Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1967.

The purpose of study is to investigate why state certified nurses on a conversion programme to become registered general nurses score higher marks on medical - related than on nursing assessments during their fourth practical assessments. The universal sample is made up of state certified nurses on a one year conversion programme. A purposive sample consisting of 20 student nurses, 10 nurse- assessors and 5 doctor­ assessors was recruited into the exploratory quantitative study which was done at Kwekwe Hospital. A questionnaire for each of the three sample groups was used to collect data to meet the study's objectives. Data analysis yielded the main finding that students scored higher marks on nursing - related areas than on medical- related practical assessments contrary to the study's assumption. The implication is that the student nurses were able to acquire nursing care focused skills and knowledge in spite of their former medical care biased training and nursing experience. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

Self-efficacy in clinical performance is a very important aspect in quality of health care, because it is the ability of the person to produce the desired outcomes. The aim of the study was to evaluate self-efficacy in clinical performance of NIMART programme by professional nurses in Buffalo City Metropolitan in Eastern Cape Province South Africa. A quantitative, descriptive survey design was used to examine self-efficacy in clinical performance during implementation of NIMART programme. A purposive sample of 358 NIMART programme trained professional nurses was included in the study. Analysis of the finding was done using SPSS version 21.0. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviations) were used to analyse categorical variables. To reduce data volume, factor analysis was used to identify six variable clusters: Evaluation; planning, assessment, implementation, and patient care mentoring. Factor 1 (evaluation) was highly loaded on patient driven results (0.63); nursing interventions (0.70); breakdown point location (0.80); prognosis based care decisions (0.79); prognosis based outcome monitoring (0.70); and prognosis based settings adjustment (0.70). These items collectively define evaluation of self-efficacy clinical performance of the participants. Factor 2 (planning) was termed planning of patient care in a clinical setting was significantly loaded on these items: data driven nursing diagnosis (0.51); patient driven nursing diagnosis (0.52); settings based nursing diagnosis (0.49); overall care plan formulation (0.52); short-term patients care formulation (0.58); long-term patient care formulation (0.66); goal based measurable outcomes (0.80); goal based daily patient care plan (0.79); settings based daily patient care plan (0.73). Factor 3 (assessment) which was termed assessment in clinical performance was not significantly loaded in some of the items: physical assessment (0.64); patient history (0.65); energy restoration (0.56); time management (0.71); objective patient health data (0.61); subjective patient health data (0.49); data collection documentation (0.44). Factor 4 (implementation) data source correlation; patient health data analysis (0.45); patient strength (0.46); nurse-patient/family communication (0.55); nurse patient collaboration (0.64); Experience driven decision making (0.58). Factor 5 (patient care) patient care plan adherence (0.65); setting based overall patient care (0.74); resource based overall patient care (0.59). Factor 6 (mentoring) patient’s concerns identification (0.48); patient problems prioritisation (0.46); mentor/colleague advice (0.43); mentor/colleague feedback use (0.61); patient discharge strategies (0.71); continuous reporting/documenting (0.63). The mean scores produced by the Kruskal-Wallis test showed the lowest scoring pattern as follows: 20122013201120142010. This order was the same for all the variables, confirming that the 2010 group scored significantly higher than any other group on all the variables. The overall results of the study revealed that professional nurses have high self-efficacy in clinical performance in implementation of NIMART programme, except in evaluation aspect of self-efficacy where they scored lessor. Professional nurses trained by FPD scored higher in the aspects of self-efficacy in clinical performance compared to RTC trained; but scored lower in evaluative ability of self-efficacy in both institutions (FPD and RTC). The findings of this study showed that the overall self-efficacy of the professional nurses trained on NIMART programme performed clinically satisfactorily. It is recommended that in-service education or continuous professional development for professional nurses working in PHC’s should not only concentrate on updating clinical skills, but also create opportunity for reflection and strengthening of professional nurses’ self-efficacy in clinical performance. Also, further study on other processes of goal realisation will aid our understanding of self-efficacy in achieving the desirable goals of the professional nurses for patient quality care. Further research is also needed to evaluate clients’ satisfaction during care based on the NIMART intervention programme.

