAg/AgCl Nafion® 117. The observed thermodynamic potentials were of (100 ± 6) mVAg/AgCl Nafion® 117 for pseudo-electrodes recovered with Nafion® 117. Later on, a careful study of the response to nitrite and to its interferents was performed by means of the DPV technique (Differential Pulse Voltammetry). In order to avoid accelerated degradation (corrosion) of the polymer, measurements were performed at a potential of 0,5 VAg/AgCl Nafion® 117. In this condition, nitrite was monitored using the automatized-FIA (Flow Injection Analysis) for concentration in the range of 50 to 250 mol L-1. The results have shown that the planar amperometric sensor for nitrite measuring is usefull since it was observed excellent performance related to reproducibility (99.66%), sensitivity (90 microA mol-1 L mm-2), selectivity (0.32%), repetibility (91.28%) and stability (15.0 ± 0.3 pA).

The aim of this thesis was to assess the effects of long-term nitrite exposure on mortality, growth rate and blood biochemistry in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Furthermore, acute toxicity tests with nitrite were performed on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sheatfish (Silurus glanis). The theoretical part focuses on aquatic toxicology including toxicity evaluation of substances and preparations for water organisms. Detailed information on nitrite are summarized there, namely information on nitrite occurrence and sources in aquatic environment and the mechanism of their uptake and toxic influence on fish including factors influencing their toxicity. The practical part consists of methodology and results of acute toxicity tests on rainbow trout and sheatfish and sub-chronic test on rainbow trout. According to the acute toxicity tests results, 96hLC50 values were estimated at 11.2 mg.l-1 NO2- for rainbow trout and 15.3 mg.l-1 NO2- for sheatfish. Sub-chronic exposure of rainbow trout to nitrite concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 3.0 mg.l-1 lasting 28 days caused an increase of glucose concentration and a decrease of potassium concentration in the blood plasma among all experimental fish compared to control. Elevated nitrite levels were found in the plasma of the fish exposed to concentrations of 0.6 mg.l-1 NO2- and greater. The plasma nitrite levels did not reach those applied in any experimental group in the present study. At highest nitrite concentration (3.0 mg.l-1 NO2-), 42 % growth inhibition and 65 % mortality among fish was noticed. On the basis of growth rate inhibition data, the values of NOEC and LOEC were estimated at 0.01 mg.l-1 and 0.2 mg.l-1 NO2-, respectively.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O trabalho mostra o tratamento e os efeitos do l-deprenil (DEP), no aprendizado, na memÃria e na peroxidaÃÃo lipÃdica em cÃrebros de ratos submetidos à isquemia cerebral transitÃria (ICT). Os animais (ratos Wistar, fÃmeas, 200-250g) foram submetidos à isquemia cerebral transitÃria pela oclusÃo de ambas as artÃrias carÃtidas durante 20 minutos e tratados durante 5 dias com DEP (5 e 10 mg/kg). A temperatura retal foi monitorada e mantida em torno de 37ÂC atravÃs de uma luz incandescente. O mesmo procedimento foi feito no grupo controle + salina, Falso-operado + salina (FO) com exceÃÃo do clampeamento das artÃrias carÃtidas. No 6 dia apÃs a induÃÃo da isquemia, os animais foram submetidos aos testes de atividade locomotora e memÃria (esquiva passiva, labirinto em T elevado e labirinto aquÃtico de Morris), a seguir foram sacrificados e os cÃrebros dissecados sobre gelo (hipocampo e cÃrtex temporal) para as determinaÃÃes de MDA, nitrito/nitrato e atividade da catalase e atividade da protease caspase-3. No protocolo de avaliaÃÃo da Ãrea total do infarto encontramos apÃs 1 hora de ICT uma Ãrea de infarto 38,01  3,44% da Ãrea total do cÃrebro, e apÃs 24 horas de ICT uma Ãrea de infarto 22,00  2,90% da Ãrea total do cÃrebro. Os parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos estudados nÃo mostraram alteraÃÃes entre os grupos ICT e FO. Nenhuma alteraÃÃo