For a long time, Roman ideal sculptures have primarily been studied within the tradition of Kopienkritik. Owing to some of the theoretical assumptions tied to this practice, several important aspects of Roman visual culture have been neglected as the overall aim of such research has been to gain new knowledge regarding assumed Classical and Hellenistic models. This thesis is a collection of three studies on Roman ideal sculpture. The articles share three general aims: 1. To show that the practice of Kopienkritik has, so far, not produced convincing interpretations of the sculpture types and motifs discussed. 2. To show that aspects of the methodology tied to the practice of Kopienkritik (thorough examination and comparison of physical forms in sculptures) can, and should, be used to gain insights other than those concerning hypothetical Classical and Hellenistic model images. 3. To present new interpretations of the sculpture types and motifs studied, interpretations which emphasize their role and importance within Roman visual culture. The first article shows that reputed, post-Antique restorations may have an unexpected—and unwanted—impact on the study of ancient sculptures. This is examined by tracing the impact that a restored motif ("Satyrs with cymbals") has had on the study of an ancient sculpture type: the satyr ascribed to the two-figure group "The invitation to the dance". The second article presents and interprets a sculpture type which had previously gone unnoticed—The satyrs of "The Palazzo Massimo-type". The type is interpreted as a variant of "The Marsyas in the forum", a motif that was well known within the Roman cultural context. The third article examines how, and why, two motifs known from Classical models were changed in an eclectic fashion once they had been incorporated into Roman visual culture. The motifs concerned are kalathiskos dancers, which were transformed into Victoriae, and pyrrhic dancers, which were also reinterpreted as mythological figures—the curetes. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Accepted. Paper 3: Accepted.</p>

Let X be a Banach space and denote by SS₁(X) the set of all S₁-strictly singular operators from X to X. We prove that there is a Banach space X such that SS₁(X) is not a closed ideal. More specifically, we construct space X and operators T₁ and T₂ in SS₁(X) such that T₁+T₂ is not in SS₁(X). We show one example where the space X is reflexive and other where it is c₀-saturated. We also develop some results about S_alpha-strictly singular operators for alpha less than omega_1. / text

Making use of algebraic and combinatorial techniques, we study two topics: the arithmetic degree of squarefree strongly stable ideals and the h-vectors of matroid complexes. For a squarefree monomial ideal, I, the arithmetic degree of I is the number of facets of the simplicial complex which has I as its Stanley-Reisner ideal. We consider the case when I is squarefree strongly stable, in which case we give an exact formula for the arithmetic degree in terms of the minimal generators of I as well as a lower bound resembling that from the Multiplicity Conjecture. Using this, we can produce an upper bound on the number of minimal generators of any Cohen-Macaulay ideals with arbitrary codimension extending Dubreil’s theorem for codimension 2. A matroid complex is a pure complex such that every restriction is again pure. It is a long-standing open problem to classify all possible h-vectors of such complexes. In the case when the complex has dimension 1 we completely resolve this question and we give some partial results for higher dimensions. We also prove the 1-dimensional case of a conjecture of Stanley that all matroid h-vectors are pure O-sequences. Finally, we completely characterize the Stanley-Reisner ideals of matroid complexes.

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Title: Elle & Café – a study of fashion magazines cover pages.</p><p>Number of pages: 38</p><p>Author: Greta Simonsson</p><p>Tutor: Amelie Hössjer</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies D</p><p>Period: Spring Semester 2008</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University</p><p>Aim: The purpose of this essay is to:</p><p> Analyze the cover images from the 2007 editions of the magazines Elles and Café, using semiotic analysis.</p><p> Analyzes eventual resemblances or differences between the two magazine's cover images based upon the result of the semiotic analysis.</p><p>Material and methods: The study of Elles's and Café's cover pages has been done using a model built upon semiotic analysis, developed with the purpose of suiting observation and examination of cover pages of fashion magazines. The cover pages were analyzed from the categories character, context, and environment.</p><p>Main results: The main results include the observation that both Elles and Café chooses well-known figures from women's fashion industry as prime characters on their covers. In Elles, all main characters are famous women emerging from the music, television and fashion industries. The women in Café are known for similar professions. However, the men in Café are associated with politics, sports and music. Men and women are, through the ideals and styles conveyed in the magazines, associated with gender-specific roles, contrasting and contributing to, a problematic contemporary definition of gender, identity and ideal.</p><p>Keywords: Fashion magazines, semiotic analysis, identity, gender ideal and information society.</p>

