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Systémy platebních karet / Payment card systemsFlégl, Jan January 2011 (has links)
The work is about payment card systems. We’d like to describe infrastructure of credit cards, ATMs, POS terminals , focusing on the EMV standard. In theoretical part we will be introduced with the history and development of credit cards, ATMs and POS terminals. Then we focus on a detailed description of payments terminals and possibilities of payment via the Internet. The most extensive theoretical part deals width EMV standard. In practical part we will make our own program, which authenticates the user based on his credit card and it will allow the user to login in the system. Source codes of this application can be found on enclosed CD.
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Metody návrhu platebních protokolů / Methods of the Payment Protocols DesignMatúška, Peter January 2011 (has links)
This paper analyses some existing approaches in security and payment protocol design. It describes protocol design using simple BAN logic and using derivation system. Special attention is paid to composition method, which is based on the design of complicated protocols from small parts called primitives and it is demonstrated on design of purchase procedure of SET protocol. This method was automated and implemented in C++ language, which allows designer to generate set of candidate protocols according to his needs and this set can be further used for next phase of protocol design process.
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[en] BANKING SPREAD DECOMPOSITION THROUGH A STRUCTURAL MACROECONOMIC MODEL / [pt] DECOMPOSIÇÃO DO SPREAD BANCÁRIO ATRAVÉS DE UM MODELO MACROECONÔMICO ESTRUTURAL20 September 2021 (has links)
[pt] Este artigo objetiva decompor o spread bancário utilizando um modelo macroeconômico estrutural. Nós enriquecemos um arcabouço de equilíbrio geral com empréstimos para indivíduos e firmas que podem inadimplir, um setor bancário em competição monopolística e sujeito a custos administrativos
e também acrescentamos uma estrutura de impostos relacionadas a intermediação bancária. Essas características da composição do spread estão em linha com a literatura empírica dos determinantes do spread bancário e com a decomposição contábil do spread realizada pelo Banco Central
do Brasil (BCB). Nossa análise quantitativa revela que a redução do spread para indivíduos é maior quando aumentamos a competição no mercado bancário (3.77 p.p. trimestral ou 54 porcento comparado a calibração baseline). Ademais, redução do custo administrativo é a maneira mais eficaz para reduzir
o spread para firmas (1.35 p.p. trimestral ou 46 porcento comparado a calibração baseline) e também é capaz de reduzir o spread para indivíduos (2.5 p.p. trimestral ou 36 porcento comparado a calibração baseline). Resultados também sugerem cuidado na formulação de políticas econômicas somente baseadas
na decomposição contábil realizada pelo BCB e sem um modelo econômico fundamentando a análise. Esta dissertação também revela alguns desafios relacionados à inclusão da inadimplência juntamente com um mercado bancário em competição imperfeita e sua contribuição para formação do spread. / [en] This paper aims to decompose the banking spread using a structural macroeconomic model. We embedded a general equilibrium framework with loans to households and entrepreneurs that may be in default, a banking sector in monopolistic competition and subject to administrative costs, and we also added a tax structure related to bank intermediation. These characteristics for the composition of the spread are in line with the empirical literature on banking spread determinants in Brazil and with the accounting
decomposition of the spread made by the Banco Central do Brasil (BCB). Our quantitative findings reveal that household spread reduction is greater when we increase competition in the banking sector (3.77 p.p. quarterly or 54 percent decrease compared to baseline calibration). Furthermore, reducing administrative cost is the most effective way of diminishing entrepreneur spread (1.35 p.p. quarterly or 46 percent decrease compared to baseline) and it is also capable of diminishing household spread (2.5 p.p. quarterly or 36 percent decrease compared to baseline). Results also suggest some careful actions by
policy makers only supported by BCB accounting decomposition without an economic model underpinning the analysis. This dissertation also reveals some challenges regarding the inclusion of credit default with a banking sector in imperfect competition and its contribution to the spread formation.