O conhecimento sobre o raciocínio diagnóstico de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem é importante para orientar decisões sobre a formação e educação permanente de enfermeiros. Os objetivos deste estudo foram adaptar o Diagnostic Thinking Inventory (DTI) para uso no Brasil, estimar as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento adaptado, e analisar o raciocínio diagnóstico de enfermeiros e estudantes de enfermagem segundo variáveis selecionadas. O DTI é um inventário de origem canadense, alicerçado na teoria da geração de hipóteses, desenvolvido para avaliar o raciocínio diagnóstico em dois domínios (grau de flexibilidade do pensamento e grau de estrutura de conhecimento na memória). O processo de adaptação do DTI resultou em uma versão brasileira que foi aplicada em uma amostra de 83 enfermeiros (28,9%); idade média de 29,7±,6,66 anos e 205 estudantes (71,1%); idade média de 24,7 ±5,61 anos. A análise fatorial confirmatória dos 41 itens do DTI mostrou ajuste moderado do modelo (2 = 1369; GFI= 0,793; AGFI= 0,771; RMSEA= 0,053; NFI= 0,458; NNFI= 0,635; CFI= 0,654 e SRMR= 0,068) e consistência interna (alfa de Crombach) boa ou aceitável para o total dos itens (0,801), para o domínio de flexibilidade (0,635) e para o domínio de estrutura (0,742). O coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para o teste e reteste mostrou que o DTI apresenta boa reprodutibilidade (0,806; p=0,001). Não houve diferença de escores médios de flexibilidade entre os enfermeiros (4,1±0,48; IC 95% 3,98 4,18) e estudantes (4,2±0,51; IC 95% 4,1 4,3) (p=0215). Também não houve diferença de escores médios de estrutura do conhecimento entre os enfermeiros (4,3±0,59; IC 95% 4,1 4,4) e os estudantes (4,3±0,53 IC 95% 4,2 4,4) (p=0,742). Quanto às demais análises de associação entre o DTI e outras variáveis, houve significância estatística entre as seguintes: ter tido ensino sobre diagnóstico de enfermagem na graduação (flexibilidade p=0,001; estrutura p=0,009); ter tido ensino sobre raciocínio clínico na graduação (flexibilidade p=0,031; estrutura p>0,001); maior contato com diagnóstico de enfermagem por meio de leituras (estrutura p=0,001); por meio de pesquisa (estrutura p=0,001); por meio da prática clínica (estrutura p<0,001); autoavaliação de alta capacidade de raciocínio clínico (flexibilidade p= 0,003 e estrutura p< 0,001) e, para os enfermeiros, a prática diária que inclui o uso de diagnósticos de enfermagem (estrutura p<0,001). As análises realizadas permitem afirmar que o uso dos diagnósticos de enfermagem e seu ensino são importantes para o raciocínio diagnóstico na enfermagem, embora a versão brasileira do DTI ainda necessite de outros estudos para confirmar sua estrutura. / The knowledge about diagnostic reasoning of baccalaureate nurses and undergraduate students is important to the development of educational strategies. This studys objectives included to culturally adapt the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory (DTI) for the Brazilian culture, analyze its psychometric properties, and describe the diagnostic rationale nurses and nursing students with selected variables. The DTI is a Canadian inventory based on the theory of hypothesis generation, created to measure the diagnostic ability. The inventory has two sub-sections (flexibility in thinking and evidence structure knowledge in memory). The DTIs translation process resulted in a Brazilian version applied to a sample of 83 nurses (28,9%); average age of 29,7 ± 6,6 years, and 205 students (71,1%); average age of 24,7 ± 5,61years. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis concerning a moderate fit for the DTI model (2 = 1369; GFI= 0,793; AGFI= 0,771; RMSEA= 0,053; NFI= 0,458; NNFI= 0,635; CFI= 0,654 e SRMR= 0,068) and the internal consistence (Cronbachs alpha) showed a good internal consistency to total score (0,801), flexibility (0,635) and evidence (0,742). Persons coefficient of correlation showed that the DTI has good reproducibility over time (0.806; p=0,001). No have difference between nurses flexibility scores (4,1±0,48; IC 95% 3,98 4,18) and students scores (4,2±0,51; IC 95% 4,1 4,3) (p=0215). No have too difference between nurses evidence structure scores (4,3±0,59; IC 95%, 4,1 4,4) and students scores (4,3±0,53 IC 95% 4,2 4,4) (p=0,742).The variables applied together with the DTI presented significant differences: nursing diagnosis in graduate course (flexibility p=0,001; evidence structure p=0,009); clinical reasoning in graduate course (flexibility p=0,031; evidence structure p>0,001); nursing diagnosis with read and research (evidence structure p=0,001); nursing diagnosis with clinical practice (evidence structure p<0,001); self-evaluation of clinical reasoning ability (flexibility p= 0,003; evidence structure p< 0,001) and for only nurses, the diary clinical practice with use of nursing diagnosis (evidence structure p<0,001).The analysis results lead to the conclusion that to use and to teach about nursing diagnosis is very important to diagnostic reasoning in nursing, although other studies are needed to confirm or adjust the Brazilian version of the DTI.

