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Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à des sujets différents en mathématiques financières, tous liés aux imperfections de marché et à la technique fondamentale de la maximisation d'utilité. Elle comporte trois parties. Dans la première, qui se base sur deux papiers, nous considérons le problème d'investissement optimal sur un marché financier avec coûts de transaction proportionnels. On commence par étudier le problème d'investissement dans le cas où la fonction d'utilité est multivariée (ce qui s'adapte particulièrement bien aux marchés des devises) et l'agent a une dotation initiale aléatoire, qui peut s'interpréter comme une option ou un autre contrat dérivé. Après avoir analysé les propriétés du problème et de son dual, nous utilisons ces résultats pour examiner, dans ce contexte, certains aspects d'une technique de pricing devenue populaire dans le cadre des marchés incomplets, l'évaluation par indifférence d'utilité. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous étudions le problème d'existence d'un ensemble de prix (appelés "prix fictifs" ou "shadow prices") qui offrirait la même utilité maximale à l'agent si le marché n'avait pas de frictions. Ces résultats sont utiles pour clarifier le lien entre la théorie classique des marchés sans frictions et la littérature en croissance rapide sur les coûts de transaction. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous considérons le problème d'évaluation de produits dérivés par indifférence d'utilité dans des marchés incomplets, où la source d'incomplétude provient du fait que certains actifs ne peuvent pas être échangés sur le marché, ce qui est le cas par exemple dans le cadre des modèles structurels pour le prix de l'électricité. Sous certaines hypothèses, nous dérivons une caractérisation en terme d'équations différentielles stochastiques rétrogrades (EDSR) pour le prix, et nous nous concentrons ensuite sur les options européennes en établissant en particulier l'existence d'une stratégie de couverture optimale, même lorsque le payoff présente des discontinuités et est éventuellement non borné. Dans la dernière partie, nous analysons un simple problème de principal-agent à horizon fini, où le principal est essentiellement interprété comme un régulateur et l'agent comme une entreprise qui produit certaines émissions polluantes. Nous traitons séparément les problèmes du principal et de l'agent et nous utilisons la théorie des EDSR pour fournir des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes d'optimalité. Nous effectuons également des analyses de sensibilité et nous montrons des résultats numériques dans le but de fournir une meilleure compréhension du comportement des agents. / In this thesis we deal with different topics in financial mathematics, that are all related to market imperfections and to the fundamental technique of utility maximization. The work consists of three parts. In the first one, which is based on two papers, we consider the problem of optimal investment on a financial market with proportional transaction costs. We initially study the investment problem in the case where the utility function is multivariate (which is particularly suitable on currency markets) and the agent is endowed with a random claim, which can be interpreted as an option or another derivative contract. After analyzing the properties of the primal and dual problems, we apply those results to investigate, in this context, some aspects of a popular pricing technique in incomplete markets, i.e. utility indifference evaluation. In the second contribution to the transaction costs literature, we investigate the existence problem for a set of prices (called shadow prices) that would provide the same maximal utility to the agent if the market did not have frictions. These results shed some light on the link between the classical theory of frictionless markets and the quickly growing literature on transaction costs. In the second part of this thesis we consider the utility indifference pricing problem in incomplete markets, where the source of incompleteness comes from the fact that some assets in the market cannot be actively traded, which is the case for example in the framework of structural models for electricity prices. We provide a BSDE characterization for the price under mild assumptions, and then