na atividade locomotora foi detectada nos grupos FO, ICT, Dep 10 + ICT. PorÃm, um aumento na atividade locomotora foi observado no grupo Dep 5 + ICT (7,37  1, 77, p< 0,02) quando comparado com o grupo FO, tratado com salina, (4,66  1,54). No teste do Labirinto em T elevado (T Maze) a ICT afetou os processos de aquisiÃÃo e retenÃÃo de memÃria quando os animais foram testados no mesmo dia (esquiva 1 e 2) quando comparados com o grupo controle (FO). O teste de Kruskall-Wallis mostrou alteraÃÃo significativa na latÃncia da esquiva inibitÃria (esquiva 1 e 2 quando comparados com o treino) no falso-operado (FO - treino: 20,34  3,43 s; esquiva 1 - 231,6  34,81 s; esquiva 2 â 247,8  27,25 s; KW = 19,62, p< 0,001), e no grupo l-deprenil (5 e 10 mg/kg) + isquemia (Dep 5 â treino: 110,8  56,16 s; esquiva 1 - 299,8  0,16 s; esquiva 2 â 260  40,00 s; KW = 9,16, p< 0,01. Dep 10 â treino: 29,15  8,64 s; esquiva 1 â 299,80  0,25 s; esquiva 2 299,8  0,25 s; KW = 6,98, p< 0,05). Isto indica uma boa aquisiÃÃo de memÃria. Portanto, o resultado do grupo ICT + salina indicou um dÃficit da memÃria (ICT â treino: 37,75  11,52 s; esquiva 1 â 116,30  65,46 s; treino 2 â 195,00  64,10 s; KW = 3,90, p< 0,141). AlÃm disso, existiu uma diferenÃa significativa (Teste Mann-Whitney) entre os grupos na esquiva 3 (retenÃÃo) quando comparados com o grupo ICT (Dep 5, MW (3) = 18,483, p< 0,0003, Dep 10, MW (3) = 18,483, p< 0,003) significando que a retenÃÃo da memÃria foi aumentada pelo tratamento com a droga. No teste da esquiva passiva os animais do grupo controle (FO + salina) apresentaram uma boa retenÃÃo da memÃria, tanto na fase imediata (memÃria recente - MR), quanto na fase de consolidaÃÃo (memÃria tardia - MT), quando comparadas ao treino (ANOVA) (FO + salina (n-7)- treino - 15,94  4,40 s, MR - 138,84  34,60 s, MT - 196,32  34, 71, p< 0,006). Por outro lado, os animais que sofreram ICT nÃo apresentaram diferenÃa no tempo de latÃncia de entrada no lado escuro quando comparado com o treino, significando um dÃficit na aprendizagem e memÃria (ICT (n-7)- treino - 34,37  10,16 s, MR - 105,54  35,21 s, MT - 96,20  33, 44, p< 0,33), e, portanto dano na aquisiÃÃo e retenÃÃo da memÃria. Comparando os tratamentos observamos um aumento significativo, no tempo de latÃncia de entrada no lado escuro do aparelho, nos ratos tratados com l-deprenil 5 mg/kg quando avaliados na MR (FO + salina- 138,84  34,60s; ICT - 105,54  35,21; ICT + Dep 5- 198,88  38,42s; ICT + Dep 10- 188,06  34,60s; Kruskall-Wallis, KW-9,66, p<0,05, Mann-Whitney, Dep 5 vs ICT, p<0,05), enquanto na MT foi observada uma diminuiÃÃo significativa, no tempo de latÃncia de entrada no lado escuro do aparelho, nos ratos tratados com l-deprenil (5 e 10 mg/kg) (FO + salina- 196,32  34,71s; ICT - 96,20  33,44s; ICT + Dep 5- 299,83  0,16s; ICT + Dep 10- 264,70  35,28 s; Kruskall-Wallis, KW-14,57, p<0,05, Mann-Whitney, Dep 5 e Dep 10 vs ICT, p<0,05), significando melhora no aprendizado do animal fazendo-o lembrar o choque recebido durante o treino e indicando uma reversÃo da lesÃo sofrida com a ICT. No teste do Labirinto AquÃtico (Water Maze) a ICT promoveu um dano da retenÃÃo na memÃria dos animais em relaÃÃo ao grupo controle (FO), porÃm o l-deprenil conseguiu reverter o dano na aquisiÃÃo da memÃria induzida pela ICT em ambas as doses (5 e 10 mg/kg), observamos tambÃm que o grupo Dep 5 obteve um melhor desempenho na aquisiÃÃo da memÃria quando comparado com o grupo Dep 10. (FO (n-10): 5,4  0,84s; FO + DEP 10 (n-10): 9,7  2,28s; ICT (n-9): 32,44  2,95s; ICT + DEP 5 (n-8): 12,88  1,4s; ICT + DEP 10 (n-8): 4,5  0,70s; Kruskall-Wallis, KW-29,07, p<0,05, Mann-Whitney, FO + DEP 10, Dep 5 e Dep 10 vs ICT, p<0,05). Os ratos submetidos a ICT mostraram um aumento de 71% nos nÃveis de MDA no hipocampo quando comparados com o grupo controle (FO), e o tratamento com l-deprenil reverteu significativamente este efeito (p<0,05). Os valores dos nÃveis de MDA foram trazidos prÃximos aqueles valores do grupo controle (FO) em relaÃÃo aos grupos (ICT + DEP 5 e ICT + DEP 10, 34 e 38%, respectivamente) com