Trata-se da modificação do instrumento Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System Intermediate: TISS-Intermediário para atender à necessidade do enfermeiro em quantificar a assistência de enfermagem residencial do paciente, no momento da alta hospitalar. O TISS – Intermediário foi traduzido para a língua portuguesa e adaptado para estabelecer horas diárias de assistência domiciliar, através da Técnica Delphi, tendo como participantes 16 enfermeiros, nomeados juízes, que atuam em empresas de assistência domiciliar e determinam horas diárias de assistência de enfermagem para pacientes que necessitam de atendimento na residência, após a hospitalização. A Técnica Delphi foi desenvolvida em três fases. Na primeira, os juízes acrescentaram ao instrumento original as intervenções que estão presentes nessa modalidade de assistência e que não constavam no TISS – Intermediário. Na segunda fase, os juízes avaliaram a pertinência das intervenções em relação à assistência na residência. Na terceira fase as intervenções de enfermagem foram classificadas, segundo seu tipo e foi estimado o tempo necessário para sua execução. Como conclusão deste estudo, apresenta-se um instrumento para dimensionar horas diárias de assistência de enfermagem residencial, para ser validado clinicamente e utilizado para subsidiar as decisões dos enfermeiros que atuam na avaliação dos pacientes em alta hospitalar, com extensão dos cuidados em sua residência. / This study deals with the modification of the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring Intermediate (TISS) to the needs of the nurse in quantifying the patient’s residential nursing assistance upon release from the hospital. TISS has been translated to Portuguese and adapted to establish daily hours of domiciliary assistance through the Delphi Technique, having as participants 16 nurses nominated as judges, who are active in domiciliary assistance companies and who determine daily hours of nursing assistance for patients who need residential services following hospitalization. The Delphi Technique was develope in three phases. In the first, the judges added to the original instrument the interventions present in this assistance modality and which were not part of the TISS. In the second phase, the judges evaluated the pertinence of the interventions to the residential assistance. In the third phase, the nursing interventions were classified according to their type and the time for their execution was estimated. As a conclusion of this study, is the presentation of an instrument to dimension daily residential nursing assistance hours to be clinically validated and utilized to subsidize the decisions of the nurses who act in the evaluation of patients who have been released from the hospital with an extension of care to their residences.

Orientador: Edineis de Brito Guirardello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T04:57:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dini_ArianePolidoro_M.pdf: 3689773 bytes, checksum: 7e810e4f2896881c58fdfaf20de59236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A classificação de pacientes possibilita estimar a demanda de cuidados de enfermagem, sendo essencial para dimensionar pessoal, planejar custos e garantir o padrão de qualidade da assistência. Considerando a inexistência de instrumentos específicos para classificar pacientes pediátricos, o presente estudo, que se insere na linha de pesquisa Processo de Cuidar em Saúde e Enfermagem, teve como objetivos: a) construir um instrumento para classificação de pacientes pediátricos em categorias de cuidado; b) conceituar as categorias de cuidado em pediatria; c) avaliar a validade e a confiabilidade do instrumento. Trata-se de uma pesquisa metodológica que, para a construção do instrumento e conceituação das categorias de cuidado, fundamentou-se em referências bibliográficas sobre desenvolvimento infantil, instrumentos de medida e sistemas de classificação de pacientes. Para a validade de conteúdo do instrumento utilizou-se a técnica Delphi. A validade das conceituações das categorias de cuidado foi avaliada por um grupo de juízes formado por docentes de enfermagem, enfermeiros assistenciais e gerencias. A confiabilidade foi avaliada quanto ao aspecto de equivalência, com a aplicação simultânea do instrumento por dois observadores e pôde ser interpretada por meio do coeficiente de concordância de Kappa (k). A versão final do instrumento, denominado Instrumento de Classificação de Pacientes Pediátricos, foi obtida após quatro fases da técnica Delphi e ficou constituída de 11 indicadores: Atividade, Intervalo de aferição de controles, Terapêutica medicamentosa, Oxigenação, Integridade cutâneo mucosa, Mobilidade e deambulação, Higiene corporal, Alimentação e hidratação, Eliminações, Participação do