傳統社會中，大都存在著「男大當婚，女大當嫁」的基本價值規範，然而隨著近年來婚姻型態展現出多元複雜的風貌，有些人不再期待婚姻、不再依賴家庭，而選擇過單身生活或是延遲進入婚姻，由此造成單身人口增多的晚婚現象，此現象對於整體社會將造成何種衝擊，自是值得我們關心的課題，因此該議題值得探究。 因此，本研究旨在探討男女的單身成因、單身生活狀態、理想伴侶的條件和對於婚姻的看法。在方法上，採深入訪談法，以台北縣市軍公教之5位男性、7位女性為訪談對象。研究發現：形成單身的原因很少是單一的因素所造成，而係非常多個因素所聚合而成的結果。本研究綜合歸納這些原因為內在、外在二大因素：內在因素方面主要以「結婚對象難尋」為單身男女維持單身的主要成因；外在因素方面為「力不足以成家」，其中又以考量「經濟因素」為單身的主要成因。在12位受訪的單身男女當中，他們生活狀態，則以有交往對象或是性伴侶者的伴侶型態居多，而自願長期單身的「獨身主義者」則佔少數。 在擇偶條件方面，男性偏好「顧家」和「身體健康」的女性；女性則偏好「感覺」和「工作能力強」的男性。 在婚姻觀方面，單身男女整體的婚姻態度以抱持負面看法者居多，他們認為人生其實「不一定要結婚」，也「不會期待婚姻」、「不嚮往婚姻」。進一步分開性別來看，男性認為相處到老不容易，女性則是認為自己最為可靠；不過對於婚姻的評價，則男女均持較為正面的態度，認為「有婚姻總是好的」。 最後，依據本研究發現提出幾項建議，包括：（一）確立人生目標；（二）建立正確的兩性相處價值觀；（三）肯定自己存在的價值；（四）學習人際溝通與情感的表達；（五）尊重多元的婚姻觀念；（六）積極拓展人際關係網絡；（七）培養健全的性觀念；（八）充實精神生活的內涵。 / In traditional society, there exists more about the fundamental value norm "When the married men and women, when the marriage." But in recent years, marriage patterns show a complex multi-style, some people no longer look forward to marriage and depend on the family instead of choosing a single life or delaying their marriage. This result makes the single population increasing of later marriage. This phenomenon making what impact for the whole community is worth our caring about the subject. This subject is worthy of inquiry. Therefore, this study was about investigating the causes of single men and women, single life, ideal partner’condition and the views of marriage. In the method, I adopt in-depth interviews to the Taipei city and county of the five men and seven women who’s job are teachers, soldiers or government workers as the interview object. Study found that: a single reason is rarely caused by a single factor instead of many factors polymerization from the results. The study comprehensive summed up these reasons for the internal and external two major factors: internal factors are mainly to " hard to find a marry person " for single man and woman remain single. And major cause of external factors is "can not keep the families", which consider "economic factors" as the main causes of single.In 12 single men and women respondents, there are contacts or sexual partners who form the majority partner, and voluntary long-term "singles”accounted for a minority in their living conditions. Spouse Choosing in terms of male preference is about "housekeeping" and "health" of women; women prefer "feeling" and "strong capacity" of men. In thinking about marriage, there are more of single men and women who hold negative views to the marriage. They think that life actually "do not necessarily have to marry" and "not looking forward to marriage," and "not long for marriage." Further separation of gender, men think that live to old age is not easy. For women, they think that they are the most reliable to themselves, but for the evaluation of the marriage, both men and women have a more positive attitude, saying that "marriage is always good." Finally, based on this study, I made several recommendations which include: (a) establish life goals, (2) to establish the correct values of gender relations, (3) affirmed the value of their existence; (d) learn interpersonal communication and emotional expression; (5) respect for the diverse concepts of marriage, (6) Actively expand interpersonal networks; (7) develop a correct sex concept (8) enrich the connotation of spiritual life.

The purpose of this essay is to show how femininity is construed in a visual hipster discourse. The material used mainly consists of four adverts from the fashion company American Apparel and four blogs with the word hipster in the title. The method used is inspired by semiotics and discourse analysis and the theory is based on feminist visual culture. Focus is placed on both a deep analysis of the images and texts individually, and a review of the discourse and context in which they interact, in order to discover how femininity is construed among hipsters. Throughout the course of the analysis, gender and sexuality is a consistent focus and leads to other aspects related to power not being prioritised. The analysis section is divided into two main areas of focus where American Apparel is the first part and the hipster blogs the other. Each section begins with an analysis of images and text and is concluded with a summary. In the concluding discussion, it becomes clear that sexist images are used to represent women primarily by American Apparel, but this stereotype is also apparent in the blogs. It is also clear from the analysis of the material that unique and alternative fashion is promoted. Rather than re-contextualising femininity, the traditional objectification of women is hidden behind the hipster ideal. The essay concludes with several brief thoughts and discussion on whether it is possible to apply this ideal of women on a larger part of society than just hipsters.

