Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thania Enriqueta Soto Lemke.pdf: 522307 bytes, checksum: 7727adfbbfe4020f406e1fb1b490a593 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-19 / The transnational nature of phenomena as human rights and the environment consolidated action spaces for civil society agents and, specifically, transnational non-governmental organizations which were organized to attend the demands from the state area and the international organizations; besides rising local problems to an international sphere. As to human rights, the defence of universal values has been constituted into a fertile arena for non-governmental organizations action. Protagonists of a constant monitoring movement and pression on governments and international organizations, aiming the respect for civil and political rights, these actors from the institutional field were raised to direct actions in the governability sphere worldwide, not only referring to human rights themselves , in a consultig way, but also their role as opinion makers. Taking into account the direct actions performed by the transnational non-governmental Human Rights Watch organization, this research intends to contribute towards the understanding of action strategies taken by transnational non-governmental organizations in the contemporary international relations / A natureza transnacional de fenômenos como os direitos humanos e o meio ambiente consolidou espaços de atuação de agentes da sociedade civil e, especificamente, de organizações não-governamentais transnacionais que se organizaram para atender demandas vindas da esfera estatal e dos organismos internacionais e elevando problemáticas locais à esfera internacional. No campo específico dos direitos humanos, a defesa de valores universais se constituiu numa arena fértil para a atuação das ONGs transnacionais. Protagonistas de uma ação constante de monitoramento e pressão aos governos e organizações internacionais para o respeito dos direitos civis e políticos, alçaram estes atores da esfera institucional a atuação na esfera da governabilidade mundial; no que se refere aos direitos humanos, em caráter consultivo além da atuação como formadores de opinião. A partir do estudo dos instrumentos de atuação da organização não- governamental transnacional Human Rights Watch, esta pesquisa pretende contribuir no entendimento das estratégias de atuação das ONGs transnacionais nas relações internacionais contemporâneas

The pattern of American institution building through private funding began in metropolises of all sizes soon after the nation's founding. But by 1840, Manhattan's geographical location and great natural harbor had made it America's preeminent commercial and communications center and the undisputed capital of finance. Thus, as the largest and richest city in the United States, unsurprisingly, some of the most ambitious cultural institutions would rise there, and would lead the way in the creation of a distinctly American model of high culture. This dissertation describes New York City's cultural transformation between 1840 and 1940, and focuses on three of its enduring monuments, the New York Public Library, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Metropolitan Opera. It seeks to demonstrate how trustees and financial supporters drove the foundational ideas, day-to-day operations, and self-conceptions of the organizations, even as their institutional agendas enhanced and galvanized the inherently boosterish spirit of the Empire City. Many board members were animated by the dual impulses of charity and obligation, and by their own lofty edifying ambitions for their philanthropies, their metropolis, and their country. Others also combined their cultural interests with more vain desires for social status. Although cohesive, often overlapping social groups founded and led most elite institutions, important moments of change in leadership in the twentieth century often were precipitated by the breakdown of a social order once restricted to Protestant white males. By the 1920s and 1930s, the old culture of exclusion--of Jews, of women, of ethnic minorities in general--was no longer an accepted assumption, nor was it necessarily good business. In general, institutions that embraced the notion of diversity and adapted to forces of historical change tended to thrive. Those that held fast to the paradigms of the past did not. Typically, when we consider the history and development of such major institutions, the focus often has been on the personalities and plans of the paid directors and curatorial programs. This study, however, redirects some of the attention towards those who created the institutions and hired and fired the leaders. While a common view is that membership on a board was coveted for social status, many persons who led these efforts had little abiding interest in Manhattan's social scene. Rather, they demanded more of their boards and expected their fellow-trustees to participate in more ways than financially. As the twentieth century beckoned, rising diversity in the population mirrored the emerging multiplicity in thought and culture; boards of trustees were hardly exempt from this progression. This dissertation also examines the subtle interplay of the multi-valenced definition of "public" along with the contrasting notion of "private." In the early 1800s, a public institution was not typically government funded, and more often functioned independent of the state, supported by private individuals. "Public," instead, meant for the people. Long before the income tax and charitable deductions for donations, there was a full range of voluntary organizations supported by private contributions in the United States. This dissertation argues that in a privatist spirit, New York elites seized a leadership role, both individually and collectively, to become cultural arbiters for the city and the nation.