acompanhante e Rede de apoio e suporte.Para cada indicador estabeleceu-se quatro situações de dependência de cuidados, graduadas de um a quatro pontos, de forma crescente quanto à demanda de enfermagem; O paciente deve ser classificado em todos os indicadores na graduação que melhor corresponder a sua condição, em seguida somam-se os pontos obtidos e verifica-se a categoria de cuidado correspondente. Foram validadas cinco categorias de cuidados: Mínimos, Intermediários, Alta-dependência, Semi-intensivos e Intensivos. Quanto à confiabilidade obteve-se níveis de concordância ótima para os indicadores: Oxigenação (k= 0,86), Terapêutica medicamentosa (k= 0,84), Eliminações (k= 0,84), Participação do acompanhante (k= 0,82), Rede de apoio e suporte (k= 0,81); bons para: Higiene corporal (k= 0,67); Mobilidade e deambulação (k= 0,66), Integridade cutâneo mucosa e Alimentação e hidratação (k= 0,60), Intervalo de aferição de controles (k= 0,41); tendo apenas o indicador Atividade com fraco nível de concordância (k= 0,38). O Instrumento de Classificação de Pacientes Pediátricos revela-se prático e possui evidências positivas quanto à confiabilidade. Portanto, recomenda-se seu uso como ferramenta para tomada de decisão no processo gerencial em unidades de internação pediátrica, pois há evidências de que subsidia melhor alocação de recursos humanos favorecendo a melhoria da qualidade assistencial / Abstract: Patients classification possibility the measurement of nursing effort required being essential to determination and assignment of nursing care personnel, plan costs and assure the quality standards. Considering the inexistence of a specific instrument to classify pediatrics patient Classification System (PCS) specific for pediatrics, the present study, inserted in the Research Line "Processo de Cuidar em Saúde e Enfermagem", aimed to: a) Develop na instrument to classify pediatrics patients; b) propose the conceptualization for the pediatrics care categories c) to evaluate the instrument's validity and reliability. It's a methodological research. The construction of the instrument and the conceptualization of patient care categories was based in bibliographical review about development of children, measurement scales and Patient Classification System. The content validation of the instrument was done by the Delphi technique. The validity of the concepts for pediatrics care categories was evaluated by a group of experts of nursing teachers, RN nurses and managers nurses. The reliability was evaluated by the equivalence, by using the instrument at the same time for two observers and it was interpretated by the Kappa coefficients. The final version of the instrument, called Pediatrics Patient Classification Instrument, was possible after four stages of the Delphi method, and it was constituted of 11 indicators of care: Activity, Interval of controls, Medication therapy, Oxygenation, Skin integrity, Mobility and Deambulation, Body hygiene, Feeding, Eliminations, Family participation and Support. Each indicator of care was pointed from one to four points, reflecting the increasing of nursing intensity. One must be classificated in each indicators in the situation that better reflects its state, than add the points and verify the care categorie. It has been considerated five pediatrics care categories: ?Minimum, Intermediary, High- dependency, Semi-intensive and Intensive Care?. The evaluation of reliability got levels of excellent agreement for the indicators: Oxygenation (k= 0,86), Medication therapy (k= 0,84), Eliminations (k= 0,84), Family participation (k= 0,82), Support (k= 0,81); good for: Body hygiene (k= 0,67); Mobility and Deambulation (k= 0,66), Skin integrity e Feeding (k= 0,60), Interval of controls (k= 0,41); and only the indicator Activity had weak level of agreement (k= 0,38). The Pediatrics Patient Classification Instrument, has demonstrated to be practice and shows positive evidence of its reliability. Therefore, its use is recommendable like a helpful mean in decision making of management of Pediatrics units, because it has evidences that the patient classification subsidizes allocation of resource better providing the improvement of the assistance quality / Mestrado / Enfermagem e Trabalho / Mestre em Enfermagem