This research compares three approaches to land suitability evaluation, Boolean, Fuzzy AHP and Ideal Point, for barley, wheat and maize crops in the north-western region of Jeffara Plain in Libya. A number of soil and landscape criteria were identified to accommodate the three cash crops under irrigation conditions and their weights specified as a result of discussions with local experts. The findings emphasised that soil factors represented the most sensitive criteria affecting all the crops considered. In contrast, erosion and slope were found to be less important in the study area. Using Boolean logic the results indicated only four suitability classes (highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and currently not suitable) for all crops. In contrast, the results obtained by adopting the Fuzzy AHP and Ideal Point approaches revealed that the area of study has a greater degree of subdivision in land suitability classes. Overall, the results of the three approaches indicated that the area under consideration has a good potential to produce barley, wheat and maize under irrigation provided that the water and drainage requirements are met. Comparing the three models showed that each suitability class derived from the Boolean approach is associated with low and high values for joint membership functions when derived from Fuzzy AHP and Ideal Point approaches respectively. In other words, the two fuzzy approaches have shown their ability to explore the uncertainties associated with describing the land properties. The richer overall picture provides an alternative type of land suitability evaluation to Boolean approaches and allows subtle variations in land suitability to be explored. The Fuzzy AHP approach was found to be better than the Ideal Point approach; the latter was biased towards positive and negative ideal values. In the future, field trial plots will be needed to evaluate and validate the results further.

För kvinnor innebär en graviditet en tid av såväl fysiska som psykiska förändringar. Dessa förändringar är naturliga och försvinner oftast efter förlossningen. De plötsliga kroppsliga förändringar som sker i en gravid kvinnas kropp leder ofta till att kvinnan känner att hon förlorar kontrollen över kroppen. Samtidigt håller omgivningen kvinnan ansvarig för att kontrollera hennes gravida kropp så att den är i linje med de normer och ideal om kroppen som finns i samhället. Uppsatsen undersöker hur gravida kvinnor förhåller sig till samhällets normer och ideal om en vacker gravid kropp. Materialet till studien utgörs av observationer och analys av två diskussionsforum på populära mötesplatser för gravida och en tidning som inriktar sig på graviditet. Resultatet visar att kvinnor redan i ett tidigt stadie av graviditeten bygger upp bilder och förväntningar över den gravida kroppen som ett resultat av hur media framställer en gravid kropp. De kvinnor som upplever stora kroppsliga förändringar ger ofta uttryck av besvikelse, frustation och skam över att inte lyckas leva upp till sina egna förväntningar och förväntningar som de uppfattar att omgivningen har på deras gravida kropp.

This study intends to gain understanding of how mothers in the two first years postpartum feel about and relate themselves to the ideal of thinness. The empirical material is based on new mothers’ perceptions and experiences. The data is collected through a qualitative method based on interviews.   The study is interpreted by a social constructive perspective and the theoretical framework has been objectification theory and Connell’s theory of gender. Some of the theoretical concepts we have used to understand the mothers’ experiences are “norms”, “normative femininity” and “social stigma”. We also have used the thematic concept “the social body”, which is an understanding of the body as a carrier of social meaning   The results of the study show that new mothers have a problematic relation to their own bodies. This problematic approach to the body arises from the constant presence of the ideal of thinness and comments from the surroundings, as the norms of interpersonal relationships are modified during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The bodies of the new mothers become objectified by the comments from the surroundings and their bodies are therefore under social control.   The ideal of thinness has a big impact on the new mothers’ body perception. We have therefore identified four strategies that the mothers use to manage the ideal: 1. With the help of clothes the new mothers precede the social pressure that the ideal of thinness generates by concealing their bodies that they experience does not comply with the ideal; 2. The new mothers adapt their bodies to the ideal by physical exercise; 3. The new mothers adapt their bodies to the ideal by diet; 4. The new mothers use cognitive strategies to feel more at ease with their postpartum bodies, by thinking kind thoughts about themselves and their own bodies.

Since the Swedish Democrats established in 1988, debates and discussions have occurred regarding the party's ideological foundation and affiliation. This study is based primarily on a qualitative textual analysis, an idea- and ideology analysis and ideal types. The study's purpose is to discover which of the following political ideas and ideologies; fascism, populism, conservatism and socialism are most prominent in the Swedish Democrats election manifesto (2014) respectively principle program (2011). At my disposal, the study consists of two research questions; To what extent are there general features of socialism, populism, fascism and conservatism in the Swedish Democrats principle program respectively election manifesto? Which ideology is more prominent in the principle program respectively election manifesto? The theoretical section summarises the different ideologies central themes/discussions and view of democratic governance, the nation, the economic system respectively international governance. When conducting the analysis, the focus is on the Swedish Democrats central themes/discussions and view of democratic governance, the nation, the economic system respectively international governance and how the party's views relate to the political ideologies and ideas. The conducted analysis reveals features of all four ideologies, especially conservatism and populism.