focus on the case of European claims by establishing in particular the existence of an optimal hedging strategy even when the claim presents discontinuities and is possibly unbounded. In the last contribution we analyze a simple principal-agent problem in finite time horizon, where the principal is mainly interpreted as a regulator and the agent as a firm producing some kind of polluting emissions. We separately treat both the agent's and the principal's problems and use the BSDE theory for providing necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality. We also perform some sensitivity analyses and give numerical results in order to provide a better understanding of the agents' behavior.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-04-07T11:53:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 C?SSIO RODRIGO DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 1558816 bytes, checksum: af1bb11391882d7fbd283fd2afa08915 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-07T11:53:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 C?SSIO RODRIGO DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 1558816 bytes, checksum: af1bb11391882d7fbd283fd2afa08915 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The objective of this research is to understand the meaning of indifference to school, for the first years of high school, a public school, a city in the State of S?o Paulo in Brazil. Adopts as theoretical-methodological cultural-historical psychology, in particular, the concepts of Vigotski. Construction of information procedures were used observations recorded in regular classes field journals; conversations with the team manager and with teachers; meetings with students mediated by artistic activities; semi-structured interviews with students and with parents and/or guardians. The results indicate that the school and its contents are far from promoting the interests of students, just because there are no spaces in which meanings are negotiated and what new directions about the role of the school in their lives can be configured. / O objetivo desta pesquisa ? compreender o sentido da indiferen?a em rela??o ao conhecimento escolarizado, para jovens dos primeiros anos do ensino m?dio noturno, de uma escola publica estadual, de uma cidade do interior do estado de S?o Paulo. Adota-se como referencial te?rico-metodol?gico a Psicologia Hist?rico-Cultural, em especial, os conceitos de Vigotski. Como procedimentos de constru??o das informa??es foram utilizadas observa??es registradas em di?rios de campo de aulas regulares; conversas com a equipe gestora e com os professores; encontros com os estudantes mediados por atividades art?sticas; entrevistas semiestruturadas com alguns alunos e com os pais e/ou respons?veis. Os resultados indicam que a escola e seus conte?dos est?o distantes de promover o interesse dos estudantes, justamente por n?o haver espa?os em que significados sejam negociados e que novos sentidos sobre o papel da escola em suas vidas possam ser configurados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:56:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisandra Felix Vieira.pdf: 1657483 bytes, checksum: eb7fd84e293cdad229033a4de94385d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to grasp the senses and meanings that outlying public school teachers constitute for the difficulties and challenges they faced in their profession as well as how, according to them, these problems affect their ways of thinking, feeling and acting. Nowadays, teachers work is affected by proletarization, precarization and intensification of work, since they act in organizations with low budgets, doing a variety of functions that are not directly related to their profession, with rare opportunities of continuing professional development and, moreover, having to double or triple their daily schedule in order to make a paltry salary. Given this situation, we found it necessary to understand how these hardships affect teaching, more specifically that of Cristina, a teacher within the public school network of the municipality of São Paulo, in a Unified Educational Centre (CEU). From her narrative, as well as those of six other educators, it was possible to identify different indicators of subjective senses in these educational situations. Through articulation of the speeches, significations were identified that were