Orientador: Edinêis de Brito Guirardello / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T22:05:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dini_ArianePolidoro_D.pdf: 2682415 bytes, checksum: 9d3299480d04b448223c89667f0f5d66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A classificação de pacientes é um método para estimar as demandas de cuidados dos pacientes e promover comunicação efetiva dos enfermeiros para que possam planejar o padrão de cuidado, equalizar o escalonamento da equipe de enfermagem, argumentar e advogar pelos pacientes na gestão de enfermagem. Estudo misto com referencial quantitativo cujo objetivo geral foi validar o instrumento para a classificação de pacientes pediátricos proposto por Dini e os objetivos específicos foram: validar o conteúdo e o construto do instrumento; verificar a associação entre a idade e a classificação de pacientes em categorias de cuidado; e verificar a confiabilidade do instrumento quanto a sua homogeneidade e consistência interna. O estudo foi realizado em três fases: Na primeira fase a validação do conteúdo do instrumento ocorreu concomitantemente à coleta de dados para verificar a validade de construto e confiabilidade do ICPP. A segunda fase contemplou uma nova coleta de dados para monitorar as propriedades de validade de construto e confiabilidade do instrumento após o refinamento de seu conteúdo. Na terceira fase foram coletados e analisados os dados quanto à validade e à confiabilidade do instrumento revisado após o término de sua validação de conteúdo. A coleta de dados ocorreu em hospital universitário no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram analisados com auxílio do SPSS®. A confiabilidade foi avaliada quanto à homogeneidade com a aferição do coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach e quanto à consistência interna, por meio da correlação item-total e item item. A validação do conteúdo foi realizada por experts e avaliada pelo índice de validade de conteúdo. A Análise Fatorial Exploratória foi utilizada para avaliar validade de construto. Na primeira fase, foram classificados 227 pacientes pediátricos. A homogeneidade do instrumento foi evidenciada (alfa=0,76) e a avaliação do construto identificou três domínios no instrumento original: Família, Paciente e Procedimentos Terapêuticos; no entanto os valores de comunalidades e carga fatorial indicaram que alguns indicadores apresentavam problemas de clareza, tendo sido conduzido um refinamento em seu conteúdo. Na segunda fase foram classificados 166 pacientes e o instrumento refinado apresentou confiabilidade (alfa=0,775). A análise fatorial identifica apenas dois construtos não suficientemente fundamentados pelo modelo de assistência centrado na família, tendo sido realizada uma nova análise fatorial exploratória com a mesma amostra, com exclusão dos pacientes intensivos. Foram identificados novamente os três domínios que possibilitam a avaliação da assistência centrada na família e os achados permitiram a revisão do conteúdo anteriormente refinado. Na terceira fase o instrumento revisado apresentou confiabilidade (?= 0,77). O processo de validação do Instrumento de Classificação de Pacientes Pediátricos permitiu desenvolver a possibilidade de avaliação dos pacientes pediátricos sob a abordagem do cuidado centrado na família e incorporar com maior clareza algumas necessidades essenciais da infância como brincadeiras, interação e afeto. Recomenda-se a utilização do instrumento validado nesse estudo para avaliação das necessidades do paciente pediátrico enquanto indivíduo de um sistema familiar. Considerando que o processo de validação não é estanque, novos estudos são recomendados para monitorar a validade e a confiabilidade do instrumento em outras realidades / Abstract: Patient classification is a method for estimating the demands of patient care and to promote effective communication of nurses in order to plan the standard of care equalize the staffing and scheduling and to advocate for patients. Multi methods study that aimed to validate Dini's Pediatric Patient Classification Instrument. The specific objectives were to evaluate the content and the construct validity; and to evaluate the instrument's reliability. The study was conducted in three stages. Data collection occurred at a university hospital in the state of São Paulo. Data were analysed by the SPSS®. The reliability was assessed by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, correlation with item-total-item and item-item. The content validation was done through questionnaires sent to registered nurses, nurse teachers and nurse researches and evaluated by content validity index. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. In the first phase, 227pediatric patients were classified. Data showed that the instrument is reliable (alfa= 0.763). It was identified three constructs: Pediatric patient, Therapeutic procedures, and Familiar participation. However the factor loadings and the communalitties suggested that some indicators had structural problems. In the second stage the content validation consented to the findings of the factor analysis and the content of the instrument was improved. In the third and last stage 166 patients were classified. Data showed that the instrument is still reliable (alfa=0.775). Factor analysis only identified two constructs that couldn't explains the theoretical model of Family-centered-care. It was done a third factor analysis on the same sample excluding intensive care patients that identified three constructs again and the findings allowed the content revision. In the third stage, only 61 patients were classified. The instrument showed reliability (?