ambas as doses de l-deprenil mais ICT (Hipocampo - FO (n-7): 45,4  4,45; ICT (n-7): 77,6  8,97; ICT + DEP 5 (n-7): 51,2  1,68; ICT + DEP 10 (n-7): 48,5  6,70 nmoles/g; p<0,05, ANOVA e Teste de Tukey). No cÃrtex temporal, a ICT nÃo aumentou os nÃveis de MDA quando comparados com o grupo controle. Portanto, os ratos submetidos a ICT e tratados com altas doses de l-deprenil (10 mg/kg) apresentaram nÃveis de MDA 30% menor que aqueles mostrados por ambos os grupos FO e ICT (CÃrtex temporal - FO (n-7): 46,8  4,36; ICT (n-7): 48,7  1,33; ICT + DEP 5 (n-7): 52,5  3,74; ICT + DEP 10 (n-7): 33,4  2,98 nmoles/g; p<0,05, ANOVA e Teste de Tukey). No hipocampo, os nÃveis de nitrito foram significativamente aumentados apÃs a ICT quando comparados com o grupo controle FO (82% aumento). O DEP 10 reverteu este efeito e os valores foram trazidos para aqueles do controle. Por outro lado, a isquemia nÃo afetou os nÃveis de nitrito no cÃrtex, entretanto o DEP 5 diminui significativamente os nÃveis de nitrito quando comparados com os grupos controle e ICT. A ICT mostrou um aumento em 50 % da atividade da protease caspase-3 no hipocampo; e o tratamento com l-deprenil (10 mg/kg) reverteu este efeito trazendo os valores prÃximos aos do grupo controle (FO), porÃm o tratamento com DEP 5 nÃo mostrou o mesmo (Valor da AbsorbÃncia: FO â 0,083  0,006; ICT - 0,124  0,017; ICT + DEP 10 â 0,080  0,007; ICT + DEP 5 â 0,125  0,007), porÃm nos animais controle que receberam tratamento com DEP 10 (FO + DEP 10) a atividade da caspase â 3 diminui em 99% em relaÃÃo ao grupo ICT. Em conclusÃo mostramos que a administraÃÃo do l-deprenil diariamente por 5 dias melhorou os danos da memÃria observados apÃs a isquemia cerebral transitÃria em ratos. A droga protegeu o cÃrebro contra a hiperperoxidaÃÃo e formaÃÃo de radicais livres observados apÃs o dano isquÃmico, como diminui a atividade da caspase â 3. Pelo menos parte desses efeitos à devido ao efeito antioxidante e conseqÃentemente inibiÃÃo da ativaÃÃo da produÃÃo de radicais livres pelo l-deprenil. / The present work shows the effects of l-deprenyl (DEP, 5 and 10 mg/kg, po) on memory, as well as on rat brain free radical formation after transient cerebral ischemia (TCI). Wistar rats were anesthetized and submitted to TCI by occlusion of both carotid arteries for 20 minutes. In another experiment, animals were submitted to surgery without ischemia (sham-operated). After surgery, ischaemic rats were treated with DEP (DEP, 5 and 10 mg/kg, po) once and daily for 5 days. One group of animals was left untreated (controls). The parameters studied were, memory acquisition and memory retention, locomotor activity and tiobarbituric acid reactive substances, as an index of lipid peroxidation. After treatment all, animals were submitted to passive avoidance test, water maze test and elevated T maze test, and 24 h later sacrificed and their hippocampi and temporal cortex dissected for evaluation of lipid peroxidation and used for catalase activity determinations. The protein concentration was measured according to the method described by Lowry (1951). In another set of experiments the animals were sacrificied forty eight hours after ischemia for caspase activity evaluation. Results show that DEP significantly reversed ischaemia-induced memory deficits. l-Deprenyl treatment significantly improved memory deficits as compared to ischemic group as measured by The elevated T maze and Water maze tests. A similar result was observed on the passive avoidance test where l-deprenyl improved late but not early memory as compared to the ischemic group. Except for an increased locomotor activity observed in the group treated with 5 mg/kg, no other alteration was detected in this behavioral test. Rats submitted to transient cerebral ischemia (and without l-deprenyl) showed an increase im MDA levels in the hippocampus and the treatment with l-deprenyl (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reversed this effect bringing values close to those of the sham-operated controls. A similar profile was observed