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SAMMANFATTNINGBakgrund: Hjärtsvikt är i Sverige en folksjukdom där cirka 200 000 personer beräknas lida av symtom och lika många till lever utan några symtom. Under de nästkommande 25 åren beräknas inläggningar att öka med 50% då prevalensen av hjärtsvikt ökar på grund av befolkningstillväxten, åldrande och den ökade förekomsten av samsjuklighet. Sjuksköterskeledda hjärtsviktsmottagningar inom primärvården verkar vara effektiva för att tillhandahålla högkvalitativ personcentrerad vård och därmed minska behovet av sjukhusvård. Personcentrering är en process att ta tillvara patientens resurser med hänsyn till individens förutsättningar och hinder. Ett partnerskap som bygger på ömsesidig respekt, är jämbördig och inbjuder till delaktighet och att vårdtagaren får den information som behövs för att kunna fatta rätt beslut. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av hur de arbetar utifrån ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt med personer med hjärtsvikt i primärvården.Metod: En kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervjustudie med induktiv ansats där nio sjuksköterskor deltog som arbetade på hjärtsviktsmottagningar. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes och det teoretiskt ramverk utgick från ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt. Resultat: Innehållsanalysen resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier holistisk människosyn, individuellt bemötande, partnerskap och delegering av läkemedel. Slutsats: I resultatet framkom att alla sjuksköterskor ansåg sig lyssna till personens berättelseoch att de utgick delvis från en helhetssyn, men det fanns brister i att tillgodo se de existentiella behoven. De tyckte sig erbjuda individanpassad vård och behandling efter personens förutsättningar och behov och de upplevde att det var en viktig del i arbetet att motivera till delaktighet i egenvård samt kunskap och förståelse om sjukdomen. Sjuksköterskorna önskade bli bättre på att inkludera anhöriga. Få sjuksköterskor hade delegering av läkemedel och några få tyckte att det hade betydelse för omhändertagandet. / ABSTRACTBackground: In Sweden, heart failure is a common disease, where approximately 200,000 people are estimated to suffer from symptoms and the same number live without any symptoms. Over the next 25 years, admissions are projected to increase by 50% as the prevalence of heart failure increases due to population growth, aging and the increased prevalence of comorbidities. Nurse-led heart failure clinics in primary care appear to be effective in providing high-quality person-centred care and thereby reducing the need for hospitalisation. Person-centredness is a process of making use of the patient's resources, taking into account the individual's conditions and obstacles. A partnership that is based on mutual respect, is equal and invites participation and that the care recipient receives the information needed to be able to make the right decision.Aim: To shed light on nurses' experiences of how they work based on a person-centred approach with people with heart failure in primary care.Method: A qualitative semi-structured interview study with an inductive approach in which nine nurses who worked in heart failure wards participated. A qualitative content analysis was used and the theoretical framework was based on a person-centred approach.Results: The content analysis resulted in four main categories: holistic view of people, individual treatment, partnership, delegation of medicines.Conclusion: The results showed that all nurses considered themselves to listen to the person's story and that they partly started from a holistic view, but there were shortcomings in satisfying the existential needs. They seemed to offer individually tailored care and treatment according to the person's conditions and needs, and they felt that it was an important part of the work to motivate participation in self-care as well as knowledge and understanding of the disease. The nurses wanted to be better at including relatives. Few nurses had delegation of medicines and a few thought it was important for care.

ABSTRACTThe general aim of this thesis was to investigate behavioral change communication at nurse-led chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) clinics in primary health care, focusing on communication in self-management and smoking cessation for patients with COPD.Designs: Observational, prospective observational and experimental designs were used.Methods: To explore and describe the structure and content of self-management education and smoking cessation communication, consultations between patients (n=30) and nurses (n=7) were videotaped and analyzed with three instruments: Consulting Map (CM), the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) scale and the Client Language Assessment in Motivational Interviewing (CLAMI). To examine the effects of structured self-management education, patients with COPD (n=52) were randomized in an intervention and a control group. Patients’ quality of life (QoL), knowledge about COPD and smoking cessation were examined with a questionnaire on knowledge about COPD and smoking habits and with St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire, addressing QoL. Results: The findings from the videotaped consultations showed that communication about the reasons for consultation mainly concerned medical and physical problems and (to a certain extent) patients´ perceptions. Two consultations ended with shared understanding, but none of the patients received an individual treatment-plan. In the smoking cessation communication the nurses did only to a small extent evoke patients’ reasons for change, fostered collaboration and supported patients’ autonomy. The nurses provided a lot of information (42%), asked closed (21%) rather than open questions (3%), made simpler (14%) rather than complex (2%) reflections and used MI non-adherent (16%) rather than MI-adherent (5%) behavior. Most of the patients’ utterances in the communication were neutral either toward or away from smoking cessation (59%), utterances about reason (desire, ability and need) were 40%, taking steps 1% and commitment to stop smoking 0%. The number of patients who stopped smoking, and patients’ knowledge about the disease and their QoL, was increased by structured self-management education and smoking cessation in collaboration between the patient, nurse and physician and, when necessary, a physiotherapist, a dietician, an occupational therapist and/or a medical social worker.Conclusion The communication at nurse-led COPD clinics rarely involved the patients in shared understanding and responsibility and concerned patients’ fears, worries and problems only to a limited extent. The results also showed that nurses had difficulties in attaining proficiency in behavioral change communication. Structured self-management education showed positive effects on patients’ perceived QoL, on the number of patients who quit smoking and on patients’ knowledge about COPD.

AIM The purpose of this study was to explore and describe factors that contribute to the non-initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) amongst Pre-Antiretroviral Therapy eligible patients and to make recommendations for health care workers to enhance early initiation of pre-ART-eligible patients for primary health care facilities in Swaziland. METHOD A qualitative design was applied in rural primary health care (PHC) facilities in the Hhohho region of Swaziland. The target population for this study included nurses who have successfully completed the National Nurse Led Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Swaziland (NARTIS) training, and who actively initiated ART to eligible patients in rural PHC facilities. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and field notes. Purposive, convenient sampling was applied. Eleven respondents were interviewed for the study, and data was collected until data saturation was reached. Data from transcripts and field notes was analysed and categorised with thematic analysis through Tesch’s open coding process. RESULTS The study identified the following three predominant themes: 1) systematic enablers of prompt ART initiation, 2) barriers to prompt ART initiation, 3) sources of support. Categories included public health care (PHC) factors, community level factors, the interdependence of the health care system, patient centred barriers, individual patient agency, and NARTIS nurse support. CONCLUSION The recommendations for health care workers that emerged from the study included continued HIV treatment scale-up and decentralisation to grass roots levels, aggressive treatment prioritisation among pre-ART patients, building the capacity of the local health care system and continued research initiatives. It is hoped that recommendations emerging from the findings of this study will have positive implications for programming and practice regarding the initiation of ART for eligible pre-ART patients in Swaziland. / Health Studies / M. PH.