= 0.77). The validation process of the Pediatric Patient Classification Instrument allowed its development in order to incorporate some children's essential needs into its content, like childhood play, interaction and affection. It is recommended the use of the instrument validated in this study to assess the needs of the pediatric patient in its familiar context. Considering that the validation process is continuous, further studies are recommended to monitor the validity and the reliability in daily practice / Doutorado / Enfermagem / Doutora em Enfermagem

M.Cur. / One of the most important qualities of the primary health care nurse is to possess the necessary psychomotor , cognitive, affective and specific managerial skills to enable her to perform her diagnostic, therapeutic and interpersonal activities. These skills enable the primary health care nurse to provide quality care through physical examination, prescribing and storing drugs and keeping the necessary written records and statistics. The White Paper on Transformation of Health Care Services recommends that . the Department of Health trains primary health care personnel according to the appropriate level of care. Primary health care nurses fall under the categories of health care providers that are regarded by the department of health as a training pnonty. This training also needs to be coordinated and, if necessary, rationalised. Particular emphasis should be placed on training personnel for rendering effective primary health care. If the curriculum for the training of primary health care nurses is to be reviewed successfully, it should reflect community needs more accurately and the teaching should place more emphasis on community-and outcome-based programmes. This research was undertaken to explore and describe the perceptions held about health assessment, treatment and care programmes by primary health care nurses ·to assist those involved in the provision of health care to render quality care. The aim of this study was to explore and describe whether primary health care nurses are equipped with the skills they require in health assessment, treatment and care. The researcher used an exploratory, descriptive and contextual, design to do this. The data was obtained through focus group interviews with community nurses in the first phase, and with patients in the second phase of data collection respectively. In the. third phase, guidelines were compiled from the data obtained in phases one and two to outline how primary health care nurses should function in health assessment, treatment and care of their patients. The results of this research show that the community nurses and patients perceive primary health care nurses to be skilful in psychomotor, cognitive and attitude aspects.

The overall aim of the thesis was to study clinical decision making in nursing. This was performed by evaluation of the quality of nurses’ diagnostic statements and comparison of the concordance between nurses and patients’ perceptions of the patients’ nursing needs, as well as patient preferences for participation in clinical decision making. Further, predictors regarding patients’ active participation were investigated. Quasi-experimental, comparative and cross-sectional descriptive study designs were used to collect data in acute care settings from randomly selected patient records (n = 140), nurse-patient dyads (n = 80), and patients discharged from hospital care (n = 428). Data were gathered using questionnaires and review of patient records. The quality of nurses’ diagnostic statements improved by the means of education directed to nurses and implementation of new forms for recording supporting nursing care planning (I). Discrepancies were found concerning patients and nurses’ perceptions about what constitutes a problem for the patient as well as the severity and importance of acting on the problem (II). Further, nurses perceived that their patients preferred to be more active in clinical decision making compared with the patients’ own preferences for participation (III). Gender, education, living situation, and occupation were identified as predictors for preferring an active role in clinical decision making (IV). The conclusions are that the accuracy of diagnostic statements needs to be addressed and validated further through systematic assessment of the patients’ perceptions and preferences concerning the health situation and preferences for participation in clinical decision