La spectrométrie gamma est une des mesures non destructives passives la plus utilisée pour la quantification des radionucléides dans les déchets nucléaires. Le travail de thèse a pour but l'amélioration de l'exploitation du spectre gamma (c'est-à-dire après l'étape d'acquisition du spectre). L'exploitation des spectres se faisant en deux étapes (restituer les énergies et les surfaces nettes des pics contenus dans le spectre et déterminer le rendement de détection de la mesure), le travail de thèse s'est divisé en deux parties. Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en place un procédé de validation qui quantifie les incertitudes engendrées par l'extraction des énergies et des surfaces et qui est applicable à n'importe quel logiciel de déconvolution. Avec ce procédé, nous avons étudié les performances de la déconvolution effectuée par le logiciel SINBAD. Le travail de thèse a ainsi permis de disposer d'un outil automatisé d'extraction des énergies et des surfaces nettes des pics d'absorption validé et dont les incertitudes sont quantifiées. Enfin, la deuxième partie de la thèse a permis de définir une méthode automatisée de calcul du rendement de détection, applicable à n'importe quel objet mesuré. La faisabilité de la méthode sur des cas simples a été attestée par le travail de thèse. L'extrapolation à des cas plus complexes devra faire l'objet d'études supplémentaires.

<p>Self-destructive behaviour is a more and more occurring phenomenon in today’s society and there are mostly young girls who are affected by this behaviour. There are different explanations to why the phenomenon appears. The purpose of this research essay is to give a literature overview of the phenomenon of self-harming behaviour of young girls. Two research questions have been used to study this phenomenon; How can groups of friends contribute to reinforce an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls? How can Internet contributes to reinforce an identity with the self- estructive behaviour among young girls? For the analysis this research essay uses the social constructive theoretical perspective. The method used in this study is based on systematic searching of relevant literature and research. The findings indicate that groups of friends and the Internet constitute a forum where young people can create and develop their own identity. Therefore these two components can also have an important role in developing an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls especially when they have a tendency to seek help from one another.</p>

En contrôle non destructif par ultrasons, l'utilisation de la génération et de la détection par laser présente l'avantage de ne pas nécessiter de contact mécanique. La source laser crée à la surface du matériau un échauffement qui engendre dans celui-ci un champ de contraintes. Ce champ est la source d'ondes élastiques de surface et de volume. En régime thermoélastique (régime non destructif) et dans le cas d'une source linéique, les ondes de surface sont prépondérantes. Nous avons étudié la propagation de ces ondes sur des pièces cylindriques. Dans le cas d'un cylindre, nous avons développé un modèle analytique permettant d'analyser l'influence de la dispersion due aux variations de la vitesse de groupe sur la forme de l'onde de Rayleigh. Nous avons également constaté expérimentalement la déformation de l'onde de Rayleigh selon la position du point d'observation déterminée par son angle par rapport aux pôles d'émission. Ces résultats ont été corroborés par une simulation aux différences finies. Dans une approche plus industrielle, nous avons analysé les différents éléments pouvant perturber la détection des ondes ultrasonores (la sonde optique, la configuration de contrôle, la dimension des échantillons ...). En présence d'un défaut, nous avons montré, dans le domaine temporel et dans le domaine spectral, que la détection de fissures débouchantes de profondeur 0,2 mm à 1 mm est réalisable sur le premier tour de propagation. En raison des propriétés géométriques de l'échantillon, nous avons constaté un effet cumulatif sur l'énergie des ondes réfléchies par la fissure en fonction du nombre de tour de propagation. A l'aide d'une méthode de calcul du degré de ressemblance et en décomposant le signal ultrasonore temporel en fenêtres centrées sur chaque onde transmise, nous avons mis en évidence des défauts de profondeur 0,08 mm, quelle que soit leur position sur le cylindre. Dans le cas d'un tube, nous avons comparé la méthode sans contact mécanique à une méthode en immersion, développée au laboratoire, basée sur la décomposition de l'opérateur de retournement temporel (DORT). Nous avons mis en évidence la présence d'une fissure de profondeur égale à la moitié de l'épaisseur du tube par ces deux techniques de contrôle et probablement des conversions de mode au passage de la fissure à l'aide de la méthode DORT.