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Combating Illicit Financial Transactions : Categorisation and Risk Assessment of Non-Traditional Payment Methods / Bekämpning av illegala finansiella transaktioner : Kategorisering och riskbedömning av icke-traditionellabetalningsmetoderHenning, Andreas, Nordin, Christopher January 2014 (has links)
This thesis presents a framework for categorisation and risk assessment of non-traditional payment methods used for illicit purchases. The non-profit organisation Financial Coalition is working to prevent such transactions for child abusive material, and has expressed a desire to involve non- traditional payment methods in its operations. In order to do this, it has been necessary to understand the available options on this market, and what alternatives to include. An investigation of desirable properties for commercial and illicit use of payment methods was done using a qualitative approach, involving primarily interviews and online content reviewing. The findings and the framework have successfully been validated during a workshop with knowledgeable actors, as well as during a seminar presentation at the Riksdag of Sweden. On a mainly commercial basis, observations have been made that authentication and privacy in payments will be important factors henceforth. There is also a never-before-seen pace of new payment solutions trying to address this. When aligning this commercial perspective with an illicit one, four principal properties emerge that together describe the most essential aspects of payments in criminal environments: anonymity, regionality, transaction speed, and regulatory possibilities. These principal properties are segmented and combined into a framework for categorisation and risk assessment by assigning risk values to each segment. The risk assessment indicates that payment schemes offering possibilities to anonymity, a large geographical reach, fast transactions, and are based on virtual currencies, are associated with the highest risk in terms of complicating law enforcement work. It is concluded that payment service providers receiving high risk values should be approached by organisation like the Financial Coalition and thus included in the knowledge sharing that takes place. Some schemes however operate without central control functions, which complicates an inclusion. Targeting supporting functions or developing communities could thus be suitable means for such cases instead. If the suggested framework is accepted as a working tool for organisations like the Financial Coalition, more research should be put into quantifying the risk values more thoroughly. / Uppsatsen presenterar ett ramverk för kategorisering och riskbedömning av icke-traditionella betalningsmetoder som används vid illegala köp. Samarbetsorganet Finanskoalitionen arbetar idag för att förhindra transaktioner för barnpornografiskt material, och har uttryckt ett behov av att kunna inkludera sådana icke-traditionella betalningsmetoder i sin verksamhet. För att lyckas med detta är det avgörande att förstå vilka alternativ marknaden erbjuder samt vilka typer av lösningar som bör involveras. Eftertraktade egenskaper hos betalningsmetoder för både kommersiell och illegal handel undersöktes med en kvalitativ ansats, huvudsakligen genom intervjuer och analys av material online. Resultatet och det framtagna ramverket har framgångsrikt validerats under en workshop med inom ämnet kunniga personer samt genom en seminariepresentation i Sveriges Riksdag. För den kommersiella handeln kommer bland annat integritet och autentisering vara två betydande faktorer för betalningar framöver. Samtidigt pågår en snabb utveckling av betalningslösningar som försöker adressera dessa behov. När detta kommersiella perspektiv sammanställs med ett illegalt framträder fyra huvudsakliga egenskaper som tillsammans beskriver de viktigaste aspekterna för betalningar i kriminella miljöer: anonymitet, regionalitet, transaktionshastighet samt möjlighet för reglering. Dessa egenskaper har segmenterats och kombinerats till ett ramverk för kategorisering och riskbedömning av icke-traditionella betalningsmetoder, där riskvärden har tilldelats respektive segment. Resultatet indikerar att betalningslösningar som erbjuder anonymitet, har stor geografisk räckvidd, möjliggör snabba transaktioner samt är baserade på virtuella valutor är de lösningar med högst risk att komplicera det rättsliga arbetet, och därmed attraktiva för illegalt användande. Det har konstaterats att betalningsleverantörer med höga riskvärden bör inkluderas i organisationer likt Finanskoalitionen, och därmed få tillgång till den kunskapsspridning som sker inom ämnet. Vissa lösningar är dock uppbyggda utan centrala styr- eller kontrollfunktioner vilket försvårar samarbetet. I dessa fall är det istället mer lämpligt att samverka med angränsande funktioner eller utvecklarnätverk. Om det föreslagna ramverket godtas som arbetsverktyg bör vidare studier framförallt fokusera på att kvantifiera tilldelade riskvärden mer utförligt.