with nitrite levels. Rats submitted to transient cerebral ischemia show an increase in caspase activity in the hippocampus and the treatment with l-deprenil (10 mg/kg) significantly reversed this effect bringing values close to those of the sham-operated controls. Moreover catalase activity in the hippocampi was not altered by ischemia. In conclusion, the work showed a signifant protective effect of l-deprenyl on memory deficits and lipid hyperperoxidation observed after cerebral ischemia. Possibly, the drug is acting at least in part through its antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities.

Os peitos de galinhas matrizes pesadas de corte, poedeiras comerciais brancas e frangos foram desossados manualmente, com o objetivo de avaliar e comparar as propriedades tecnológicas – capacidade de retenção de água e de emulsificação – bem como pH e composição centesimal, além de elaborar e avaliar sensorialmente um produto reestruturado empanado, tipo nugget. Os resultados das análises indicaram que não houve diferença significativa entre as carnes analisadas, nem entre produtos processados, implicando utilização regular desse tipo de matéria-prima na indústria de alimentos. O restante das carcaças das galinhas foi utilizado para extração de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) para avaliação da estabilidade microbiológica. As CMSs foram submetidas a dois tratamentos: I) com 150ppm de nitrito, embaladas em saco de polietileno; e II) com 150ppm de nitrito e 500ppm de eritorbato, embaladas em saco de polietileno. Como controle, as amostras de CMS foram apenas acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno. Todas as embalagens foram estocadas e congeladas a –18ºC por 99 dias. Os resultados da análise de caracterização microbiológica indicaram que tanto as amostras de CMS de galinha matriz quanto de galinha poedeira atenderam os padrões de contagem requeridos pela legislação Brasileira. A avaliação da estabilidade microbiológica das CMSs no primeiro e no último dia para mesófilos, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens e Pseudomonas, bem como as análises quinzenais de microrganismos psicrotróficos, indicaram que não houve uma redução significativa nas contagens, independentemente do tratamento aplicado. Não foi detectada Salmonella em nenhuma das amostras analisadas. Tais resultados apontaram o tempo de estocagem como o principal fator na redução da carga bacteriana. / The breasts of heavy fowls, white commercial egg-layers and chickens were manually deboned in order to evaluate and compare technological properties—water hold and emulsifying capacity—and pH and centesimal composition, as well as to prepare and assess a restructured coated product. The results of the analyses indicated that there was not a significant difference between the meats analyzed, nor among the processed products, implying the regular use of such meat in the food industry. The remaining parts of the hens’ carcasses were mechanically deboned for the evaluation of microbiological stability. The mechanically deboned meat (MDM) was submitted to two treatments: I) 150ppm of nitrite, packed in polyethylene bags; II) 150ppm of nitrite and 500ppm of erythorbate, packed in polyethylene bags. The control meats were just packed in polyethylene bags. All samples were frozen-stored at –18ºC for 99 days. The results of microbiological characterization indicated that both samples from heavy fowls and egg-layers were in accordance with the Brazilian legislation. MDM microbiological stability evaluation on the first and last days for fecal coliforms, mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Pseudomonas, as well as the analyses carried out every fifteen days for psychrotrophics bacteria indicated that there was not a significant reduction in the presence of the above, irrespective of the treatment applied. Salmonella was not detected in any of the samples. Such results indicated that freezing storage period was the main factor responsible for the reduction of the bacterial count in MDM.