<p>Studien handlar om självskadebeteende. Syftet med undersökningen var att få reda på vilka yttre faktorer som påverkade tre unga tjejer att börja skada sig själva. Forskningen på området anser att personer börjar skada sig själva pågrund av sexuella övergrepp i ung ålder, men det framgår tydligt i resultatet att sexuella övergrepp i detta fall inte påverkade tjejerna i studien. Till grund för tjejernas destruktiva beteende ligger traumatiska händelser i deras uppväxt både i lågstadieålder samt högstadieålder.</p><p>Metoden som användes i studien var semistrukturerade intervjuer eftersom intervjuaren då kan rikta sin fulla uppmärksamhet mot respondenten.</p><p>Resultatet är utformat på ett narrativt sätt vilket gjorde att resultatet kunde presenteras i berättelseform. I resultatet framkom vilka yttre påverkansfaktorer som påverkade tjejerna att börja skada sig, som till exempel föräldrars skilsmässa, eller plötslig död i deras nära omgivning.</p>

The purpose of this work is to contribute to a process formaking buildings with good function and to avoid prematurefaults. The design, construction and installation of low-slopedroofs are important parts of creating a durable building. Mostof the leakages in low-sloped roofs occur where materials withdifferent thermomechanical properties are joined together. Withbetter knowledge about these joints, the expected service lifecould better be estimated. Common roofing materials onlow-sloped roofs are roof membranes. To avoid damages and to minimise energy consumption thedetection of air and water leaks is essential. It can bedifficult to localise a leak in e.g. a roof since water canflow far within the construction. Leakage detection can beapplied both as a quality assurance method after installationof low-sloped roofs and as field inspection methods. Theleakage detection can also be extended to terrace slabs and thewhole building envelope. To investigate the strength of jointsbetween sheet metaland roofing membranes, several small-scale tests and somelarge-scale tests were performed. The test methods weredeveloped to match the loads that can be expected on this kindof joints. A number of water leak-detection methods were evaluatedthrough application on test roofs. Some of the methods todetect leaks on low-sloped roofs can also be used to detect airleakage in other parts of the building envelope. To develop andevaluate air leak-detection procedures, selected methods wereused in two case studies. The circumstances regarding welding of the material jointswere found to have great impact on the strength. The roofshould be designed so no long-term strain will appear since acomparatively low stress may damage the joint over time. The performance of the leak-detection methods depends on theroofing material. All methods tested were an improvementcompared to visual inspections. Different recommendedapproaches for leakage detection and quality control is given.The case studies show that air leakage detection could beperformed with good accuracy. The potential difference methodcould without doubt be a tool for leakage localisation inwaterproofing layers both on roofs and in terrace slabs. <b>Keywords:</b>Roofing, roof membrane, durability,waterproofing, leakage, wind-load, non-destructive testing,NDT, BSL4, BSL3, air leakage, building envelope

The purpose of this thesis is non-destructive determination of residual stress state in the multi-pass welded steel plates by Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) technique. To control the effectiveness of the developed procedure, continuous MBN measurements on the heat affected zone and parent metal of the welded plates were performed. In the experimental part, various steel plates were welded with different number of weld passes. Various series of samples were prepared for residual stress and for angular deflection measurements. Microstructural investigation and hardness measurements were also conducted. The results were discussed to evaluate the effectiveness of MBN measurements to monitor the changes in the residual stress state in the welded components as a function of weld pass number.