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Ränteskillnadsersättning, en konsuments vän eller fiende? : En utredande studie om konsumentskyddet i villkoren för förtidsbetalda bolån / Pre-payment penalty, a consumer's friend or enemy? : An explorative study on consumer protection in the terms of prepayment mortgagesBorg, Anna, Eriksson, Tilda January 2023 (has links)
En grundsten i det svenska samhället är det konsumentskydd som tar tillvara på konsumentensintressen i förhållandet till näringsidkare. Europakommissionens bolånedirektiv motiverar ett starktkonsumentskydd i syfte att främja utvecklingen av en väl fungerande kreditmarknad i såväl Sverigesom i övriga medlemsstater. Sverige är således tvungna att följa direktivet. Konsumenter har enligtdirektivet rätt att lösa bundna bolån i förtid. Ränteskillnadsersättning kan utgå när en konsument lösersitt bundna bolån i förtid. Syftet är att ersätta kreditgivaren för den förlust som kan uppkomma tillföljd av det uppsagda avtalet. Historiskt har regleringen av ränteskillnadsersättning påverkatbolånebeteenden och gett konsumenter incitament att strategiskt lösa lån eller att inte välja bundnabolån över huvud taget. Enligt EU-direktivet ska ersättningen bland annat vara skälig, objektiv ochendast täcka de direkta kostnader som återbetalningen av lånet innebär för kreditgivaren. Detkonstateras att svensk lagstiftning inte är väl förenlig med EU-direktivet och inte heller uppfyller detkonsumentskydd som direktivet motiverar i villkoren för ersättningen. Avtalsrättsliga principermotiverar att en ersättning utgår vid en förtidsbetalning, däremot motiveras interänteskillnadsersättningen som utgår idag. En väl fungerande kreditmarknad motiverar ettkonsumentskydd utifrån risken för finansiell instabilitet som en över- respektive underkompensationkan resultera i. / The foundation in Swedish society is the consumer protection which takes the consumer’s interests inrelation to the businesses in consideration. European directives include injunctions for housingmortgage loans that motivate a legit consumer protection aiming to improve a well functioning creditmarket in Sweden as well as in other member states. Sweden is therefore obligated to follow thedirectives by law. Pursuant to the directives the consumers obtain the right to repay mortgages with afixed rate prematurely. A prepayment penalty proceeds when a premature payment of a fixed ratemortgage is done and intends to compensate the lender for the contingent loss that may occur due tothe terminated agreement. Historically, the regulation of the prepayment penalty has affected themortgage behavior and given consumers incentives to strategically solve mortgages or not choose afixed rate in the first place. The compensation should be reasonable, objective and only cover thedirect costs that can be related to the premature payment according to the European directive. It isascertained that Swedish regulations are not compatible with the European directives and they do notmeet the consumer protection that the directives warrant for the terms of the compensation. Principleswithin contract law motivate that a compensation emanates in the situation of a prematurely paidmortgage but the prepayment penalty that emanates from today's conditions are not. A wellfunctioning credit market motivates consumer protection through the risk of financial instability as aneffect of an overcompensation as well as an undercompensation.
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Regsaspekte van die rekenarisering van die betalingstelselMeiring, Gezina Aletta 11 1900 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / The development of sophisticated computer technology and the consequent
computerisation of the payment system has had a far-reaching effect on fund
transfer systems all over the world. The most important purpose of this thesis is to
indicate the nature of an electronic fund transfer; to set out the relationships of the
parties involved in an electronic funds transfer and to show by comparison with other
legal systems where our law may be deficient in the regulation of the computerised
payment system.