gleaned as part of a dialectically determined society by means of social mediation, forming a picture that is, as the actual literature frequently points out, probably shared by the teaching professionals. The data obtained was analyzed according to the procedure suggested by Aguiar e Ozella (2006, 2013) and named Nuclei of Significations. In light of theoretical and analytical assumptions of sociocultural psychology and its main categories of analysis (historicity, mediation, thought, speech, senses and meanings), the results revealed that the distance between what is expected of the teachers and the little that they are offered in terms of resources and training has created feelings of abandonment and the desire to abscond from their professional responsibilities, as well as indifference and depersonalization, resulting from institutional problems which oppress them, producing an incapability to theorize beyond what they experienced and to understand the historical, political and economic determinations that impoverish the teaching career. Restricted by a precarious initial and continuous professional formation and by the limits of time and economic resources, the teachers need to be satisfied to teach at a level that is hardly related to pedagogical scientific knowledge / O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender quais são os sentidos e significados que professores atuando em escolas de periferia constituem para as dificuldades e desafios encontrados em sua profissão e a maneira como, segundo eles, tais percalços afetam sua forma de pensar, sentir e agir. O trabalho docente na atualidade, em termos de processo, é afetado pela proletarização, precarização e intensificação do trabalho, uma vez que os docentes não estão isentos de trabalhar em estruturas organizacionais com baixos recursos, exercendo uma multiplicidade de funções alheias a sua formação, com escassas oportunidades de desenvolvimento profissional e, no mais das vezes, tendo que duplicar ou triplicar sua jornada de trabalho para fazer jus a um salário menos que razoável. Inseridos nesta lógica precária, achamos oportuno entender como esses percalços afetam o trabalho docente, especificamente o de uma professora da rede pública de São Paulo, que exerce sua profissão em um Centro Educacional Unificado (CEU). De seu relato, bem como do de outros seis educadores, foi possível identificar diferentes indicadores de sentidos subjetivos configurados nessas situações educacionais. A articulação das falas revela significações que são apreendidas como parte dialeticamente determinada da totalidade via mediações sociais, formando um retrato que é, possivelmente, compartilhado pelo coletivo profissional do magistério, como aponta, com frequência, a literatura atual. Os dados obtidos foram analisados de acordo com o procedimento de análise e interpretação proposto por Aguiar e Ozella (2006; 2013), núcleos de significações. À luz dos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da Psicologia Sócio-Histórica, e subsidiados pelas principais categorias de análise que sustentam o referencial adotado (historicidade, mediação, pensamento e linguagem, sentidos e significados), os resultados obtidos desta pesquisa revelaram que a distância entre o que se espera dos docentes e o pouco que lhes é oferecido em termos de recursos e formações têm produzido neles sentimentos de abandono e fuga frente às responsabilidades profissionais que lhes competem, além de indiferença e despersonalização, fruto das mazelas institucionais que os oprimem, produzem a incapacidade de sair do empírico e compreender as determinações históricas, políticas e econômicas que empobrecem a carreira do magistério. Restritos por uma formação inicial precária e pelas limitações de tempo e de recursos financeiros, os docentes precisam satisfazer-se em desempenhar uma docência pouco articulada ao conhecimento científico pedagógico

