In this work we investigate the sources and growth effects of technological innovation in UK industries over the years 1966-1993. Our main finding is that technological activities are always beneficial to labour productivity growth and normally also beneficial to employment growth. Moreover, it is possible to aggregate industries into fairly stable technological clusters, and the main sources of innovation change broadly in accordance with the technological characterisation of the industry. We also analyse the effect of inter-industry demand transmissions on employment share dynamics, and find that these effects are generally important. However, demand expansions in customer industries do not always imply expanding employment shares in supplying industries, and we did not find any evident linkage between the sign of the demand effect and the technological characterisation of industries. Testing the models developed to fit observed changes in labour productivity and employment shares over the periods 1974-79 and 1979-91, we find that growth dynamics over the period 1974-79 have been more related to technological change than over the period 1979-91. In particular, pure capital deepening has been one of the main engines of growth over the period 1979-91.

This thesis examines the technological economics of glass recycling in Britain. Attention was focused on recovery schemes operated within Scotland, comparisons being made with schemes in the rest of Britain and in Europe. An examination was made of general recycling problems and of glass recycling problems in particular. The various systems for glass recycling were reviewed and were put in the context of the waste management system as a whole. A survey was undertaken of Local Authorities operating glass recycling schemes. The aim was to provide a comprehensive data set to enable a consistent assessment of glass recovery schemes to be taken. This emphasised the importance of taking a standard approach to assessing the viability of recovery schemes. This needs to be done in terms of both private and social costs and benefits to provide a full economic assessment of the system. A general computer model has been developed to allow local authorities to check the viability of their on-going operations. As they operate under different conditions this model was split into separate assessment of a Bottle Bank scheme and a trade collection scheme. In addition, an investment appraisal model was developed to cover both situations. These allow managers to assess the viability of their schemes and can be used to highlight key costs. An International review was undertaken to see what lessons may be learned and what actions may be taken by the local authorities, industry, the general public, and by central government.

This study is an inter-disciplinary investigation into the nature of corporate strategy and the forces shaping industrial development with particular reference to a science based industry such as the chemical industry. The central objective of the study 1S to analyse the critical role of technological change as a major force ln strategic planning - a largely neglected area in the literature on corporate strategy. Traditional writings on corporate strategy tend to be self limiting 1n that they focus on a "single profit objective" and associated with this is the heavy emphasis placed on acquisition strategies in order to realize managerial profit objectives. The present study suggests that much more attention should be given to other than profit objectives, the conflict between them and their reconciliation. For this purpose a synthesis of the behavioural model of the firm and the managerial discretion model is proposed. The method uses four types of standards - historical, external, intentional and innovative - 1n setting multiple objectives at a target and at a constraint level. In this target constraint approach the difference between the two levels determines a margin within which conflicting claims of multiple objectives can be reconciled and a consensus level can thereby be reached. The study shows that the existence of a gap between the innovative and the other standards signifies that growth will mainly come through technological change. Theoretical aspects of technological change, in particular the economic and sociological approaches to diffusion of innovation are also discussed with special reference to the chemical industry. Against this background i i a generalized growth pattern for basic chemicals is developed and this pattern identifies the competitive and innovative modes of growth. In the competitive mode the individual chemical producer seeks to increase the level of usage of his material in its established end use categories. In the innovative mode, on the other hand, growth is sought by innovating new end use categories. Given a specialized producer willing to grow in his area, the competitive mode is characterized by the fact that marketing, financial and organizational measures can compensate for scientific and technological weaknesses, whereas intensive research and development activities are all important in the innovative mode . . The discussion finally leads to the formulation of a method of pinpointing technologically based opportunities. This method~ the technological growth tree, is developed as a managerial tool for mapping out strategic opportunities for the chemical industrialist. The tree consists of two principal branches, technological expansion and technological diversification, which subdivide into relevant strategies and tactics. Technological expansion strategies can be utilized in the competitive mode while the technological diversification strategies are appropriate in the innovative mode. The usefulness of the technological growth tree, in particular its diversification strategies, is illustrated by reference to the bromine industry where application of the former has resulted in a number of potential opportunities. These require further research and development efforts for their realization. ·Resulting from this, the principles outlined in the present study can also be applied in other science based industries for strategic planning.

No description available.

With the unprecedented growth of the communication industry that the world is experiencing, the demand from rural inhabitants for high quality communications at an economically affordable cost is growing. However, rural areas are rather restricted from deploying communication services due to the rough natural environment, and the shortage of rudimentary communication facilities and technical personnel. Appropriate models for building rural wireless networks and a concomitant simulation environment are, therefore, expected to enable the construction of technologically-optimal and economically-efficient networks in specified rural areas.<br /> <br /> The research has set up two independent models, one for the economic need and the other for the technical need of building networks in rural areas. One model was the Impact of Telecommunications Model, which disclosed the importance of building a wireless network in specified rural areas by choosing an economic parameter to forecast the profitability of the network. The other was the Service Model, which collected primitive data from given rural areas and abstracted these data by flowing them through four technical layers to form the predicted technical wireless network. Both of the models had been applied to real-world cases to demonstrate how to use them.<br /> <br /> A simulation environment was finally designed and implemented to realize the above two models for the sake of instantiation. This environment could simulate the specified rural network by constructing a wireless network on the invented areas and evaluating its quality and economic efficiency. It was written in Scilab simulation language, which was an open source.

