Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000), the purpose of this thesis was to investigate the protective role of self-determined (i.e., autonomous motivation) relative to non self-determined motivation (i.e., controlled motivation) in response to various media portrayals of the female body. Findings from three laboratory experiments support these hypotheses. Women who felt less self-determined in their daily activities (Study 1 and Study 3) and in the regulation of their eating behaviors (Study 2), perceived more pressure from the media to be thin (Study 1), experienced more body dissatisfaction (Study 1 and Study 2), expressed greater concerns over the quantity of food in their diets (Study 1), and reported more negative affect (Study 2) following exposure to a video which exemplified the societal ―thin ideal‖ compared to a video which did not. They also generated more negative self-appraisals of their body‘s appearance and competence (Study 3), experienced more body shame (Study 3), and reported more introjected reasons for restricting their actual intake of chocolate (Study 3) following exposure to video which depicted the female body as an instrument of women‘s actions compared to one which depicted the female body as object (Study 3). Conversely, women who felt more self-determined in their daily activities (Study 1 and Study 3) expressed greater concerns over the quality of food in their diet (Study 1) and reported less vitality (Study 3) in response to media portrayals of women engaged in self-care (Study 1) and physical activities (Study 3). However, body dissatisfied women who felt more self-determined in the regulation of their eating behaviors (Study 2) formulated more intentions to monitor their food intake and eat fewer unhealthy foods (Study 2) after viewing a video of thin female models compared to no models. Together, these findings support a protective function for self-determined motivation and a potentiating function for non self-determined motivation.

Abstract When the Swedish Centre Party, Centerpartiet, just before Christmas 2012 released a draft for new program of ideas a powerful "winter storm" broke out. Ideas that Centerpartiet would abolish compulsory schooling and the right to inheritance and allow polygamy are just a few of the things that cause alarm. It's not the first time during the last years the Centre Party is associated with neo-liberal elements in their party’s ideology. In 2007 Erik Ullenhag criticized Centerpartiet for their new neo-liberalism was a danger to the alliance. The aim of this study is to investigate whether it is possible to see a change in Centerpartiets ideology and how deep it is. From an idea analytical approach based on ideal types, created for social liberalism, neoliberalism and ecohumanism, the party programs from 2001 and 2013 are studied. The eight components studied are: the view on human nature, most important unit in society, the vision of freedom, methods of social change, political governance, society's economic organization, the vision of prosperity and utopia - the good society. In examining the causes of the potential changes a secondary analysis, where existing material was used, has been implemented. The result shows that there has been a change in ideology in Centerpartiet between 2001 and 2013. The probable causes for this are the bad result in the general election 2010 and the election of a new leadership for the party in 2013. Keywords: Swedish Centre Party, analysis of ideas, ideologies, ideal types, change,

The notions of “ideal theory” and “nonideal theory” have become widely accepted in political philosophy. Recently, several philosophers’ have urged that ideal theory systematically produces practically irrelevant theories. Such philosophers argue that political philosophy ought move away from ideal theory in order to make the discipline more germane to the unjust real world. Call this tactic of eliminating ideal theory “Strategy.” In this paper, I argue that political philosophy would do well to abandon the ideal/nonideal distinction. Though the use of INID is widespread, philosophers do not have one uniform way of drawing the distinction; of the several common ways of drawing the distinction, none is categorical. As a consequence of this ambiguity, the role that INID plays in our political philosophical theorizing has become pernicious.

Bakgrund Dagens samhälle är präglat av en medvetenhet kring övervikt, vilket kan ha lett till de ideal som råder när det gäller kropp och hälsa. Media påverkar samhällets ideal kring utseende och har en viktig roll vid spridning av kostinformation gällande viktnedgång. Syfte Syftet är att utforska synen på webbpublicerad kostinformation gällande viktnedgång. Metod Fyra kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes och urvalet baserades på att deltagarna skulle ha en vilja att minska i vikt samt regelbundet läste kostinformation gällande viktnedgång på internet. Resultat Deltagarna trodde inte att informationen som ges i kvällstidningarnas webbupplaga är tillförlitlig och att enda syftet är att tjäna pengar. Man upplevde förvirring kring nya rön och metoder gällande viktminskning och ansåg att omgivningen lätt tar till sig den information som finns på internet. Idealen i samhället och som visas på internet ansågs vara förvridna och ohälsosamma. Idealet tycktes vara en smal och vältränad kropp vilket informanterna inte själva upplevde sig kunde nå upp till och kände ett misslyckande över och gjorde att de även kände sig än mer uppgivna inför en viktminskning. Man menade också att begrepp som hälsa och sundhet förvridits till att mest handla om smalhet och att forma kroppen. Vidare uppfattade informanterna att de så kallade fettdieterna florerar mycket på webben och kändes svåra att särskilja. Samtidigt lockade snabba metoder i allmänhet och man betraktade snabba reslutat som önskvärt. Slutsats Denna studie har indikerat att idealen som upplevs råda i samhället vad gäller utseende kan leda till obehagskänslor hos de som inte kan nå upp till dem. Vad som är tillförlitligt är inte helt självklart och en viss förvirring uppfattas råda bland människor vad gäller råd om viktnedgång.