Since the 1960s, the United States has experienced steady declines in news consumption and commensurate attrition in civic engagement and political participation. Americans read newspapers at less than one fourth the rate of 60 years ago; voter turnout has fallen to the point where the U.S. ranks 23 out of 24 established democracies; signing petitions, volunteering for a civic organization like the PTA and political party affiliation are all at contemporary lows. But these indicators only tell half the story…the younger half. Because among Americans over age 50, attrition in all these areas is much milder; among those under age 30 they are much steeper. So do young adults get news? If so, how do they get news? If not, how do they find out about things? A 21-year old journalism student reported that: “I usually just hear it from friends, when I talk to friends.” The present study employed four methods: Secondary analysis of longitudinal Pew data; interviews and focus groups about news consumption and media use habits, including social media and wireless devices; a survey on social media use and its relationship to news and news knowledge; and an experiment testing a novel game as a way to convey news and civics knowledge, all involving students at three large state universities. Findings include the following: students often rank social media use, like Facebook, as their most important and most-used media; social media are negatively related with traditional news use and with news knowledge; students draw clear and important distinctions between news and information; one method of teaching (direct instruction) works well while another (a news game) works, but not as well. Of particular interest is the role of opinion leaders in the two-step flow of news, and the role of relevance and need for orientation in agenda setting. Novel contributions include a clearer definition of students’ distinction between news and important information as they define it, a framework by which to experiment with creating an interactive game using news to promote news seeking, and some provocative recommendations for future research. / text

帝制中國的士人菁英與政府組織，其對民間商業活動的觀感究竟如何？關於這個大問題一個簡單的答覆，是學界使用了很久的「重農抑商」（或稱「重本抑末」）一詞。它由於散見於官員言論、政府詔令，因此說官員「有重農抑商的觀念」是一種很安全的講法，但卻也含糊不清，究竟這類詞彙想要表達的是什麼意思？具體的特徵為何？它和我們習慣上說的以農為本、農本主義（本文統稱為「農本商末」）又有什麼不同？學界一般不會去區別古時的「重農抑商」和「農本商末」觀念有什麼不同，或者認為，「重農抑商」根源於以農為本、以工商為末的偏頗思維，是比「農本商末」更為激進、視商業更負面的態度。但筆者以為不是如此，透過考察一個筆者心目中的關鍵環節──對於客觀上農業依賴商業的情形，官員有多少認識，我希望能說服讀者能重新考慮一些不同的可能性。 學界對古代「抑商」觀念的想像並不一致，彼此間對史料上的「抑末類用詞」想要表達的意涵為何，也缺乏有效的標準，至於這類用語本身在古文中的使用，亦不夠統一、明確。然而這些用語卻成了古人「抑商」、「輕商」的主要證據。首先，如果古人只是把「本末」的思維套到農商關係上，則並無輕視商業的意涵；此外，宋代官員認為商業不如農業重要，同時卻也十分在乎商業的好壞。這兩點先確認之後，筆者想釐清「抑末類用詞」的宋代語意，以及新法「抑末」的性質，勾勒出一個和今天重商觀念全然不同的重視商業模式，並解釋它的原因。 論文內容可以分作兩個層次。就古人對現實的認知情形進行評估，構成了本文的第一層內容。希望對於這些評估的討論，能讓我們對宋人的商業觀念有較「抑商」、「輕商」、「重商」這類概括性用語更為細膩的理解。此外，綜合這些討論，筆者也發展了一個推論，構成本文較為激進的第二層內容：「農本商末」的思維方式，它自身已是宋代重商傾向充分必要的原因（necessary and sufficient condition），雖然還可能有其他因素促成了對商業的重視，但這些解釋策略在知識上都是多餘的。 / What was the perspective of the government and the elite on commercial activities in imperial china? An simple answer to this big question is the term “Chung nung I shang”(重農抑商)(literal translation “emphasize agriculture and restrain commerce”), or “Chung Pen I Mo”(重本抑末)(“emphasize the root and restrain the branches”). Due to the widespread use of such terms in edicts or statesmen’s discourses, it is safe to assume that the statesmen held the belief of “Chung nung I shang”. However, the saying itself is an ambiguous statement—what is the precise meaning of this linguistic practice? What are its concrete traits? What is the difference between “Chung nung I shang” and the more commonly used “Agricultural Foundation” ideology(以農為本、農本主義)? In general, the two terms are not distinguished within academia. Some scholars that perceive the two as different believe the former to have originated from the latter. The latter views agriculture as root and industry or commerce as branches, whereas the former is a more radical idea that discriminates against commerce. The author would like to offer a different interpretation by examining a crucial question—how did those statesmen understand the dependence of agriculture on the commodity economy—one may realize the possibility of a different interpretation. In academia, the term “I-Shang”(抑商) can be interpreted quite differently. The actual meaning of “I-Mo(抑末) type terms” in historical materials is also very ambiguous in academic texts as there lacks an effective standard to examine the word’s usage. Nevertheless, such historical linguistic practice constitutes the main evidence that the ancient Chinese believed in “I-Shang”(抑商) or “Ching-Shang”(輕商)( literal translation “disdain commerce”). First, if the ancient Chinese simply applied the “root and branch” analogy to agriculture and commerce, there is no implication of a negative connotation. Secondly, even