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-13T11:43:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 patricialimadesabarreto.pdf: 6093543 bytes, checksum: bca34cb0afdc68be87f8c9eea6689340 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-27T20:09:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 patricialimadesabarreto.pdf: 6093543 bytes, checksum: bca34cb0afdc68be87f8c9eea6689340 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T20:09:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patricialimadesabarreto.pdf: 6093543 bytes, checksum: bca34cb0afdc68be87f8c9eea6689340 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-27 / A doença renal crônica é considerada um problema de saúde pública mundial, principalmente devido à alta morbidade e mortalidade. A perda progressiva e irreversível da função renal fornece várias complicações. Avaliação dos fatores de risco é fundamental para reduzir riscos de morte em doentes renais crônicos. Doença cardiovascular representa a principal causa de morte dessa doença seguida por infecções. A presença de NO na doença periodontal pode refletir a participação de um mediador adicional da reabsorção óssea responsável pela progressão da doença. Com o objetivo de avaliar a pressão arterial foram incluídos 34 pacientes alocados em quatro grupos (9 com doença renal crônica (DRC) e periodontite crônica (PC), 9 com DRC sem PC, 11 com PC sem doenças sistêmicas e 6 controles saudáveis). O estagiamento da DRC baseou-se na KDOKI, e a filtração glomerular foi estimada pela equação CKD-EPI. A gravidade da PC fundamentou-se na classificação da Academia Americana de Periodontia. Níveis de nitrito foram mensurados pela técnica de Griess. A pressão arterial foi avaliada através da monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA). Resultados mostraram indivíduos com DRC e PC tinham significativamente alto nitrito no soro quando comparados aos controles. A produção de NO é aumentada na PC e na DRC, isto irá permite compreender seu papel na progressão dessas doenças. A pressão arterial apresentou-se uma tendência a se mostrar elevada nos grupos DRC e DRC/PC quando comparados a indivíduos do grupo controle. Conclui-se que a periodontite crônica induz uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica e pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica apresentam- a com maior gravidade. / Chronic kidney disease is considered a public health problem worldwide, mainly due to the high morbidity and mortality. The progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function provides various complications. Evaluation of risk factors is essential to reduce the risk of death in patients with chronic renal disease. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death from this disease followed by infection. The presence of oxide nitric(NO) in periodontal disease may reflect the participation of an additional mediator of bone resorption responsible for disease progression. In order to assess blood pressure included 34 patients allocated to four groups (9 with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and chronic periodontitis (CP), 9 CKD without PC, 11 PC with no systemic disease and 6 healthy controls). The CKD staging based on the KDOKI and glomerular filtration was estimated by equation CKD-EPI. The severity of CP was based on the classification of the American Academy of Periodontology. Nitrite levels were measured by Griess technique. Blood pressure was measured by ambulatory monitoring blood pressure (AMBP). Results showed individuals with CKD and PC had significantly higher serum nitrite when compared to controls. NO production is increased in CKD and PC, this will allows us to understand its role in the progression of these diseases. Blood pressure showed a tendency to show up high in the groups CKD and CKD / PC when compared to the control group. It is concluded that chronic periodontitis induces a systemic inflammatory response and patients with chronic kidney disease presented with greater severity.