Roraima é um caso emblemático, assim como a Amazônia, como ilustrações das profundas mudanças das ações implementadas pelo Estado nacional brasileiro nos últimos 50 anos, com destaque para as últimas duas décadas e meia, em razão, principalmente, do aprofundamento da globalização, das ideologias e mecanismos dos regimes internacionais de meio ambiente e de direitos humanos dos povos indígenas. Derradeira fronteira econômica do Norte brasileiro, o território roraimense está institucionalmente protegido contra a sua utilização para a produção agropecuária em bases capitalistas (propriedade privada, liberdade de utilização do fator terra, orientação para o mercado). A superfície sob proteção atinge mais de 93% do território roraimense, restando em torno de 7% utilizáveis como capital natural para o desenvolvimento de atividades econômicas. Na Amazônia Legal, as áreas protegidas representam quase três quartos (3/4) da sua superfície. A construção desse território é resultado direto da decisão do Estado nacional brasileiro de assumir o papel de protagonista nas relações internacionais, explicado pela ótica da ideologia, fruto das relações Centro-Periferia. O objetivo dos países do Centro do sistema de relações internacionais é a manutenção da Estabilidade Hegemônica, tendo como instituições os regimes internacionais de meio ambiente e de direitos humanos; e como estruturas organizacionais as organizações internacionais e as organizações não governamentais. Esse objetivo se projeta sobre países detentores de capital natural ainda inexplorado, especialmente de florestas tropicais, e seu rebatimento sobre o território desses países se configura na criação de espaços protegidos. E a Amazônia é o coração – organismo vital – o lócus principal dessa Nova Ordem Internacional. Tais espaços transformam os territórios construídos em verdadeiros depósitos de capital natural, expressos em matérias-primas já conhecidas e a biodiversidade ainda em processo de descobrimento para sua possível utilização futura, sob a ótica e o interesse dos países do Centro, num cenário mundial de preocupação com os efeitos das mudanças climáticas e a escassez face o crescimento populacional planetário. Embora os territórios protegidos pareçam contrariar a lógica da expansão do capital na esfera produtiva, sua reprodução segue garantida pela ação do capital financeiro internacional, por meio da financeirização dos chamados serviços ambientais. Esses objetivos são perseguidos tendo como pano de fundo, para encobri-los, a permanente ameaça de um futuro sombrio para a humanidade devido ao aquecimento do planeta motivado pela forma com que os humanos lançam gases tóxicos na atmosfera. Embora o tema seja controverso, pois, afinal, outros cientistas atribuem o aquecimento global a fenômenos geológicos e/ou ao funcionamento do próprio sistema solar, e não às ações antrópicas, o certo é que restou dominante no conserto das relações internacionais entre os países a ideia de que é preciso fazer algo para mitigar os efeitos da intervenção humana no meio natural. Essas ideias processam interesses que geram políticas ambientais e indigenistas, cuja práxis é a criação de áreas protegidas na Amazônia Legal, que transformaram Roraima numa espécie de laboratório a céu aberto de experiências dos regimes internacionais de meio ambiente e direitos humanos dos povos indígenas, que têm por referência conceitual a ideia de desenvolvimento sustentável. / Roraima is an emblematic case, as the Amazon, as illustrations of the profound changes the actions implemented by the Brazilian national state in the last 50 years, especially the last two and a half decades, mainly due to the deepening of globalization ideologies and mechanisms international regimes environmental and human rights of indigenous peoples. Last economic frontier of northern Brazil, Roraima territory is institutionally protected its use for agricultural production on a capitalist basis (private property, free use of the land factor, market orientation). The surface under protection reaches over 93% of Roraima territory, leaving around 7% usable as natural capital for the development of economic activities. In the Amazon, protected areas account for almost half of its surface. The construction of this territory is a direct result of the decision of the Brazilian national state to assume the role of protagonist in international relations, explained from the perspective of ideology, the result of center-periphery relations. The purpose of the system of international relations of the Centre's countries is the maintenance of Hegemonic Stability, with the institutions the international regimes of the environment and human rights; and as organizational structures the international organizations