At the outset, the nature and functions of money are compared to electronic fund
transfers and a distinction drawn between paper-based transactions and electronic
fund transfers. In this regard, electronic fund transfers as method of payment is also
discussed.
Automatic computer processing also gave rise to a variety of new kinds of financial
services. A distinction is made between customer-initiated systems (A TM' s, EFTPOS
and home-banking services) and systems used by the banks to effect electronic
funds transfers between banks and to send financial messages. In this regard, the
settlement function of clearing houses and the legal nature thereof are examined. A
description of a local clearing house, the ACB, is included as well as a discussion of the clearing of cheques, the moment of payment of cheques and the status of the
ACB.
Other relevant legal aspects of the computerisation of the payment system which are
examined and discussed are the following: the use of the so-called electronic
signature; the regulation of risks in electronic payments and the creation of sufficient
security measures; the criminal liability of an accused in the case of an unauthorised
withdrawal or transfer; questions and problems surrounding evidential matters; the
putting into operation of procedures to correct errors and the creation of an
ombudsman to settle and resolve disputes; cheque truncation and the right of an
individual to privacy in the milieu of electronic payments. Finally, the legal
relationships between the parties involved in a credit transfer and the moment of
payment is examined. Regulation in this regard is also considered. / Die ontwikkeling van gesofistikeerde rekenaartegnologie en die gevolglike
rekenarisering van die betalingstelsel het 'n verreikende effek op die
fondsoordragstelsels van banke regoor die wereld gehad. Die belangrikste
doelstellings van hierdie proefskrif is gevolglik om die aard van 'n elektroniese
fondsoordrag aan te dui; om die verhoudinge tussen die partye betrokke by 'n
elektroniese fondsoordrag nader te omskryf en om by wyse van 'n regsvergelykende
ondersoek aan te toon waar daar leemtes in ons reg ten opsigte van die regulering
van die gerekenariseerde betalingstelsel bestaan.
Die aard en funksies van geld is ter aanvang met elektroniese fondsoordrag vergelyk
en 'n onderskeid is tussen papierbasistransaksies en elektroniese fondsoordragte
getref. In hierdie verband is elektroniese fondsoordrag as betalingsmetode ook
bespreek.
Outomatiese rekenaarverwerking het ook tot 'n verskeidenheid van nuwe soorte
finansiele dienste aanleiding gegee. Daar is onderskei tussen klient-geaktiveerde
stelsels (OTM'e, EFTPOS en tuisbankdienste) en fondsoordragstelsels wat deur die
banke aangewend word om elektroniese fondsoordragte tussen banke te
bewerkstellig en om finansiele boodskappe te versend. In die verband is die
verrekeningsfunksie van klaringshuise en die regsaard daarvan ondersoek. 'n
Beskrywing van die werksaamhede van die ACB, as plaaslike klaringshuis, is hierby
ingesluit asook 'n bespreking van die verrekening van tjeks, die tydstip van betaling
van tjeks en die status van die ACB.
Ander relevante regsaspekte van die rekenarisering van die betalingstelsel wat
ondersoek en bespreek is, is die gebruik van die sogenaamde elektroniese
handtekening; die risikoreeling in die elektroniese betalingsverkeer en die daarstelling
van voldoende sekuriteitsprosedures; die strafregtelike aanspreeklikheid van 'n
beskuldigde in die geval van 'n ongemagtigde onttrekking of oordrag; vrae en
probleme rondom bewysregtelike aangeleenthede; die inwerkingstelling van
foutoplossingsprosedures en die daarstelling van 'n ombudsman om geskille te
voorkom en te besleg; tjekretensie en die reg van die individu op sy privaatheid in die
milieu van die elektroniese betalingsverkeer. Laastens is die regsverhoudinge tussen
die deelnemende partye en die tydstip van betaling in die geval van 'n kredietoordrag
ondersoek, en oorweging is aan regulering in die verband geskenk. / Private law / LL. D.
