La question de la relation entre nationaux et étrangers en droit public connaît un certain nombre de mutations caractérisées par un apparent rapprochement des deux statuts juridiques et par leur définition. La question est bien celle de la place que le droit public peut ou doit accorder à ceux qui vivent au sein de l'État mais n’en possèdent pas la nationalité et donc celle de l’actuelle signification donnée au lien de nationalité en droit public français. Cette signification semble dépendre à la fois du mode de distinction entre les concepts de national et d’étranger, c'est-à-dire de l’exercice de la souveraineté de l'État dans ce choix, et des statuts qui leur sont ensuite attachés en tant qu’ils sont liés par un élément primordial : la présence sur un même territoire. Ainsi, l’étranger, s’il n’est pas attaché à l'État par le lien de nationalité, est tout de même soumis au pouvoir étatique du fait de sa présence sur le territoire de l'État. Le droit relatif à la nationalité et à l’extranéité est avant tout un droit d’exclusion et de restriction qui conduit à reconnaître à l’étranger moins de droits qu’au national et qui codifie cette différence. Mais ce droit est aussi, en parallèle, un droit d’intégration car il définit un statut de l’étranger dans l'État où il réside et en fait un sujet du droit de cet État. L’enjeu d’une étude des relations entre « nationaux » et « étrangers » est donc de questionner l’actuelle distinction juridique des deux concepts. Il s’agirait ainsi à la fois de réconcilier en la matière les deux expressions du pouvoir étatique : le pouvoir de commandement unilatéral fondé sur la contrainte et la conservation de l’autonomie et de la liberté reconnue à l’individu dans la société, et d’assurer l’équilibre entre une nécessaire différenciation des statuts, en raison de l’existence d’une communauté nationale qui fonde le pacte constitutionnel et qui est à distinguer de la simple société civile, et le respect des libertés individuelles au sein de l'État. / The issue of the relationship between nationals and foreigners in civil law is undergoing a number of mutations characterised by an apparent convergence of the two judicial statuses and by their redefinition. The issue is indeed that of the place which civil law can or must grant to those who live in the State but do not possess the nationality there of and that of the current significance given to the status of nationality in French civil law. This significance seems to depend simultaneously on the mode of distinction between concepts of national and foreigner, i.e. the exercise of State sovereignty in that choice, and the status they are then granted, inasmuch as they are tied by a primordial element: presence on the same territory. Thus, the foreigner, if not attached to the State by a tie of nationality, is nonetheless subject to state power by his or her presence on State territory. Logically, the relative right to nationality and foreignness is primarily a right of exclusion and restriction which leads to granting the foreigner less rights than the national and which codifies this difference. But this right is also, at the same time, a right of integration as it defines a status for the foreigner in the State in which he or she lives, making the foreigner subject to the law in that State. The concern of a study of the relations between « nationals » and « foreigners » is therefore to question the present judicial distinction of the two concepts. It will thus be necessary to reconcile the two expressions of state power: the power of unilateral command founded on constraint and conservation of autonomy and the freedom given to the individual in society, while maintaining the balance between a necessary differentiation of the statuses, by reason of the existence of a national community which establishes the constitutional pact, which is to be distinguished from simple civil society, and the respect for individual freedoms in the State.

The present study proposes a significant role for host country nationals (HCNs) in the expatriate adjustment process. Based on self-categorizaton theory, newcomer socialization research, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) research, and models of expatriate adjustment, I present a model proposing how social categorization processes influence HCNs' willingness to engage in adjustment-facilitating organizational citizenship behaviors (AOCBs). I further propose that these behaviors have a significant impact on expatriates' adjustment and in turn, other important job-related outcomes of the expatriate. Hypotheses were tested on 115 expatriates and 53 HCNs. Expatriates were contacted directly or via an organizational contact. HCNs were either contacted directly or nominated by their expatriate counterpart to participate in the study. Results reveal support for the main tenets of the model. The willingness to engage in AOCBs was related to outgroup categorization, collectivism, and perceptions of justice. Social support provided by HCNs was found to significantly relate to HCNs' perceptions of their expatriate co-worker's adjustment. Expatriates, however, indicated that spousal adjustment and language ability were more important for their own adjustment. Adjustment was related to other key expatriate outcomes. The research and managerial implications of these results are discussed.