making. Clinical implications are that nurses need to involve patients in identifying patient problems of relevance for nursing. Further, nurses also need to be aware of patients’ preferences for participation in clinical decision making in order that they can plan care in accordance with patient preferences and allow participation to the degree preferred by the patient. / Patientens delaktighet i kliniskt beslutsfattande i omvårdnad – ett gemensamt ansvar för patienter och sjuksköterskor Bakgrund Patienten har, med bas i lagstiftning och förordningar, en stark ställning inom svensk hälso- och sjukvård. Det grundas delvis på en samhällelig uppfattning om betydelsen av patientens delaktighet i såväl planering som genomförande av sin egen vård. I ett etiskt perspektiv har delaktigheten ett värde i sig själv, som en förutsättning för individens autonomi och integritet. Sjuksköterskan identifierar patientens behov och problem i syfte att kunna ge en individuellt anpassad omvårdnad. Sjuksköterskan har ofta djupgående professionell kunskap om patientens omvårdnadsproblem, medan patienten har preferenser och värderingar om vårdens genomförande. Om planeringen av omvårdnaden inte utgår från patientens preferenser så finns det stor risk att patientens perspektiv inte kommer med som bedömningsgrund. En samsyn mellan patient och sjuksköterska om patientens behov av omvårdnad och roll i beslutsfattandet kan öka möjligheten att optimera omvårdnadsinsatserna och främja en hög kvalitet på omvårdnaden. Kunskapen om kliniskt beslutsfattande inom omvårdnad är bristfällig, framförallt med fokus på patientens delaktighet och graden av samsyn mellan patienternas och sjuksköterskornas subjektiva perspektiv. Syfte Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att undersöka kliniskt beslutsfattande inom omvårdnad med speciellt fokus på omvårdnadsdiagnosers kvalitet, patientens delaktighet i beslutsprocessen och överensstämmelsen mellan patienters och sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om behov och problem inom omvårdnad. Specifika syften för respektive delarbeten var att I) undersöka effekten av utbildning i omvårdnadsdiagnostik riktad till sjuksköterskor och utveckling av journaldokument på omvårdnadsdiagnosers kvalitet; II) beskriva överensstämmelse i patienters och sjuksköterskors bedömningar av förekomst, svårighetsgrad och betydelse av problem inom omvårdnaden; III) beskriva samstämmighet mellan patienters och sjuksköterskors uppfattning om patientens preferenser för delaktighet i kliniskt beslutsfattande i omvårdnaden, samt samstämmighet mellan patienters preferenser och faktiska erfarenhet av delaktighet; och IV) identifiera prediktorer för patienters preferenser att delta i kliniskt beslutsfattande om den egna omvårdnaden. Material och metod Studier har genomförts med beskrivande, jämförande och kvasi-experimentell design på avdelningar inom somatisk sjukhusvård. Urvalet består av 140 patientjournaler (studie I), 80 patient-sjuksköterskepar (studie II och III), samt 428 patienter som nyligen blivit utskrivna från somatisk sjukhusvård (studie IV). Data har insamlats genom granskning av innehåll i patientjournaler samt genom enkäter till patienter och sjuksköterskor. Instrumenten CAT-CH-ING och Control Preference Scale har använts tillsammans med frågeformulär som utvecklats specifikt för studien. Resultat Delarbete I Kvaliteten på omvårdnadsdiagnoserna förbättrades signifikant efter att sjuksköterskorna på experimentavdelningen genomgått en utbildning och nya journaldokument hade introducerats. Störst kvarvarande svårigheter var förknippade med hur etiologin i omvårdnadsdiagnosen formulerades. Omvårdnadsdiagnosernas kvalitet förbättrades inte på motsvarande sätt på kontrollavdelningarna. Delarbete II Sjuksköterskorna identifierade de omvårdnadsbehov och problem som patienterna uppfattade sig ha med en sensitivitet på 0.53 och ett prediktivt värde på 0.50. Det innebär att patienterna delvis identifierade andra problem än sjuksköterskorna, framför allt var det vanligt inom områdena nutrition, sömn, smärta och känslor/andlighet. Sjuksköterskorna underskattade problemens svårighetsgrad för 47 % av de behov och problem som hade identifierats gemensamt av patienter och sjuksköterskor. En gemensam uppfattning om betydelsen av att få stöd och hjälp med att lösa omvårdnadsproblemet fanns i knappt hälften av fallen. Delarbete III En majoritet av sjuksköterskorna uppfattade att patienterna föredrog att vara mer aktiva i det kliniska beslutsfattandet om omvårdnad än vad patienterna själv uppgav. Sammanlagt 61 % av patienterna föredrog en passiv roll i beslutsfattandet medan sjuksköterskorna angav att 24 % ville vara passiva. Preferenser om en aktiv roll i beslutsfattande angavs av 9 % av patienterna medan sjuksköterskorna hade uppfattat att 45 % av patienterna