though statesmen in Song China thought commerce was less important than agriculture, they took the health of commerce seriously. Once these two points are established, the author intend to clarify the meaning of “I-Mo(抑末) type terms” in Song Dynasty and the characteristic of “I-Mo(抑末)” idea in Wang An-shi’s political reform and then depict and explain the pattern to emphasize commerce at that time. This study constitutes two layers. The first estimates the statesmen’s understanding of the economic reality in Song China. Discussions brought forth in this estimate aim to further understanding of their perception towards commerce beyond literal translation of the previously mentioned terms. Furthermore, discussions in the first layer leads to the argument in the second layer—“Agricultural Foundation” ideology(農本主義) itself was a necessary and sufficient condition that prompted the emphasis on commerce in Song china. There may be other factors that resulted in such perspective, but they are redundant explanations. / 謝辭 i 摘要 iii Abstract iv 目錄 vi 緒論 1 第一節、問題意識 1 一、「抑商」爭論產生的背景 1 二、客觀的經濟結構 3 三、「重農抑商」與「農本商末」兩個概念 5 四、本文的論證形式 9 第二節、研究取徑 11 一、定義本文的用詞 11 二、語言造成的問題 13 三、政治語境 14 四、章節架構 14 第三節、文獻回顧 16 一、中國經濟思想史 16 二、大陸其他領域 25 三、大陸以外的學術界 28 第一章 宋代以前人們對商業活動的觀感 32 第一節、先秦 33 一、戰國中期以前 33 二、法家的「抑商」觀念 34 三、儒家 39 四、戰國後期的儒家 40 五、先秦的趨向 44 第二節、西漢的轉折 46 一、對於語詞使用的懷疑論 46 二、漢初的狀態為何 48 三、輕重思想的形成 54 第三節、儒家重農抑商教條的形成 61 一、「抑商教條」的說法 61 二、儒家為何轉變 62 三、鹽鐵會議之後到魏晉 67 四、魏晉到唐代 69 第四節、唐代的變化 71 一、唐代原本的經濟觀念 71 二、中唐官員對商業的重視 72 三、輕重觀念的變化──新輕重論 73 第五節、對開頭問題的回答 76 第二章 宋代官員商業觀感的幾個特徵 78 第一節、「農本商末」的思維是否改變了 78 第二節、宋代官員是否重視商業 83 一、通商惠工之旨 83 二、政策爭辯中的政治語言 84 第三節、抑商說與輕商說的根據為何 89 一、抑商政策的存在 89 二、「抑末類用詞」的存在 94 三、對棄農從工商的反感──「理由A」的探討 108 第四節、宋代輕重政策與新法「抑末」的性質為何 118 一、背景簡述 119 二、新法的「抑末」是否針對的是大商人 121 三、新法與傳統輕重論有何差別──對漢代的歷史記憶 127 四、新法與新輕重論有何差別 131 第五節、「重農抑商」的觀念是否改變了 133 第三章 現實經濟結構對官員價值觀的影響 136 第一節、農業依賴商業的情形為何 136 第二節、官員有何農依賴商的言論 141 第三節、官員對農依賴商的各面向有多少體認 147 一、薄征商稅論 147 二、農村對糧食交易的依賴性 153 三、農村對貨幣交易的依賴性 154 四、政府對農民的購買制度、散錢制度 157 第四節、官員看待市場自由的態度為何 162 一、市場自由的爭議 162 二、商業的平抑價格功能 165 三、對阻礙、壟斷、操弄的觀感 169 四、空間上商品流通的自由度與效率 171 五、「農本商末」與市場自由化的關係 177 第五節、官員重視商業的模式與程度為何 180 一、模式 180 二、程度 182 第六節、一個關於農本主義的推論 187 徵引書目 191

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Security and race have historically been entangled in the politics of nation-building, whereby national security discourses have constructed the ‘public’ whom it should protect as ‘white’ while demonizing persons of colour as a threat to that public. In the current war against terrorism, these racialized discourses, underwritten by a colonial logic, have materialized through the symbolic and literal displacement of Muslim persons. Under this imperative of national security, both existing and novel legislations have either been suspended, contorted, or implemented to be used against Muslims, or anyone who visibly appears Muslim. Security certificates are one of such judicial tools. This thesis seeks to explore the experiences of securitization, analyzing how this legislation strips the subjects of the security certificate program of their legal rights and social connectedness. To explore this, I interviewed three of the five men from the ‘Secret Trial Five’ cases and some of their family members. I investigate how securitization manifests in the lives of those who have been securitized, exploring the practices that are used to maintain and reinforce the othering and the displacement of Muslim populations.

This thesis talks about different ways of dealing with people who find themselves in unfavourable social situations. It shows, based on casuistic cases and examples, the importance of a loving approach to the client. It describes particular ways of work with people who seem to be optimal from theoretical and practical point of view. It examines a conversation with a client in more detail. It tries to find an internal source of positive adjustment of the helping worker towards people. This adjustment is found not in set rules and instrumental method, but in a Christian approach to the person. A person, as an image of God is my fellowman and I am responsible for him/her. The source of a loving and optimistic approach to people comes from Christian culture, solidarity and respect for people, which is included in the Gospels. Christian approach to people is very much needed and should be part of social work within the middle of Europe.