One of the most persistently challenging topics in the Information Systems (IS) field continues to be how to improve understanding and gain a useful perspective on technology adoption and implementation. Researchers attempting to make progress in this field have had to grapple with the limited explanatory power of recognised diffusion theories and the fragmentation of research on uptake of innovative technology across a number of disciplines. / This research project addresses the fundamental question of how to improve technology adoption and implementation-referred to in this thesis as the innovative technology uptake (ITU) problem. Tackling the ITU problem required development of a coherent explanatory theoretical framework, which needed to be appropriate for the investigation of diffusion processes in the more complex environment of a market. Evolutionary Diffusion Theory (EDT) offered this project an appropriate basis as well as a broader investigative approach for reviewing technological change. Originally formulated in the field of Evolutionary Economics, EDT describes economic phenomena with a particular focus on situations of change, open systems and innovation processes. Although EDT- and the set of axioms derived from the theory- can be applied to many fields, in this project it was restricted to exploring the ITU problem in Government to Business (GB2) implementations of e-business technologies in the Australian food industry. / This study of uptake of innovative technology in the Australian food industry between 2000 and 2003 produced a significant body of empirical data. The major case study applies the conceptual framework to a review of an online system for facilitating access to export documentation (known as EXDOC) and its phased implementation by a government agency, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS). The EXDOC case study provides the basis for an exploratory analysis of current Australian practices in the uptake of innovative G2B technology as well as a review of the ITU problem in relation to policy and sustainable technology issue / This thesis produced the following deliverables: A conceptual framework derived from axioms based on Evolutionary Diffusion theory which adds considerably to understanding of influences on uptake of innovative G2B technology in an IS research context; A simple integrated framework for understanding not only why technology innovations fail but also the conditions under which they can form durable communities; A set of holistic guidelines proposed to assist other Australian government agencies currently implementing innovative online technology got G2B service delivery. / This research paper suggests that Evolutionary Diffusion provides a unified theory best suited to understanding the principle influences on the speed and specific course of uptake of G2B innovative technology in the Australian food industry. / Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2005.

The dissolution profile of orally delivered drugs can be controlled through the use of osmotically controlled drug delivery devices. The most commonly used device is the osmotic tablet, which is essentially a tablet core that is coated with a rate-limiting semipermeable membrane. The feasibility of applying a coating onto a tablet using dense gas techniques was studied. Two different coating materials, polymethymethacrylate (PMMA, Mw = 120,000 g/mol) and cellulose acetate (CA, 39.8 wt% acetyl content) were applied onto an 8 mm osmotic tablet core using the Gas Anti-solvent (GAS) process. For PMMA, the pressurisation rate, coating temperature and volumetric expansion of up to 250% had minimal effect on the coating quality. The concentration, solvent type and the use of polyethylene glycol (Mw = 200 g/mol) had a more pronounced effect on the coating. The coating process was optimised to apply a smooth and uniform coating with a 50 ??m thickness. For CA, the pressurisation rate and the coating temperature had little effect on the coating that was applied. The process was more sensitive to a change in the concentration of the solution and the volumetric expansion that was used. It was found that the concentration could not be increased too much without affecting the coating quality. A CA coating was applied onto a PMMA-coated tablet using the optimised conditions. The thickness in the tablet coating increased by 10 ??m. Dissolution tests of the uncoated and coated tablets were carried out. The CA coatings were found to be insufficient in limiting the rate of water entering the tablet and performed similarly to an uncoated tablet core. The PMMA coatings were found to limit the rate of delivery of the model drug. However, variations in the PMMA coatings resulted in an inconsistent delivery profile across batches. The tablets coated with both PMMA and CA had a delivery rate in between that of uncoated and PMMA-coated tablets, indicating that the application of the second coating had compromised the initial PMMA coating.

Both, market forces and public systems are unable to provide remote rural communities of developing countries with contextually relevant and appropriate technologies. This is because the number of people and their incomes are too low, to constitute either a market or a political constituency. Consequently, development aid and development projects emerge as the primary means of introducing new technologies to these regions. However developmentalism is heavily inscribed with economic determinism resulting in the conception of technologies that are focused at the level of the nation state and whose primary objective is to increase its productive and consumptive capacity in an attempt to jumpstart economic growth. This results in mass technologies that are inherently violent, ecologically damaging and which restrict individual freedoms. Furthermore, these technologies end up replacing rather than building upon the only resource in which the poor are rich; traditional knowledge and the ability to innovate and contextualize technologies to their own local worlds. How can we disembed the conception of technologies from development aid and build upon the resources of the poor instead of seeking to replace them? How can we create a knowledge network that assists in taking the technological innovations of the poor from concept to market and which protects intellectual property rights and allows follow-on innovation. The emergence of networked computing accompanied by new paradigms of production such as peer to peer and open source along with a rethinking of the ‘commons’ which not only reduces development costs but also geographic barriers to collaboration presents us with a unique opportunity to satisfy these conditions. This thesis will therefore explore the feasibility of engaging with Open Source methodologies for facilitating user led technology innovations in developing countries. This includes the many operational and disciplinary challenges that must be addressed before seeking to contextualize Open Source methodologies for the Industrial Design process. It will investigate the intrinsic character of computer software and its development process for insights that can help determine if the open source methodology can be extended to Industrial Designers and the Industrial Design discipline. If yes, what forms of contextualization would be required? Finally, this study will conclude by outlining guidelines and an architecture for the conception of an Open source Community that facilitates user led technology development. / Master of Engineering (Hons.)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, Aug., 2007. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-105).