föredrog en aktiv roll. Totalt 71 % av patienterna upplevde att de inte hade varit delaktiga i den utsträckning de själva hade föredragit, 37 % hade varit mer passiva och 34 % mer aktiva. Patienterna uppgav att de intagit en mer passiv roll än vad de hade önskat i samband med behov och problem inom områdena kommunikation, andning och smärta, medan en mer aktiv roll än önskat förekom i samband med behov och problem inom områdena aktivitet och känslor/roller. Delarbete IV En majoritet av patienterna i sluten somatisk vård föredrog att inledningsvis under vårdperioden inta en passiv roll i kliniskt beslutsfattande om omvårdnad. Sammanlagt 22 % av patienterna föredrog en aktiv roll. Faktorer som predicerade preferenser för att inta en aktiv roll var kön (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.8), utbildning (OR = 2.2), levnadsförhållanden (OR = 1.8) och sysselsättning, d.v.s. om personen var yrkesarbetande eller pensionär (OR = 2.0). Sannolikheten var 53 % att en pensionerad högutbildad kvinna som levde ensam föredrog att vara aktiv i beslutsfattandet om sin egen omvårdnad. Sannolikheten för att en yrkesarbetande lågutbildad man som levde tillsammans med någon annan föredrog att vara aktiv var 8 %. Slutsats Kvaliteten på de omvårdnadsdiagnoser som sjuksköterskan ställer kan förbättras genom utbildning men orsakerna till omvårdnadsproblemet behöver identifieras på ett tydligare sätt. Det fanns en skillnad i hur patienter och sjuksköterskor uppfattade vad som utgjorde ett omvårdnadsbehov eller problem samt problemets svårighetsgrad och betydelse. Sjuksköterskan identifierade 53 % av de omvårdnadsproblem som patienten själv identifierade, samtidigt som sjuksköterskan identifierade andra omvårdnadsproblem som inte patienten uppfattade. Uppfattningarna skiljde sig också åt om vilken roll patienten föredrog att ha i det kliniska beslutsfattande om omvårdnad. Faktorer som kunde predicera patientens preferenser att ha en aktiv roll i kliniskt beslutsfattande var kön, utbildningsnivå, boendesituation och om personen yrkesarbetade eller var pensionär. En slutsats av den påvisade diskrepansen i uppfattningar är att sjuksköterskor i högre grad behöver involvera patienterna i en diskussion om hälsotillståndet, behovet av omvårdnad och patientens önskan att delta i beslut om sin omvårdnad. Det är nödvändigt för att så långt det är möjligt kunna uppnå en samsyn som grund för planering och genomförande av omvårdnaden. Om sjuksköterskan validerar sina egna bedömningar om behovet av omvårdnad med patienten kan kvaliteten på bedömningarna förbättras. Patientens perspektiv blir en explicit del av beslutsunderlaget vid planering av omvårdnad vilket sannolikt också påverkar omvårdnadens innehåll och därmed även omvårdnadens kvalitet. Det bästa sättet att identifiera det individuella perspektivet är genom en systematisk bedömning i dialog mellan sjuksköterskan och den enskilde patienten. Mötet och dialogen mellan patienten och sjuksköterskan är en förutsättning för en god omvårdnad men är också en central del av själva omvårdnaden.

M.Cur. / Daar is nie genoeg effektiewe, bekostigbare oogsorgdienste in Suid-Afrika nie. Suid-Afrika beskik oor meer geregistreerde verpleegkundiges as algemene praktisyns, oftalmoloe of optometriste. Daar bestaan reeds 'n goedgekeurde kursus in oftalmologiese verpleging en daarom is geregistreerde verpleegkundiges die mees geskikte vir opleiding in oftalmologie. Dit sal meer kosteeffektief wees om 'n verpleegkundige in primere oogsorg aan te wend. Tans is daar 'n groot aanvraag vir oogsorg op primere vlak. In Suid-Afrika, wat gedeeltelik 'n derdewereldland en gedeeltelik 'n eerstewereldland is, is primere oogsorg nog heeltemal ontoereikend, aangesien die meeste van die oogsorgdienste in die hoofstede gesentreer is. Dit veroorsaak dat die oftalmologiese departemente heeltemal oorlaai word deur oogtoestande wat op primere vlak gehanteer kan word. Navorsing het getoon dat 85% van pasiente wel op primere of sekondere vlak gehanteer kan word (Community Eye Health Workshop, 1996). Die persentasie mense met belemmerde visie (tydelik of permanent) word jaarliks meer, en die beste manier om dit te verhoed is die vroegtydige opsporing van daardie pasiente op primere vlak. In Suid-Afrika word die dienste van oftalmologiese verpleegkundiges nog nie ten voile benut nie, terwyl hulle, as gevolg van hul opleiding, 'n groot rol behoort te speel in die voorkoming van belemmerde visie. Dit geld veral op plattelandse gebiede, waar die oftalmologiese verpleegkundige die eerste kontakpersoon is. In stedelike gebiede, waar daar lang waglyste is by openbare gesondheidsorghospitale, behoort die oftalmologiese verpleegkundige ook aangewend te word om waglyste te verkort. Die vraag ontstaan dus: Wat is die rol van die oftalmologiese verpleegkundige in primere oogsorg?