and NGOs. This goal is projected on countries with untapped natural capital, especially tropical forests, and its bounce on the territory of these countries are set by the creation protected areas. And Amazon is the heart - vital body - the main locus of this New World Order. Such spaces transform the built territories into true deposits of natural capital, expressed in already known raw materials and biodiversity still in discovery process for possible future use, from the perspective and interests of the Centre's countries in a global scenario of concern with the effects of climate change and the scarcity face the planetary population growth. Although protected areas appear to contradict the logic of capital expansion in the productive sphere, reproduction follows guaranteed by the action of international financial capital through the financialization of so-called environmental services. These goals are pursued with a background that covers them the permanent threat of a bleak future for humanity due to the heating of the planet motivated by the way that human release toxic gases into the atmosphere. Although the issue is controversial because, after all, other scientists attribute global warming to geological phenomena and / or the operation of the solar system itself, and not to human actions, the correct fact is that remain dominant in the concert of international relations between countries the idea that something must be done to mitigate the effects of human intervention in the natural surroundings. These ideas process interests that generate environmental and indigenous policies, whose practice is the creation of protected areas in the Legal Amazon that have transformed Roraima in a species of laboratory under open sky to international regimes of the environment and human rights of indigenous peoples experiences, whose conceptual reference the idea of sustainable development.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-11-23T17:16:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania Machado de S¿.pdf: 1234141 bytes, checksum: a323ac0af9d0a0f1e580483efe49f577 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-23T17:16:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tania Machado de S¿.pdf: 1234141 bytes, checksum: a323ac0af9d0a0f1e580483efe49f577 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-10 / The present study will analyze as main problematic the role of Soroptimist International of the Americas (SIA) for the improvement of the condition of women and girls. We will examine their actions, social projects, fight for human rights and rescue of girls and women in situations of risk, with the objective of valorizing them through education and their reintegration into society. To do so, the research addresses the role of the state and non-state actors in the international arena, and factors such as the recognition of the United Nations Organization and globalization in the emergence and scope of action of non-state organizations such as SIA. The study intends to show the internal organization capacity of the Soroptimists, from its foundation in 1921 until its role, as actor of the civil society, in the prevention and combat of serious international problems, as the defense of the human rights and the trafficking of women; The struggle for gender equality through women's empowerment. To answer the central question, the research makes a historical analysis from the hypothetico-deductive method. The methodology used is the bibliographical and also the analysis of concrete cases. / O presente estudo analisará como problemática principal o papel das Soroptimist International of the Americas (SIA) para a melhoria da condição de mulheres e meninas. Examinaremos suas ações, projetos sociais, luta pelos direitos humanos e resgate de meninas e mulheres em situações de risco, com objetivo de valorizá-las através da educação e de sua reinserção profissional dentro da sociedade. Para tanto, a pesquisa aborda o papel do Estado e dos atores não estatais, no cenário internacional, e fatores, como o reconhecimento da Organização das Nações Unidas e a globalização no surgimento e alcance de atuação das organizações não estatais, como a SIA. O estudo pretende mostrar a capacidade de organização interna das soroptimistas, desde sua fundação em 1921 até seu papel, como ator da sociedade civil, na prevenção e combate de problemas internacionais graves, como a defesa dos direitos humanos e o tráfico de mulheres; a luta pela igualdade de gênero através do empoderamento feminino. Para responder a questão central, a pesquisa faz uma análise histórica a partir do método hipotético-dedutivo. A metodologia empregada é a bibliográfica e também a análise de casos concretos.

