The evolutionary history of Ginkgo is poorly understood for the Cenozoic Era because of the rarity of fossil reproductive organs. We here describe a new species, Ginkgo cranei sp. nov., on the basis of well-preserved ovulate organs and associated leaves from the Upper Paleocene Sentinel Butte Formation of North Dakota, USA. The ovulate organ is of the modern type, which lacks a pedicel supporting each of the two ovules. The ovules are seated in separate collars directly attached to the peduncle, but only one of them is mature. Stomatal complexes are mostly amphicyclic, with deeply sunken guard cells and slightly raised subsidiary cells. They are sparsely distributed among epidermal cells characterized by domelike, strongly bulging periclinal walls and developed anticlinal wall flanges in integument and collar cuticles. The associated leaves are generally similar to the ovulate organ in cuticular structure. Ginkgo cranei is the only Tertiary species of the genus described in which the ovulate organs are studied in some detail. The study further corroborates the hypothesis that modern Ginkgo evolved from its ancestors by reduction and is helpful to classify Cenozoic ginkgos in a natural system.

Barley yellow dwarf (BYD), caused by Barley yellow dwarf virus and Cereal yellow dwarf virus, and is a yield limiting disease of small grains. A research study was initiated in 2015 to identify the implications of BYD on small grain crops of North Dakota. A survey of 187 small grain fields was conducted in 2015 and 2016 to assess cereal aphid diversity; cereal aphids identified included, Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum, and Sitobion avenae. A second survey observed and documented field absence or occurrence of cereal aphids and their incidence. Results indicated prevalence and incidence differed among respective growth stages and a higher presence of cereal aphids throughout the Northwest part of North Dakota than previously thought. Field and greenhouse screenings were conducted to identify hard red spring wheat and durum responses to BYD. Infested treatments in the greenhouse had significantly lower number of spikes, dry shoot mass and yield.

In the field of historic preservation, a feasibility study should be done in the affected locale to determine what the public's feelings are toward a project. The preservation project must have the public's support to be successful.The results of the study can be analyzed to identify sources of opposition and support. It will also uncover issues to be dealt with in public directed support campaigns for the preservation project.The success of historic preservation projects can be much enhanced by the use of the feasibility study and the proper application of information which it uncovers.

The impact of Automatic Section Control (ASC) as a tool of Precision Agricultural Technology as considered in the more efficient application of inputs to produce the four major crops, corn, soybean, HRSW, and canola in the North Dakota Prairie Pothole Region. Reduction in machinery overlap in the sample 105 fields was calculated by simulating the routing paths of a 60-feet wide planter with 24 sections controlled and a 120-feet wide boom sprayer with individual nozzle control. The dollar and percentage seed and chemical costs that a farm can save by reducing overlapping area were calculated. Impact of field parameters on net savings were estimated by developing and estimating an econometric model. Results show that ASC can save substantial cost in the sample fields while field shape had the highest significant impact on net cost savings. / North Dakota State University. Department of Agribusiness and Applied Economics

Purpose of the study was to determine effect, if any, of tax credit legislation for contributions to higher education in Indiana, Michigan, and North Dakota. Secondary purposes were twofold: 1) to discover differences in patterns of giving to public and private institutions of higher education, and 2) to compare existing tax credit laws and develop recommendations for model legislation.Data, collected from published journals and reports of private and governmental agencies, were subjected to analyses for consistency and compatibility in order to assure validity in interpretation. All dollar amounts were converted to 1967 Constant Dollar Values for analysis.Data for voluntary giving in areas of business and corporate giving, non-alumni giving, giving by other groups, and alumni giving for individual institutions were compared with composite national data for giving to higher education.Findings1. Annual reports of voluntary giving to higher education have presented raw data reflecting a growth of 40 percent for 1970-1977, when converted to real dollar purchasing power, a loss in excess of 8 percent is documented.2. Growth in voluntary giving to institutions studied exceeded growth on a national basis; growth in giving to public institutions far exceeding growth in giving to private institutions.3. Voluntary giving to higher education by business and industry has declined during a period when growth would have been expected.4. Tax credit legislation is possible in all states.Conclusions1. Voluntary giving to higher education in Indiana, Michigan, and Forth Dakota, states having tax credits for gifts to higher education, increased at rates demonstrably greater than the rate of increase for the national composite.2. Growth in voluntary giving to higher education was directly related to length of time the tax credit law has been in effect.Implications1. Voluntary giving to higher education is directly related to fund raising campaign efforts causing wide fluctuations in year-to-year levels of giving.2. Growth in voluntary giving to higher education using a tax credit is related to awareness, a component of fund raising campaigns.

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Founded in 1879 by John L. Hinners, the Hinners Organ Company developed a number of stock models of small mechanical-action instruments that were advertised throughout the Midwest. Operating without outside salesmen, the company was one of the first to conduct all of its affairs by mail, including the financial arrangements, selection of the basic design, and custom alterations where required. Buyers first met a company representative when he arrived by train to set up the crated instrument that had been shipped ahead of him. Tracker organs with hand-operated bellows were easily repaired by local craftsmen, and were suited to an area that, for the most part, lacked electricity. In all, the company constructed nearly three thousand pipe organs during its sixty years of operation. Rapid decline of the firm began in the decade prior to 1936 during which the company sold fewer than one hundred instruments, and closed in that year when John's son Arthur found himself without sufficient financial resources to weather the lengthy depression. The studies of the original-condition Hinners organs in the Dakotas include extensive photographs and measurements, and provide an excellent cross section of the smaller instruments produced by the company. They are loud, excellently crafted, functionally attractive, tonally typical of the early twentieth-century American Romantic organ, and utilize designs and materials typical of this era. Only recently has it been acknowledged that these Hinners organs represent a "meat and potatoes" class of instrument, as it were, an honest meal without the pretense of delicate appetizers, vintage wine, and gourmet dessert. In this way the company offered churches a serviceable and respectable musical alternative to grandeur, and was able to fulfill the needs and meet the budget of a small congregation without the expense of a custom instrument.