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Legal aspects of the insurance premiumSchulze, W. G. (Wilhelm Georg) 06 1900 (has links)
Law / LL.D. / The contract of insurance is one of the more frequently concluded commercial contracts. The premium which is undertaken in terms of an insurance contract is one of the essential features of the insurance contract. Notwithstanding the obvious importance of the role of the premium and the legal aspects surrounding it, it has in the past often received but scant treatment in insurance-law materials. In this thesis it is shown that there exist a number of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear and in need of careful scrutiny. In the case of certain other aspects (regarding the premium), although there is certainty as to their contents it is necessary to identify and (re-)define their place in the broader scheme of the insurance law.
The study commences with an investigation into the historical development of the concepts of
"insurance" and "premium". This is followed by a study of the relevant principles of Roman-Dutch
law. A comparative study is made of the law in a number of countries, namely, the Netherlands,
Belgium, England and Australia. The position in South African law is also considered. An
introductory study is made regarding those concepts in South African indigenous law which are
insurance-like.
Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made in respect of a selection
of aspects regarding the premium which are unclear. These aspects concern the nature of the
premium; the question whether "premiumless" or "free" insurance is legally possible; the question
whether the parties may agree to insure at a "reasonable premium"; the protection of the insured in
the case of the non payment of the premium; the receipt of the premium by the broker; the return
of the premium where the insured has acted fraudulently; the legal tenability of the practice of
insuring the premium; the possibility that the contribution in terms of some concepts of our
indigenous law may resemble the premium; and finally, the analogous method as a source of law to
extend and broaden the pool of legal principles applicable to the insurance contract.
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Nästa steg i betalningsbranschensutveckling? : En kvalitativ studie om kontaktlösbetalningsmetod ur ett bankperspektivSahlman, Alex, Zhang, Henry January 2016 (has links)
Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka framtidsutsikter och utmaningar för kontaktlös betalningsmetod som är NFC-baserad. Detta mynnade ut i frågor som undersökte kring varför enbart ett fåtal banker valt att satsa på kontaktlösa betalkort, vilka utmaningar som NFC-baserade betalningar står inför i den svenska marknaden och även vilka framtidsutsikter den kontaktlösa betalningsmetoden har i den svenska betalningsbranschen. För att svara på dessa frågor, tillämpades en kvalitativ fallstudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Två respondenter från varsin bank som infört kontaktlös betalningsmetod i Sverige intervjuades, likaså en respondent från en bank som inte hade infört kontaktlös betalningsmetod i Sverige och ytterligare två respondenter från en annan bank som inte infört kontaktlösa betalningsmetoder i Sverige. Utöver detta, intervjuades även en forskare från Sveriges riksbank och en konsult som arbetar inom ett forum för kontaktlös betalningsmetod. Studien påvisade att anledningen till att ett fåtal banker erbjudit kontaktlös betalningsmetod till sina kunder var till följd av att Sverige varit relativt sena med att byta från magnetremsa som betalningsmetod till chip och PIN, vilket gjort att man ogärna investerade i kontaktlös betalningsmetod. Utmaningar som kontaktlös betalningsmetod står inför är att se till att infrastrukturen utökas i Sverige samt informera kunder om kontaktlös betalningsmetod. Framtidsutsikterna för kontaktlös betalningsmetod är positiva och tanken bland flera aktörer är att kontaktlös betalningsmetod ska vara väldigt utbrett i Sverige år 2020. / The purpose of this research was to investigate future prospects and challenges regarding contactless payment method which is based on NFC. These lead to the formulation of questions which researched why only a few banks had chosen to employ contactless payment cards, which challenges that NFC-based payments are facing in the Swedish market, and also which future prospects the contactless payment method has in the Swedish payment market. In order to answer these questions, a qualitative case study with semi-structured interviews was utilized. Interviews were conducted with two respondents from respective banks which had introduced contactless payment in Sweden while additional interviews were conducted with one respondent from a bank which had not introduced contactless payment in Sweden and two respondents from another bank which had not introduced contactless payment methods in Sweden. In addition to this, one respondent from the central bank of Sweden and one consultant working within a forum regarding contactless payment have been interviewed. The study showed that the reason to why few banks have offered contactless payment method to their customers was due to that Sweden had been relatively late in regards to changing from magnetic strip as a payment method to chip and PIN, which resulted in that the market participants did not wish to invest in the contactless payment method. Challenges which the contactless payment method is facing, is to make sure that the infrastructure will be increased in Sweden, and inform customers about the contactless payment method. The future prospects for the contactless payment methods are positive and the intention among several market participants is that the contactless payment method will be very widespread in Sweden 2020.