The present study proposes a significant role for host country nationals (HCNs) in the expatriate adjustment process. Based on self-categorizaton theory, newcomer socialization research, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) research, and models of expatriate adjustment, I present a model proposing how social categorization processes influence HCNs' willingness to engage in adjustment-facilitating organizational citizenship behaviors (AOCBs). I further propose that these behaviors have a significant impact on expatriates' adjustment and in turn, other important job-related outcomes of the expatriate. Hypotheses were tested on 115 expatriates and 53 HCNs. Expatriates were contacted directly or via an organizational contact. HCNs were either contacted directly or nominated by their expatriate counterpart to participate in the study. Results reveal support for the main tenets of the model. The willingness to engage in AOCBs was related to outgroup categorization, collectivism, and perceptions of justice. Social support provided by HCNs was found to significantly relate to HCNs' perceptions of their expatriate co-worker's adjustment. Expatriates, however, indicated that spousal adjustment and language ability were more important for their own adjustment. Adjustment was related to other key expatriate outcomes. The research and managerial implications of these results are discussed.

Depuis plusieurs années, des règles émergent en matière d'entrée, de séjour et d'éloignement dans l'ordre juridique de l'Union européenne. En marge des traités, avec les accords de Schengen, des règles ont été conçues afin de permettre la réalisation de la libre circulation. Alors que les politiques nationales s'orientaient vers des politiques d'immigration choisie, les disparités nationales laissaient émerger le phénomène d'immigration shopping. Or, l'intervention de l'Union européenne était limitée par le principe d'attribution des compétences. Le Traité d'Amsterdam a marqué un tournant à travers la création de l'espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice en attribuant une compétence partagée en matière d'immigration. Avec le Traité de Lisbonne, ce cadre constitutionnel offert par le Traité Amsterdam est réaffirmé et consolidé. Trente ans après l'accord de Schengen, les règles adoptées constituent désormais un ensemble, organisé et structuré.L'étude de ce système normatif, le droit européen des étrangers, permet de caractériser la politique d'immigration, au-delà du discours politique. Structurée autour du contrôle des flux migratoires et de la maitrise de l'immigration, il apparait que celle-ci demeure restrictive et sécuritaire. Néanmoins, le respect des droits fondamentaux, sous le contrôle de la Cour de justice, et les relations étroites avec la politique d'asile et la libre circulation des citoyens permettent d'atténuer ce régime de police. Toutefois, les ambiguïtés qui en résultent constituent un frein au développement d'une politique d'immigration. L'immigration familiale devrait être exclusivement organisée par la politique d'immigration. Et les choix en matière d'asile ne devraient pas reposer sur des préoccupations migratoires. / For several years, rules have been emerging regarding entry, residence and expulsion in the legal order of the European Union. On the sidelines of the treaties with the Schengen Agreement, rules have been created to enable the realization of free movement. While national policies were oriented towards selective immigration policies, national disparities allowed the phenomenon of “immigration shopping” to emerge. But the intervention of the European Union was limited by the principle of conferral of competences. The Amsterdam Treaty was a turning point in the creation of an area of freedom, security and justice by giving a competence shared on immigration legislation. With the Lisbon Treaty, the constitutional framework provided by the Amsterdam Treaty is reaffirmed and consolidated. Thirty years after the Schengen Agreement, the rules adopted are now a whole, organized and structured.The study of this normative system, the European Law on Foreign Nationals, can characterize immigration policy, beyond political discourse. Structured around the control of migratory flows and the mastery of immigration, it appears that it remains restrictive and safe. Nevertheless, respect for fundamental rights, under the control of the Court of Justice, and close relationships with the asylum policy and the free movement of citizens can mitigate this police regime. However, the resulting ambiguities remain an obstacle to the development of immigration policy. Family immigration should be organized exclusively by the immigration policy. And choices about asylum should not be based on migration concerns.

Background and Aim: Skills shortages in international organisations are commonly remedied with the use of expatriates. These expatriates are well paid for their expertise as well as for relocation “inconvenience”. However, it has become widely known internationally that expatriates receive far more attractive remuneration than their Host Country National (HCN) colleagues (local employees). The need for this study was formed on the basis of the HCN’s perception of this disparity and whether it could have a negative effect on his / her job attitudes. The main purpose of the research study described herein is to investigate the relationship between the expatriate-HCN pay differential in perspective of the HCN’s perceptions of pay unfairness, and the impact thereof on the organisation commitment and job satisfaction of HCN’s. More specifically this research aimed at determining whether there is (1) a HCN-Perceived Compensation Disparity (HPCD) between (HCNs) and expatriates, whether there is (2) a relationship between HPCD and the HCN’s Organisational Commitment (OC), and whether there is (3) a relationship between HPCD and the HCN’s Job Satisfaction (JS). Method: A cross-sectional survey design was used, with a purposive sample (N = 86) taken from organisations across several industrial sectors in South Africa. A single-item scale for HPCD, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) and Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) were administered to professional and skilled Host Country Nationals (HCNs) of South Africa, working on a same or similar hierarchal level as expatriates. Descriptive statistics, data analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, outputting frequency tables, mean, standard deviation, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients (testing for reliability) and Pearson correlation coefficients to investigate relationships. Results: Results showed existence of an HPCD (Host Country National Perceived Compensation Difference). No significant relationship was observed between the HPCD and Organisational Commitment (OC) (r(df = 86; p = 0.243) = -0. 129). A practically significant negative correlation (medium effect) was observed between HPCD and Job Satisfaction (JS), (r(df = 86; p = 0.002) = -0.336). These results were supported by the findings from a literature review, with the exception of the lack of statistical significance in the HPCD and OC relationship. Practical Relevance: Interpretations from all the results were made and future theoretical and practical recommendations to the HRM industry are proposed. This research provides valuable insight into the South African context, filling a literature gap in this area and provides knowledge with regards to the applicability of the equity theory and social comparison theory in the workplace. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Human Resource Management / MCom / Unrestricted

The concern of this thesis is the intervention to protect nationals from the perspective of international law, which is part of a broader issue of the use of force in international relations. Although this type of intervention was already a part of the international community before the Napoleonic era - even in the 20th century it was not a minor feature - it is still controversial, and subject to many different interpretations. There are not only big differences between the opinions of particular states of the international system, but also among the international law scholars. The main goal of this Master's thesis is to answer the research question: Is the intervention to protect nationals legal according to the rules of international public law? Besides the Introduction and Conclusion this thesis is divided into four chapters. The first is devoted to the definition of the given phenomenon. It is an integral part of my thesis, because there is no legal definition of the term intervention to protect nationals or of the term intervention. The second chapter deals with the rules of use of force within international relations - above all with Article 2(4) of the UN Charter (which prohibits the use of force) and its exceptions. The interpretative controversies are also included in this chapter. The...

The Czech Republic's care system for unaccompanied minors rests on a solid legal framework. However, it is essential to ensure that the common practice reflects the law, and that unaccompanied minors (further referred to as UAMs) are provided with sufficient care. It is obvious that the Facility for Children of Foreign Nationals - Permon, is still far from ideal. In general, unaccompanied minors should not be traumatized by living together with children who suffer from behaviour disorders, nor should they live in isolated environment. It is vital to consider the qualities of the personnel who work with the target group and their language skills. It is further necessary to provide unaccompanied minors with an early psychotherapeutic care in order to avoid their later hospitalizations in psychiatric hospitals. In addition, UAMs should also attend intensive courses of the Czech language so that they can fully integrate into a Czech school as early as possible. It also emerged that a legal regulation which would govern age tests in all resorts is necessary. Therefore, a new concept of how UAMs should be integrated into the Czech society is needed.

This thesis addresses the problem concerning the contribution of foreign investments to the economic development of the host State as a jurisdictional requirement under the Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (“ICSID Convention”). The ICSID Convention governs the jurisdiction of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes for the institution of arbitral proceedings between Contracting States and nationals of other Contracting States. While the institution of arbitral proceedings under the ICSID Convention is contingent upon the consent of the disputing parties, the jurisdiction of the Centre is limited to disputes that fulfill certain requirements. One of the core requirements of the jurisdiction of the Centre is that the dispute must arise out of an investment. Although the ICSID Convention lacks a definition of investment, most arbitral tribunals that had to define the function and content of the investment requirement concluded that the ICSID Convention contains a notion of investment that may not be waived by the consent of the disputing parties. The majority of these decisions considered that the contribution to the economic development of the host State would be one of the elements of such notion of investment. According to these decisions, the economic development requirement, as an element of the investment requirement of the ICSID Convention, could be inferred from the wording of the first recital of the Preamble of the ICSID Convention, which states that the ICSID Convention was concluded considering the role of private international investments in the economic development. It is submitted in this thesis, however, that these decisions were based on a misapplication of the general rule of treaty interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which codified the existing customary international law rule of treaty interpretation, given that they ignore the ordinary meaning of the term “investment” as employed in the ICSID Convention. The general rule of treaty interpretation of the Vienna Convention establishes a method by which each source of the intention of the parties to the treaty plays a relevant role. Above all, treaty interpretation must be based on the text of the treaty, which must be interpreted in accordance with the ordinary meaning of its terms. The use of the object and purpose of a treaty is a second step and may not be relied on in order to contradict the ordinary meaning of the terms employed in the treaty and to confer a special meaning on them.

A proposta desta dissertação é abordar as relações familiares e os encontros étnicos em Ijuí (RS), entre finais do século XIX e início do XX. Este contexto foi marcado pelas políticas governamentais de fundação de colônias mistas no Brasil, resultando no contato dos camponeses nacionais com os imigrantes europeus. Os casos analisados mais detidamente são os conflitos denunciados à justiça e relatados nos processos criminais, fontes principais da pesquisa. Além de investigar as motivações para a ocorrência destas situações de tensão, buscamos identificar elos entre os envolvidos nos processos, especialmente réus, acusadores e testemunhas. Os referenciais teóricos tratam dos modelos de família, das classificações dos grupos sociais e dos códigos de conduta. Para cumprir com a proposta deste estudo foram utilizadas outras fontes, como: documentos da comissão de terras, jornais locais, documentos da Intendência municipal, dados estatísticos e registros civis. / The proposal of this master thesis it´s to deal with the family relationships and the ethnic encounters in Ijuí (RS), between late XIX century and early XX. This context it was marked by government policies of foundation of mixed colonies in Brazil, resulting in the contact of the national’s peasants with the European immigrants. The cases analyzed more closely are the conflicts denounced to justice and report in criminal lawsuits, top search sources. Besides investigation the motivations for the occurrence of the these stress situations, we search to identify links between those involved in the lawsuits, especially defendants, accusers and witnesses. Theoretical references deal with the types of families, the classification of social groups and the codes of behavior. To comply with the proposal of this study were used other sources, as: land commission documents, local newspapers, town hall documents, statistic data and civil records.

Chaque année, des centaines de milliers de ressortissants de pays tiers en séjour irrégulier ne peuvent être éloignés de l'Union européenne (UE). L'inéloignabilité de certains étrangers n'est pas toujours transitoire, et nombreuses sont les personnes qui y demeurent pendant des années. Et pourtant, l'inéloignabilité de longue durée ne mène pas forcément à la régularisation du séjour. Je suis intéressé par la manière dont l'UE gère l'inéloignabilité, ainsi que par les raisons pour lesquelles autant de personnes inéloignables se retrouvent dans des limbes juridiques d'exclusion du séjour régulier. Dans une première partie, je conceptualise la nature et les conséquences des divers statuts d'étrangers inéloignables, tels que réglementés par le droit de l'UE. Je propose ainsi une typologie des limbes juridiques entre le séjour irrégulier et régulier. Il existe des limbes de tolérance, d'un côté, et des limbes de séjour régulier non-Reconnu, de l'autre. Je me consacre principalement aux limbes de tolérance. Dans une deuxième partie, j'examine la manière dont l'UE a gouverné ces limbes juridiques, notamment son impact sur le lien dans ses États membres entre divers types d'obstacles à l'éloignement, d'un côté, et les statuts de tolérance, de l'autre. Dans une troisième partie, j'analyse les fonctions attribuées aux limbes de tolérance par des acteurs institutionnels de l’UE. Je soutiens que les statuts de tolérance peuvent se voir attribuer des fonctions de rétribution, de dissuasion, d'éloignabilité, de spectacle étatique, de sélection, et de réduction des dépenses publiques. / Hundreds of thousands of illegally staying third country nationals (TCN) cannot be removed from EU Member States despite the issue of return measures against them. Illegally staying TCNs may not be removable as a result of legal, policy, or practical obstacles to removal. Non-Removability is not always temporary and can in many cases last a very long time. And yet protracted non-Removability does not necessarily lead to regularisation of status. I am interested in how the EU has managed non-Removability and why so many non-Removable persons have been left in a limbo of exclusion from legal residence. In Part I, I provide a conceptual framework for understanding the nature and consequences of a variety of positions that non-Removable TCNs may find themselves in. I do so by providing a typology of what I call limbo spaces between illegal and legal stay. There are limbo spaces of toleration, on the one hand, and limbo spaces of unrecognised legal residence, on the other. I mainly focus on toleration. In Part II, I examine how the EU has governed limbo spaces of toleration, namely its important impact on the nexus in Member States between various forms of non-Removability, on the one hand, and limbo spaces of toleration, on the other. In Part III, I analyse the functions of limbo spaces of toleration. I argue that toleration positions can be viewed as sanctions of membership exclusion, and may be perceived by certain EU institutional actors as performing a range of functions akin to administrative detention and imprisonment: retribution, deterrence, enhanced removability, the expressive power of the State, and selection/rehabilitation.