L'hypoxie est un mécanisme reconnu de résistance à la radiothérapie chez les tumeurs solides. Il a récemment été démontré que la cavitation de microbulles (MBs) ciblées par ultrasons (US) (UTMC) peut augmenter la perfusion sanguine dans les muscles squelettiques en déclenchant la signalisation du monoxyde d’azote (NO). Il est intéressant de noter que cet effet a été amplifié par une co-injection de nitrite de sodium et a réduit le spasme observé avec des ultrasons à haute pression et à long pulse. Comme il a été démontré que le nitrite de sodium montrait une synergie avec la radiothérapie, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les MBSU avec une co-injection de nitrite de sodium pourraient radiosensibiliser davantage les tumeurs solides en augmentant la perfusion sanguine et ainsi réduire l'hypoxie tumorale. Nous avons évalué la capacité des MBSU avec et sans nitrite d’augmenter la perfusion dans les muscles (membres postérieurs de la souris) et les tumeurs en utilisant différentes longueurs de pulse et pressions et évalué l'efficacité de cette approche en tant que thérapie provasculaire administrée directement avant les traitements de radiothérapie. Des xénogreffes de prostate humaine (PC3) ont été cultivées bilatéralement chez des souris immunodéficientes : un côté a été traité avec des MBSU et le côté controlatéral a été utilisé comme témoin. Des transducteurs thérapeutiques (pulse long) ou cardiaques (pulse court) ont été utilisés pour traiter le tissu d'intérêt lors de l'injection de MBs par la veine caudale. Le nitrite a été injecté 5 minutes avant les MBSU lorsque cela était approprié. Les MBSU consistaient en 60 impulsions thérapeutiques, administrées à un intervalle (10-15 secondes) ajusté pour permettre le réapprovisionnement en MBs, tel que guidé par l'imagerie ultrasonore à contraste amélioré (CEUS) (Sequoia, Siemens), et était généralement administré en 15 minutes. L'augmentation de la perfusion dans la tumeur a été quantifiée par Burst Replenishment Imaging permettant une quantification longitudinale de la perfusion sanguine (A×β). Les souris ont été irradiées 10 minutes après les MBSU et la croissance tumorale a été suivie pendant 25 jours. Dans le muscle, l'augmentation de la perfusion sanguine après traitement de MBSU avec différents longs pulses était forte. 6 Dans les tumeurs soumises à de longs pulses, l'augmentation de la perfusion était significative à une faible pression (125 et 250 kPa) mais pas à plus haute pression (375, 500 et 750 kPa) par rapport au groupe contrôle (0 kPa). Lorsqu'associé à la radiothérapie, les MBSU avec des longs pulses à 250 kPa n'ont pas entraîné d'augmentation significative de l'efficacité du traitement. Les MBSU avec des pulses courts à haute pression (SONOS, 1500kPa) et co-injection de nitrite ont ensuite été validés dans le muscle. L'effet du traitement était fort. Cette augmentation de la perfusion était également visible dans les tumeurs soumises aux MBSU (SONOS) + nitrite et a duré au moins 10 minutes. Le nitrite seul n’a causé aucun changement de perfusion. De plus, les faibles réponses provasculaires observées pour les longs pulses à 750 kPa sans nitrite ont été renversées avec l'ajout de nitrite. Le SONOS a provoqué une augmentation de la perfusion, avec et sans nitrite. La validation histologique de la reperfusion dans les tumeurs traitées par SONOS + nitrite était également significative par rapport aux tumeurs recevant uniquement du nitrite. Enfin, il y a eu une amélioration de l'inhibition de la croissance pour le groupe 8 Gy + nitrite + MBSU (SONOS) lorsque comparé à 8 Gy + nitrite seul. Cet effet n'était pas significatif chez les souris traitées par MBSU (SONOS) + nitrite et recevant 0 Gy ou 2 Gy. En conclusion, la thérapie de MBSU + nitrite semble augmenter la perfusion sanguine conduisant à une efficacité accrue de la radiothérapie à 8 Gy dans notre modèle tumoral. / In solid tumors, hypoxia is a recognized mechanism of resistance to radiation therapy. It has recently been shown that ultrasound (US) targeted microbubbles (MBs) cavitation (UTMC) can increase blood perfusion in skeletal muscles by triggering nitric oxide signaling. Interestingly, this effect was amplified with a sodium nitrite co-injection and reduced the spasm observed with high pressure long tone burst ultrasound. Since sodium nitrite has been shown to synergize with radiotherapy, we hypothesized that UTMC with a sodium nitrite co-injection could further radiosensitize solid