An increasingly popular way for global citizens to contribute to communities around the world is through international volunteering. In tandem with this growing trend, academic research in the field has increased to explore the goals, motivations, and impacts of international service on volunteers, host communities, and volunteer-sending organizations. One of the larger gaps in our understanding of global civic engagement though is the specifics of how and why, as well as the overall impact of international service on, host organizations that seek and/or accept international volunteers. Using an exploratory research design to collect and analyze survey data and open-ended email inquiry responses from almost 250 organizational representatives in 50+ countries, this dissertation expands the breadth and depth of knowledge on the relationship between host organizations and international volunteers. Findings include a broad and varied range of potential motivations for hosting international volunteers, from direct benefits to the host organization like leveraging organizational capacity to benefits extended to the broader community and volunteers themselves such as providing opportunities for cross-cultural interaction. In addition, host organization characteristics and opinions were compared between two global regions - Africa and Asia - and statistically significant relationships identified between characteristics and opinions of host organizations and their reported satisfaction with international volunteers. This study contributes new data on and from organizations that host international volunteers. Research findings also support and expand the field's understanding of international volunteer engagement as it relates specifically to organizational capacity and social capital theory.

La presente investigación pretende demostrar que el impacto tributario de la distribución directa e indirecta de utilidades influye en reducir la pérdida de la exoneración del Impuesto a la Renta en las Organizaciones No Gubernamentales del rubro educacional de los Distritos de San Isidro y Miraflores. El inciso b) del artículo 19 de la Ley del Impuesto a la Renta menciona los requisitos para obtener dicho beneficio de exoneración. A partir de un análisis de casos emitidos por el tribunal fiscal con relación a la pérdida de dicho beneficio se obtuvieron las hipótesis de la presente investigación, las cuales se detallarán en los siguientes capítulos. La presente tesis se desarrollará en 5 capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se describirá la legislación peruana con respecto a las ONG y la posición que tiene el tribunal fiscal sobre la distribución directa e indirecta de utilidades. En el segundo capítulo, se plantean los problemas, las hipótesis a validar, los objetivos propuestos y las limitaciones. En el tercer capítulo, se procederá a describir el tipo de investigación y la metodología a utilizada que es la mixta. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta el desarrollo de la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, adicionalmente se describe un caso práctico con el objetivo de medir el impacto económico en los estados financieros de una ONG si esta pierde la exoneración del Impuesto a la Renta. En el quinto capítulo, se analizará los resultados de las entrevistas realizadas a 4 profesionales con una larga trayectoria en el rubro de las ONG, asimismo se realizará el análisis de 10 encuestas realizadas a una muestra conformada por gerentes, contadores y especialistas tributarios en Organizaciones No Gubernamentales, además se analizará el caso práctico planteado. Por último, se detallarán las conclusiones y recomendaciones. / This research aims to demonstrate the tax impact of the direct and indirect distribution of profits influences the loss of income tax exemption in the Non-Governmental Organizations of Educational Law of the San Isidro and Miraflores Districts. Subsection b) of article 19 of the Income Tax Law and the requirements to obtain said exemption benefit. From an analysis of cases issued by the tax court related to the loss of said benefit, the hypotheses of the present investigation were obtained, which will be detailed in the following chapters. This thesis will be developed in 5 chapters. In the first chapter, Peruvian legislation is described with respect to Non-Governmental Organizations and the position of the tax court on the direct and indirect distribution of profits. In the second chapter, the problems, the valid hypotheses, the proposed objectives and the limitations are posed. In the third chapter, we will proceed to describe the type of research and the methodology for that mixture. In the fourth chapter, the development of qualitative and quantitative research is presented, in addition a practical case is described with the objective of measuring the economic impact in the financial statements of an ONG, the responsibility of the Income Tax is lost. In the fifth chapter, the results of interviews with 4 professionals with a long career in the field of ONG will be analyzed, while the analysis of 10 responses to a sample made up of managers, accountants and tax specialists in organizations is shown. Non-Governmental, in addition to analyzing the case study. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations are detailed. / Tesis

In India, globalized flows of bio-medical discourse, practices and technologies are reshaping the field of reproductive healthcare, and the performance of childbirth more specifically. These projects aim to produce institutional delivery rooms that are "safe and modernized" by equating the utilization of westernized, obstetric techniques for managing delivery with better birth outcomes. Yet, these projects often evoke dynamic tensions between the imagined labor rooms NGOs seek to produce and the lived realties of labor in a local context. In this thesis, I examine the ways NGOs market and disseminate state and global discourses around safe, institutional delivers to local communities through a case study of one NGO working in rural southern Rajasthan. Drawing on data from participant observation and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with NGO staff and skilled-birth attendants employed by community health centers, I argue that at the interface of NGO, state, and global relations of power, a commodified discourse in the form of Evidenced-based Delivery (EBD) practices is emerging. This discourse is marketed through a political economy of hope that promotes EBDs as essential for safe delivery. In this system, NGOs function as conduits for transmitting idealized notions of the safe and modern delivery room, and thereby affect a shift in what skilled-birth attendants and communities come to expect from their childbirth experiences -- expectations that I argue are often difficult to meet given current training levels, limited economic resources, and a diverse set of cultural values around childbirth. My findings indicate that while Evidence-based Delivery practices may improve birth outcomes in some contexts, in the delivery rooms of rural Rajasthan, they are functioning essentially as technologies that capitalize on the political economy of hope by evoking the medical imaginary. / Graduation date: 2012

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborgs universitet, 2002. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-223).

This dissertation develops a social analysis the Brazilian Black women's non-governmental organizations (NGOs) by focusing on their political activism around issues of Black women's sexual and reproductive health. My research responds to two major questions: (1) what has been the effectiveness of the political work of Black Women's NGOs in the areas of sexual and reproductive health in Brazil, particularly with respect to reducing the effects of racial, gender, and class discrimination; (2) what are the contributions that these NGO's have made to the formation of Black women's agency and collective organizing in their communities? The finding of this study is that claims and struggles for political autonomy and citizenship rights waged by Black women's NGOs around women's sexual and reproductive health (and health in general) have played a central role both in transforming Black women's life conditions and in promoting their agency and collective organizing in the country. In the 1990s and 2000s there has been an increase in the number of Black women's activists affiliated to NGOs involved in local and national debates with policymakers and healthcare administrators about health disparities and health services. Furthermore, because of the activism of these NGOs, the federal, state and district governments have been forced to endorse and implement specific policies and programs that directly benefit the Black population generally, and Black women, in particular. This dissertation analyzes issues such as feminist movement, aspects of sexual and reproductive health and rights, violence, vulnerability, and Black women's experiences in relation to race, gender, class, and sexuality as major systems of oppression. It focuses on the histories of four Black women's organizations in the Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre: Criola, Grupo de Mulheres Felipa de Sousa, ACMUN (Cultural Association of Black Women) and Maria Mulher. In addition, this dissertation contributes to the documentation of Black women's contemporary history concerning political organizing in Brazil. Ultimately, I hope this dissertation will be beneficial to scholars and activists in Brazil and elsewhere focusing their political work on the eradication of racial and gender oppression, and winder issues of social justice. / text

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration