There has been an influx in the number of African people entering North America since the 1960's. Despite the fact that women who emigrate from Africa tend to be more highly educated compared to the rest of Canada's population, they are far more likely to be unemployed and low-income (Statistics Canada, 2007: 7). Economic security is linked to decision-making power in many aspects of a woman’s life, including personal safety and freedom of choice. The original research question investigated in this study was how do female African immigrants in the Region of Waterloo access the services they require to gain economic security? The intent of the study was to explore how the services in the Region of Waterloo are accessed by African immigrants with diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. However, during the interview process the information collected extended beyond the initial research question. The analysis of the research answers three important questions. What are the various types of resources that women need to access in order to achieve economic self-sufficiency? How do they find out what these resources are? How can they acquire them? The qualitative research used in-depth interviews that were conducted with fifteen African women living in the Region of Waterloo. The analysis of the thesis emerged from the lived experiences of the participants following a feminist ethnographic approach. Women were given the opportunity to discuss their personal backgrounds and their reasons for leaving their countries of origin from their perspectives. The barriers to economic security after arriving in the region were analyzed with special attention to the unique barriers women face because of care-taking responsibilities. The impact of the loss of social support networks was explained. The use of government support services was discussed, leading into an analysis of the lack of information regarding support services. Participants identified that there is collective action of African immigrant women in non-profit organizations operating to fill the information gap. There are a number of important conclusions that can be drawn from this research. First, the women interviewed argued that they felt that it was the government’s responsibility to provide economic support services to new African immigrant families in order to help them become established. Second, although the government does have a number of programs designed to economically assist immigrants, they are not accessible nor do they reflect the needs of African immigrant women. Third, non-profit women’s organizations in the region are effective in providing information about available resources, and do take the needs of African women into consideration. Fourth, non-profit organizations in the region empower African women locally and help them to integrate into the community. Finally, participants asserted that non-profit organizations should be funded by the government in order to be able to provide sufficient economic support to community members. This research adds to the actions of local non-profit agencies and builds a needed step in bridging that gap between government and non-profit organizations by acknowledging the contribution of non-profit organizations.

There has been an influx in the number of African people entering North America since the 1960's. Despite the fact that women who emigrate from Africa tend to be more highly educated compared to the rest of Canada's population, they are far more likely to be unemployed and low-income (Statistics Canada, 2007: 7). Economic security is linked to decision-making power in many aspects of a woman’s life, including personal safety and freedom of choice. The original research question investigated in this study was how do female African immigrants in the Region of Waterloo access the services they require to gain economic security? The intent of the study was to explore how the services in the Region of Waterloo are accessed by African immigrants with diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. However, during the interview process the information collected extended beyond the initial research question. The analysis of the research answers three important questions. What are the various types of resources that women need to access in order to achieve economic self-sufficiency? How do they find out what these resources are? How can they acquire them? The qualitative research used in-depth interviews that were conducted with fifteen African women living in the Region of Waterloo. The analysis of the thesis emerged from the lived experiences of the participants following a feminist ethnographic approach. Women were given the opportunity to discuss their personal backgrounds and their reasons for leaving their countries of origin from their perspectives. The barriers to economic security after arriving in the region were analyzed with special attention to the unique barriers women face because of care-taking responsibilities. The impact of the loss of social support networks was explained. The use of government support services was discussed, leading into an analysis of the lack of information regarding support services. Participants identified that there is collective action of African immigrant women in non-profit organizations operating to fill the information gap. There are a number of important conclusions that can be drawn from this research. First, the women interviewed argued that they felt that it was the government’s responsibility to provide economic support services to new African immigrant families in order to help them become established. Second, although the government does have a number of programs designed to economically assist immigrants, they are not accessible nor do they reflect the needs of African immigrant women. Third, non-profit women’s organizations in the region are effective in providing information about available resources, and do take the needs of African women into consideration. Fourth, non-profit organizations in the region empower African women locally and help them to integrate into the community. Finally, participants asserted that non-profit organizations should be funded by the government in order to be able to provide sufficient economic support to community members. This research adds to the actions of local non-profit agencies and builds a needed step in bridging that gap between government and non-profit organizations by acknowledging the contribution of non-profit organizations.

The purpose of this bachelor essay is to describe and analyze budgeting in nonprofit organizations. To do that, we used a qualitative method and accomplished seven interviews in four different football clubs. Our idea is to create understanding by combine theory and empiric, and therefore we have an abductive research strategy. The subject of this essay is very topical in view of the recently emerging trend that Allsvenska football clubs are paying increasing deficit. This can have a major impact on the progress and must be stopped. The first step is to make a more realistic budget. The conclusions drawn from this essay suggest that it is not how the budget per se, but how to work from the planned budget that affects what results you gets in the end. The empirical data suggest that organizational form has no impact on how budget work is managed; it is the size that matters. This paper contributes to increased knowledge about the budget work related to Swedish club activities and to understanding of how the budget is used in a not very ordinary organizational form. You can find new fields of application of communication and coordination within the associations, and therefore we think that the budget is an interesting part of the economic work of associations engaged. This essay is hoped to arouse an interest to conduct further studies and work on the topic. / Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att beskriva och analysera budgetering i ideella föreningar. För att göra det har vi använt en kvalitativ metod och genomfört sju intervjuer i fyra olika fotbollsföreningar. Vår tanke är att skapa förståelse genom att röra oss mellan teorin och empirin och vi har således en abduktiv forskningsstrategi. Ämnet till denna uppsats är mycket aktuellt med tanke på den nyuppkomna trenden att Allsvenska fotbollsföreningar visar allt större underskott. Detta kan få stora konsekvenser om det fortskrider och måste därför stoppas. Första steget är att göra en mer realistisk budget. Slutsatserna som dras av detta arbete tyder på att det inte är hur budgeten läggs utan hur man arbetar utifrån den lagda budgeten, som påverkar vilket resultat man får i slutändan. Det empiriska materialet tyder på att organisationsformen inte har någon inverkan för hur arbetet med budget bedrivs. Utan att det är föreningens storlek som har betydelse. Denna uppsats bidrar till ökade kunskaper kring ämnet budget i Sveriges föreningsliv samt till ökad förståelse för hur budget används i ett inte helt vanlig organisationsform som det ej heller bedrivits särskilt många studier kring förut. Man kan hitta nya användningsområden för kommunikation och samordning inom föreningarna och därför tycker vi att budget är en intressant del av det ekonomiska arbete föreningarna bedriver. Denna uppsats hoppas väcka ett intresse för fortsatta studier och arbete kring ämnet.

Corporate income taxation has a profound impact on economic behavior in the United States. This dissertation focuses on two aspects: the impact of dividend taxation on investment and the impact of corporate income tax exemption on nonprofit organizations activity. The first essay compares dividend payout ratios of C and S corporations to test the validity of the traditional and the new views on dividend taxation. Average corporate income tax rate is used as an instrumental variable. The results support the traditional view. The second essay focuses on whether the exemption of nonprofit organizations from the corporate income tax affects the competition between for-profit and nonprofit hospitals. Time series and panel data analysis show that tax subsidies to nonprofit organizations have a positive impact on nonprofit hospitals market share.

Since Taiwan has rescinded martial law, the Non-Profit Organizations (NPOs) are blustery, vigorous development, regardless of all has the obvious growth in quantity or in the social influence. However, based on Harris¡¦ investigation, the outside funding source for NPOs has been declining dramatically since 1984. In this case, if NPOs cannot manage and control well, they won¡¦t be able to accomplish their organizational goal. Therefore, how to maintain the good organization achievements in multitudinous NPOs? In management control system(MCS) field, it has not many research to discuss about what type of MCS which Non-Profit Organizations is. The target of this study is the members of the Non-Profit Organizations¡¦(NPO) employees in Taiwan. To fulfill the purpose, survey research is selected as the main method of this study. The study is focused on the relations between the management control system, organizational citizenship behavior and organization trust.The purpose is to provide the NPO managers with reference materials of use management control system to boosting organizational citizenship behavior. The conclusion is as follows: 1.Clan control is the major management control system in educational foundation. 2.The clan control and organizational citizenship behavior have extremely positive correlation; the clan control and organization trust have extremely positive correlation; the organization trust and organizational citizenship behavior have extremely positive correlation. 3.The locus of control is not a moderator role of organizational citizenship behavior.

In "One Foot In: Student-Athlete Advocacy and Social Movement Rhetoric in the Margins of American College Athletics," the author explores student-athlete advocacy of black male student-athletes in revenue generating sports and educational and cultural reforms to NCAA policies and bylaws over approximately two decades (1985-2006). The author examines non-profit organizations--Black Coaches Association, Drake Group, Institute for Diversity and Ethics and Sport, and Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics--who pressured the NCAA to enact measures to restore order and balance to American college athletics. In addition, these measures are designed to increase student-athlete graduation rates, increase opportunities for minority coaches and administrators, and protect college educators who blow the whistle on institutions who commit infractions. The author begins by identifying social movement rhetorical strategies--the "Triple Front" strategy of Harold Cruse and Agitation/Control Rhetoric of Bowers, Ochs, and Jensen--to analyze rhetorical interactions between non-profit organizations and the NCAA, especially how the NCAA responds by using control rhetoric in order to protect itself from outside influences. Finally, the author ends the discussion by using autoethnography to analyze my own experiences as a writing program administrator challenging NCAA hegemony by running a progressive writing program within a traditional student-athlete study hall.

Despite rapidly burgeoning diversity in the Canadian workforce, and demonstrable gains to be made as a result of increasing inclusion, organizations still struggle to create meaningfully inclusive workplaces. The traditional diversity management model has largely failed to fix this longstanding problem. A variety of research has identified successful strategies for increasing inclusion across disciplines such as social psychology, critical management studies, systems theory, and universal design. However, these overlapping strategies, as well as the commonalities of underlying structure, go unseen due to ideological and disciplinary siloing. Working from a foundation of theoretical pluralism, I present two linked ideas in this paper. First, I propose and justify a shift in language from the counter-productive <italic>diversity management</italic> towards <italic>meaningful inclusion</italic>. Second, using multi-disciplinary research I identify successful, broadly-applicable strategies for enhancing meaningful inclusion in the workplace, and describe an <italic>inclusion matrix</italic> of best practices that creates a practical road map organizations can use to enhance meaningful inclusion.

This research paper documents the process of strategic management, incorporating the five distinct tasks within that process. Each of the tasks is defined and explored within the context of the strategy-making process. The Balanced Scorecard is highlighted as a tool for implementing and executing strategy. The emphasis in this study is on the strategic process in non-profit organisations. Many strategic processes and initiatives appear to be confined to the profit sector, but with the advent of modern strategic theories such as the Balanced Scorecard, there is now an expectation that non-profit organisations can also follow sound business principles and practices. The research paper is of a qualitative nature incorporating a case study approach. The case study is the South African National Blood Service (SANBS), which is an organisation in transformation, following changes in the Health legislation in South Africa. The organisation was formed from seven independent services and went through its first true strategic management process in late 2002, ready for its 2003-2004 financial year. In the first chapter, an overview of the study is given. Strategic theory is presented and discussed in the second chapter, with the case study being presented in the third chapter. Chapter four includes an evaluation of the theoretical information compared to the practical implementation in SANBS. Chapter five concludes with recommendations on the way forward for SANBS. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Sweden had in the early 1930's the lowest birth rate in the world. Population Commission which was established in 1935 concluded that one of the biggest social problems was the working women’s heavy workload. To deal with the low birth rate reforms and programs were founded both in order to help the women but also in order to support the inadequate motherhood. Government grants were set up to start the so-called vacation home for housewives where the government’s visions of the vacation homes were active rest and recreation.      Based on the Leisure Inquiry report regarding vacation homes for housewives - the purpose of this paper is to examine how the government visions regarding vacation homes for housewives were practiced and how the future of prevailing gender contract affected the holiday home. What activities and what form of education occurred on the vacation home Frykenstrand? Who visited the vacation home and how was Frykenstrand affected by egalitarianism and the state's growing need for labor?      Archive material from the Association of Värmland working women vacation homes have been used for the essay. According to the issues of this essay, the vacation home Frykenstrand is described through text analysis and quantitative method based on protocols, applications, guest books and correspondence. The state’s visions with the vacation homes are based upon the Leisure Inquiry report.      The survey shows that the state's visions regarding giving women rest and recovery were met. The intentions regarding education and training cannot be considered to be met on the vacation home Frykenstrand, nor was the vacation home used by women who might have helped increasing the birth rate. The vacation home was abolished probably affected by the gender contract when more women started work and received a statutory vacation.

「宗教團體」（Religious organization）例如寺廟教堂……等，在我國教育、經濟、文化、社會等活動方面，扮演著重要角色。就性質而言，宗教團體之財源主要來自私人的自願性捐贈，與政府之賦稅收入具有強制性，在本質上不同。同時，宗教團體營運基本上不以追求利潤為目的，與政府部門以謀求社會（或團體）福利相同，但與私人部門以營利為目的之情形不同，因此其性質介於二者之間。 宗教團體所得課稅的問題，近年來引起財政學者熱烈討論。主要是因為租稅不公平等問題，對於課稅之公平面產生不利的影響。討論宗教團體適用之「教育文化公益慈善機關或團體免納所得稅適用標準」衍生之問題，故以「台灣宗教團體所得課稅問題之研究」，作為本研究計劃之研究主題。 隨著台灣政經的蓬勃發展，宗教團體在台灣經濟發展的現今，扮演非常重要的角色。尤其是宗教團體的財源面結構，因為整體環境的不健全，使得宗教團體成為企業避稅的工具，或真正成為營利組織，並OLS模型估計之實證模型研究方法，加以探討宗教團體所得課稅之補納稅額問題，從而提出改進建議。 / The religious organization, such as a temple or a church, plays an important role in educational, economic, cultural, and social activities in our country. Contrary to the government, whose main source of revenue was derived from collection of taxes, the religious organization’s main income is produced by receipt of personal donations, while both the government and religious organization are non-profit organizations. Therefore, the religious organization is in fact unique in nature. The issue: should the religious organizations be taxed, is been extensively discussed by financial scholars. Because taxing the religious organizations could possibly results deleterious effects to tax fairness. To be specific, the problems evolved by “Exemption of taxes to Educational, Cultural groups, and Charities,” are required further investigation. As the proliferation of Taiwan’s finance and politics, the religious organization further plays an important role in modern financial developments. Especially, when the environment is not so well developed, the religious organization is usually been conducted by enterprises as an affiliation of evading taxes, or even a profit organization. Also in this study “A study on the Income tax of religious organizations in Taiwan,” the OLS(ordinary least square) model is provided as a probing method.