My project is about attitudes towards disabled people, about our fear for those who are different, about acceptance, ideals and normality.My inspiration has been prosthesis, and mostly people that are born without limbs. Through my research I have come across a lot of questions. Such as, why is a prosthesis so important and for whom? Why is it so important to be normal? What is normal and for who? People that are born different se upon themselves as normal, until they realize that others don’t. Many of them want to learn how to deal with life without prosthesis. And therefore they reject these. Sometimes the prosthesis is aids that are highly necessary. But they are also a way to blend in. When someone get severely ill or are born with a defect the society want to rehabilitate this person at any price. The goal is not to make the disability to something that you accept but something you should cure. This is of course necessary in some cases and I believe that we do this with the best of intentions. But sometimes we do this because we don’t believe in being different and the strive to be the “ideal-human being” is an obsession for us. The “ideal- human being” that nobody ever can be and especially not those with a disability. What is normal has change from different epochs and are different in different cultures. We learn what is normal and not normal, what are acceptable and about values so we can survive in our society. It is a social construction and it is safe. This safety can be a problem when it comes to be able to understand and accept that there are people that look, think and acts in a different way. It can be a seed for prejudices.During this project I realized that this is not only about visible disability. It is about hidden disability and that concern all of us.I believe that we all have some kind of disability. It is a matter of definition. We have to learn how to live with, accept and appreciate what is ugly, odd, unpleasant and unique. It is about values and to reassess.

I det här arbetet har vi genom en idé och ideologianalys undersökt olika läroböckers skildringar av den industriella revolutionen. Läroböckerna är indelade i två olika delar, varav vissa är skrivna innan Berlinmurens fall 1989 och andra är skrivna efter fallet. Vi har avgränsat oss till att analysera de politiska, ekonomiska samt klass skildringar som finns beskrivna i avsnittet. I arbetet har vi analyserat nio stycken läroböcker i historia för grundskolan. Resultatet presenteras genom två skilda delstudier där en av oss har undersökt läroböcker skrivna före Berlinmuren fall och den andre de läroböcker som utkommit därefter. Resultatet visar bland annat att de läroböcker som publicerats före 1989 har en mer politisk prägel i sina texter än de läroböcker som finns efter 1989. Ett tydligare ställningstagande för en viss politisk åskådning finns också i läroböckerna innan Berlinmurens fall. De läroböcker som är skrivna efter murens fall har förvisso också en viss politisk prägel men den är inte lika tydlig.

In December of 2002, an organization called Clonaid released the news that the first human clone had been born. This company is the offspring of an emerging religious movement, the Raelian movement. Whether the story is true or not, the emergence and growth of this movement suggest that people are looking beyond major world religions, creating a religious outlook (which is a hybrid of dominant religions) with the tenets of extraterrestrial intelligent design, human consciousness, and scientific and technological development. It is a new spin on science as religion, with components of science fiction.<p>To better understand the significance of this movement in contemporary North American culture, the following research is based upon a narrative analysis of the accounts of five members of the movement. The thesis will elaborate on such topics as the sociology of religion, science, biotechnology, social movements and cults, science fiction, and the role of stories in shaping meaning of our place and relationships in the world. The reason for this study is to ascertain characteristics of those participating in the movement: who is joining, why they are joining, and what they are getting out of it. The research uses narrative analysis to focus on the stories of individual members, to provide the best view of the movement, from the inside-out. What emerges is an elaborate depiction of the significance of the Raelian movement in the world through individual members interpretations.

Syftet är att se hur Aftonbladet publicerar sina artiklar rörande vikt. Vi vill undersöka vad det skrivs om och hur de framställer artiklarnas innehåll. Teori Michel Foucault (1926-1984) studerar maktförhållande i samhället och hur dessa indirekt påverkar människor. Mike Featherstone (1946-) studerar det växande konsumtionssamhället och hur det förhåller sig till människokroppen. Thomas Johansson (1959-) studerar synen på kroppen i samhället och att hälso- och kostindustrin har kommit att bli en skönhetsindustri.Metodologi Kritisk diskursanalysResultat Artiklarnas innehåll påbjuder mirakelkurer på alla hälso- och viktproblem. Experter uttalar sig och Aftonbladet ämnar genom det legitimera artiklarna de publicerar. Vi anser att majoriteten av artiklarna är riktade till kvinnor.

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Bai Xian-yong is one of the most important contemporary writers. His works deeply and emotionally discussed changes in national history, sexual conflicts, homesickness for a foreign country, difference between Chinese and Western culture , etc. With love and care, the soul of the novels is established by the thoughts and feelings of the characters he created. The artistic energy and moving strength coming from his novels explain why his works play an important role in the literary world. First, this paper begins with the motivation of this thesis and the review of related papers. Through the reviews, we can seek more opportunities to support our study. Second, we start to analyze the main ideas and writing skills of ¡§Dream of the Red Chamber¡¨ which greatly affected Bai Xianyong's writings to find out the principles to classify male characters in his novels. Continued from previous discussion, after male characters are distinguished by their attitudes toward ideality, we explore their behaviors to find out the meaning and implication of why Bai created these roles. Next, we discuss those characters¡¦ changes or resistance when they feel depressed with the ideal and the reality of the conflicts. Furthermore, we find that the roles of husband and father in Bai Xianyong's novels reveal his dissatisfaction with the social system at that time, sympathy with homosexuals and care for women. Finally, the meaning of male roles in Bai Xianyong's works is summarized. By analyzing and discoursing the way he builds up the images of the male roles, his great contributions to modern literature are clearly presented.