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UniPag: um modelo de pagamento móvel voltado ao comércio ubíquoJost, Tiago André 19 August 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-08-19 / Nenhuma / O uso de dispositivos móveis como meio de pagamento vem crescendo ao longo dos últimos anos. Embora algumas implantações de carteiras digitais tenham sido bem sucedidas, ainda não existe um padrão a ser utilizado pelo mercado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma solução para pagamento móvel através da utilização de uma carteira digital. Esta solução deve ser heterogênea, sendo disponibilizada para o maior número possível de dispositivos móveis, como telefones celulares e tablets, e deve permitir o pagamento entre dois usuários sem a necessidade de conexão à internet. O trabalho também leva em consideração as informações de contexto do usuário, e busca oferecer uma solução diferenciada ao usuário final, através da interface da aplicação com um servidor de pedidos, a ser instalado no estabelecimento comercial. A segurança também é um item importante, e o modelo deve prever a utilização de um elemento seguro, garantindo a segurança das informações gravadas no dispositivo. Foi desenvolvido um protótipo da arquitetura proposta, denominado Unipag. O protótipo foi desenvolvido através da avaliação de quatro diferentes soluções de carteira digital, sendo duas soluções acadêmicas e duas soluções comerciais. O protótipo foi desenvolvido inicialmente para o sistema Android, e foram realizadas duas avaliações. A avaliação por cenários demonstrou a utilização com sucesso da aplicação em cenários de pagamento cotidianos. A avaliação de usabilidade demonstrou que o aplicativo é de fácil utilização, e 96% dos usuários utilizariam a aplicação se disponível. Os resultados encorajam o estudo e demonstram a viabilidade da solução. / The use of mobile devices as a payment device has been growing over the last few years. Although some deployments of digital wallets have been successful, there is still no standard to be used by market. This work aims to present a solution for mobile payment through the use of a digital wallet. This solution must be heterogeneous, being made available to the largest possible number of mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets, and should allow payment between two users without internet connection. The solution also considers the context information of the user, and seeks to offer a different solution to the end user through the application interface with a server application to be installed on the premises. Safety is also an important item, and the model should provide for the use of a secure element, ensuring the security of information stored on the device. We developed a prototype of the proposed architecture, called Unipag. The prototype was developed by evaluating four different solutions digital wallet, two academic solutions and two commercial solutions. The prototype was initially developed for the Android system, and were assessed twice. The evaluation scenarios demonstrated the successful use of the application for daily payment scenarios. The usability evaluation demonstrated that the application is easy to use, and 96% of users would use the application if available. The results encourage the study and demonstrate the feasibility of the solution.
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Elektronické platební systémy / Electronic payment systemsSaparov, Pavel January 2011 (has links)
The goal of the thesis is to analyze chosen electronic payment systems. The thesis is divided into two parts -- theoretical and practical. Theoretical part is dedicated to cover types of electronic payment system. Also is devoted to the issues of certain legal aspects that are common to all payment systems; defines the necessary concepts and business entities commonly encountered in the payment processing environment. Practical part focuses on the evaluation of usability, safety and usefulness for merchants mainly working with credit cards and particularly with alternative payment system like PayPal, iDEAL, Sofortbanking and Webmoney. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of certain payment systems. Describes the practical applicability of PCI DSS and 3-D Secure protocol.
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