tumors by increasing blood perfusion and thus reduce tumor hypoxia. We evaluated the ability of UTMC with and without nitrite to increase perfusion in muscle (mouse hindlimbs) and tumors using different pulse lengths and pressure and evaluated the efficacy of this approach as a provascular therapy given directly before radiotherapy treatments. Human prostate xenografts (PC3) were grown bilaterally in immunodeficient mice: one side was treated with UTMC, and the contralateral side was used as a control. Therapeutic transducers (long pulses) or cardiac phased array (short pulses) were used to treat the tissue of interest during the injection of MBs via the tail vein. Nitrite was injected 5 minutes before UTMC when appropriate. UTMC consisted of 60 therapeutic pulses, given at a pulse interval (10-15 seconds) adjusted to allow MB replenishment, as guided by contrast enhanced US imaging (CEUS), and was typically given in 15 minutes. The increase in perfusion in the tumor was quantified by burst replenishment imaging allowing longitudinal quantification of blood perfusion (A×B). Mice were irradiated 10 minutes after UTMC, and tumor growth followed for 25 days. In muscle, the increase in blood perfusion following UTMC treatment with various long pulses was strong. In tumors subjected to long pulses, the increase in perfusion was significant at lower M.I. (125 and 250 kPa) but not at higher M.I. (375, 500 and 750 kPa) when compared to control (0 kPa). When combined with radiotherapy, UTMC with long pulses at 250 kPa did not result in a significant increase in treatment efficacy. UTMC with short pulses (SONOS, 1500 kPa) and nitrite co-injection was then validated in muscle. The effect of treatment was strong and significative. 8 This significant increase in perfusion was also visible in tumors subjected to UTMC (SONOS) + nitrite and lasted for at least 10 minutes but not for nitrite alone. The blunted provascular responses observed for long pulses at higher M.I. without nitrite was reversed with the addition of nitrite. SONOS with and without nitrite caused an increase in perfusion. Histological validation of reperfusion in SONOS + nitrite was also significant when compared to tumors receiving only nitrite alone. Finally, there was an improved growth inhibition for the 8 Gy + nitrite + UTMC group vs. 8 Gy + nitrite alone with the SONOS therapy. This effect was not significant with mice treated by UTMC + nitrite and receiving 0 Gy or 2 Gy. In conclusion, UTMC + nitrite seemed to increase blood flow leading to an increased radiotherapy efficacy at 8 Gy in our tumor model.

<p>The fluid dynamics of blood in the systemic circulation modulates production of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator. Non-invasive techniques such as the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) test and physiologic phenomena associated with autonomic stress induce hyperemia and subsequently higher levels of wall shear stress (WSS), stimulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. In the current clinical practice, WSS–a key regulator of endothelial function–is commonly estimated assuming a parabolic velocity distribution, despite the evidence that the temporal changes of pulsatile blood flow over the cardiac cycle modulate vasodilation in mammals. This work investigates the effect of cardiovascular stress on local WSS distributions and the potential for near-wall accumulation of nitrite, the vasoactive storage form of NO in the bloodstream. The specific aims of the project are therefore as follows: 1) develop a reduced-order model of the major systemic vasculature at rest, during a flight-or-flight response, and under moderate levels of aerobic exercise; 2) derive a velocity-driven Womersley solution for pulsatile flow to support accurate estimation of pulsatile WSS in the clinical setting; and 3) quantify cumulative transport of nitrite in a multiscale model of bifurcating vasculature utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Development of these open-source, translatable methods enable accurate quantification of hemodynamics and species transport during cardiovascular stress. Results detailed herein extend our knowledge about regulation of regional blood flow during autonomic stress, suggest a convergent evolutionary theory for having a complete circle of Willis, and potentially clarify reproducibility concerns associated with the FMD test. </p>

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