Self-destructive behaviour is a more and more occurring phenomenon in today’s society and there are mostly young girls who are affected by this behaviour. There are different explanations to why the phenomenon appears. The purpose of this research essay is to give a literature overview of the phenomenon of self-harming behaviour of young girls. Two research questions have been used to study this phenomenon; How can groups of friends contribute to reinforce an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls? How can Internet contributes to reinforce an identity with the self- estructive behaviour among young girls? For the analysis this research essay uses the social constructive theoretical perspective. The method used in this study is based on systematic searching of relevant literature and research. The findings indicate that groups of friends and the Internet constitute a forum where young people can create and develop their own identity. Therefore these two components can also have an important role in developing an identity with the self-destructive behaviour among young girls especially when they have a tendency to seek help from one another.

Who has never heard anything about leadership? This concept appears almost everywhere: in the classroom, on TV program, in reviews, in books, etc. However, who really knows about the real nature of leadership? Most of you might have a good image of it in mind. However, the reality is far different. How many of you have ever listened to stories whereby people were stressed or were depressive due to their job? In this thesis, we will expose how the business environment is "contaminated" by leaders presenting toxic behaviours. Once toxic behaviours occur in the company, the entire system becomes "alienated", its welfare is undermined. Leaders, in our view, act like snakes which, with its venom contaminate, step by step, their environment. The best way to erase toxins, in such surrounding is to be first aware of its root. For knowing this issue, please, attach your belt, the travel will start …

This research evaluated the ethics competencies which were determined to be important to the curriculum of an ethics course for students studying Nondestructive Testing and Welding Inspection. Data were gathered from samples of American Society of Nondestructive Testing Nationally Certified Level III's (N = 268), American Welding Society Nationally Certified Welding Inspectors CWI's (N = 212) and American Welding Society Nationally Certified Associate Welding Inspectors - CAWI's (N = 101) who are currently licensed by their respective societies. The twenty-nine (29) item instrument utilized a six-point Likert type scale for the data collection. The scale, which was validated by consensus using a DELPHI panel procedure, utilized the Hoyt-Stunkard method for assessing reliability. The computed reliability for the instrument was determined to be +0.970. Analysis of variance tests were completed for each of the twenty-nine (29) competencies to ascertain differences between ASNT Level III's, AWS CWI's and AWS CAWI's samples. Factor analysis, using the R-mode, provided for the clustering of competencies and constituted the major analysis procedure for the study. The results of the study indicated the presence of three (3) clusters of content which were considered necessary to curriculum inclusion in an ethics course for nondestructive testing and welding inspection. The identified clusters include: I. Ethical issues and personal integrity (18 competencies), II. Ethics and the legal aspects of inspection (8 competencies), and III. Ethical theory and professional conduct (4 competencies). Overall competency means ranged from 3.929 to 5.594; significance tests showed only five (5) rejected hypotheses for the twent-ynine (29) primary competencies. Standard errors of the mean were found to be lower for the ASNT Level III's sample. The results of the study present a valid pattern for the development of objectives which should be included in an ethics curriculum for nondestructive testing personnel and welding inspectors. / Graduation date: 1993

The very nature of the fire fighting environment makes thermal degradation of turnout gear inevitable. Standards that are currently in place to ensure that new gear performs adequately for the protection of the fire fighter do not provide a quantitative measure for assessing this gear once it is in service. When the performance of the gear is compromised due to degradation, it could put the fire fighter wearing the gear at unnecessary risk. A non-destructive test that indicates the end of the useable service of the garment would be a benefit to the fire service. Full scale fire tests were conducted to suggest a range of heat fluxes that turnout gear specimens should be subjected to in order to simulate degradation caused by in-field use of the gear. A series of destructive tests were conducted on exposed specimens. A number of non-destructive tests were performed on the same specimens. The results of destructive and non-destructive tests were compared. This research explored some options for non-destructive tests of turnout gear. Digital image analysis and colorimetry were both offered as possibilities for a diagnostic test of this gear. Correlations between destructive performance tests and the colour changes of the outer shell fabric could be used to develop non-destructive tests to evaluate every garment owned by a department. More work is required to improve these test methods, but the door has been opened to better testing for in-use gear, and ultimately to provide better protection for the fire fighters who use this clothing.