This diploma thesis deals with the institute Transfer of rights and obligations arising from the labour relations under the Czech legal system in comparison with European legislation and namely in the light of the Czech and EU's judicial decisions. The text is divided into three main parts. In the first part there are generally determined the labour relations, their elements and possible change of them. The second part describes the institute, the impact on the concerned employees and all rights and obligations with the transfer related. The third part is about the situations, when the Transfer of undertaking occurs in accordance with special regulations. There are raised the questions in the text, which could occur in this context with the change of the employer, and the author attempts them more or less to answer with the assistance of the decisions of courts.

The thesis is focused on the analysis of legislation concerning loans and usage of contractual undertakings for the purpose of protection of the credit institution in the field of loans provided to corporations. Loan represent an economic tool that enables to provide a temporarily unused financial sources to another subject based on agreed terms and returnable character for the consideration in the form of interest payment. Corporation represent a form of legal person that is based on organized association of persons (physical and legal). The credit institution is exposed to a number of risks in relation to loans business. In the forefront it is exposed to the credit risk of non-payment of the debt by the debtor at maturity date mainly because of factual inability (deficient sources) to repay the debt. The credit institution is next to the credit risk exposed to other risks - liquidity risk, market risks (interest and exchange rate risk) and risk of changes of legislation (regulatory environment). Analysis of applicable contractual undertakings for the purpose of reduction of credit and other risks represent the main focus of the thesis. The thesis is in this context focused also on the economic aspects next to the legal issues, especially risk analysis beforehand of the application of the...

Positive obligations of state arising from Art. 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights focusing on persons with disabilities Absolute prohibition of torture and ill-treatment is clearly set in article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. When assessing particular obligations, which are arising out of it, we need to look deep into the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence. The aim of this thesis is to analyse positive obligations of state arising from article 3 focusing on persons with disabilities. This is achieved also with the aid of various human right bodies such as UN Human Rights Committee, UN Committee on Torture or UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Due to the fact that this area is not really covered yet, certain parts of this thesis are focused on defining important terms and putting them together. The approach is analytic with elements of comparison between the view of European Court of Human Rights and other relevant international human rights bodies. The thesis is composed of three main chapters. Chapter One is introductory and defines the main terms such as ill-treatment, torture, scope of the article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights in connection with rights of persons with disabilities and the concept of positive obligations...

The thesis deals with possibilities of using Unified Foundational Ontology in modeling the onto-logical model of the public administration client, which was created as a result of the Optimiza-tion of life situations in relation to the Register of Rights and Obligations project. The main aim of this thesis is to extend and propose a modification of the current methodology of modeling the ontological model of the public administration client corresponding to the UFO-A ontology. By analyzing the current methodology and ontological model, it proposes the incorporation of OntoUML, which is based on UFO-A ontology. Its key benefit is the methodology of modeling the ontological model of the public administration client corresponding to the UFO-A ontology. The proposed methodology is presented in a case study.

L’obligation et le devoir sont très souvent confondus. Pourtant, leur distinction est fondamentale. La présente étude propose de les distinguer en puisant le critère de la distinction dans la structure et dans la source de la situation de passivité envisagée. Sous l’angle de sa structure, l’obligation se distingue du devoir par l’existence d’un débiteur et d’un créancier déterminés. La structure de l’obligation permet de la distinguer des devoirs à sujets indéterminés. Néanmoins, ce critère ne suffit pas à distinguer l’obligation des devoirs à sujets déterminés. Il doit être combiné avec un second critère tiré de la source de la situation de passivité. Sous l’angle de sa source, l’obligation dérive de l’autorité seule de la loi ou de l’intervention du débiteur. La source de l’obligation permet de la distinguer des devoirs extra-légaux et des devoirs extra-juridiques. La distinction de l’obligation et du devoir est utile. À cette distinction s’attachent des intérêts pratiques dans le contentieux de la responsabilité civile et en dehors de ce contentieux. Mais, l’obligation et le devoir ne sont pas séparés par une cloison étanche. Leur distinction est caractérisée par sa souplesse et il existe des ressemblances entre les deux notions. Séparés par leur structure et par leur source, l’obligation et le devoir se rapprochent par l’objet et par le sujet. Il en résulte qu’une même personne peut être tenue d’accomplir la même prestation en vertu d’une obligation et en vertu d’un devoir. / Obligations and duties are often confused. However, their distinction is fundamental. The present essay proposes to distinguish the two concepts by drawing the criterion of distinction in the structure and the source of the situation of passivity. In terms of structure, the obligationdiffers from the duty by the existence of a determined debtor and creditor. The structure of the obligation separates it from duties that do not exist between two determined parties. Nevertheless, this first criterion is insufficient. It does not make it possible to distinguish between obligations and duties that exist between determined parties. Therefore, it must be combined with a second criterion that is drawn in the source of the situation of passivity. In terms of its source, obligations derive from the rule of law or the intervention of the debtor. The source of the obligation separates it from non-statutory duties and non-legal duties. The distinction between obligations and duties is useful. It has practical use within liability proceedings and outside such proceedings. However, the present essay does not merely highlight the differences between obligations and duties. Their distinction is flexible, in that it reveals similarities between the two concepts. Separated by their structure and their source, obligations and duties have a similar object and a similar subject. In effect, the same person may be required to accomplish the same performance under an obligation or under a duty.

This diploma thesis discuss ontologies, ontological modelling and its practical usage in the project Optimization of life situations in relation to the Register of Rights and Obligations. Ontological modelling provides unification of concepts and their meanings. The aim of the thesis is creation of an extension of the ontological model based on knowledge gained in the theoretical part, propose methodology changes and create a concept of possible future usage of the model.

Dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population, d’émergence de maladies nouvelles et d’accroissement des risques, la place de la santé dans le droit des obligations interroge. Retenue au stade de la formation du contrat lorsqu’elle influe sur les conditions essentielles de validité du contrat, la santé du cocontractant est-elle appréhendée, par la théorie générale des obligations, au stade de l’exécution ? C’est sous l’angle de l’altération de la santé que la question mérite d’être traitée. Cette notion, qui ne saurait se réduire à la maladie, va en effet permettre d’appréhender la modification de l’état initial de santé du cocontractant survenant pendant l’exécution du contrat, voire consécutivement à l’exécution même du contrat. C’est en réalité parce que la santé apparaît comme un élément du champ contractuel, tantôt révélé, tantôt consacré par le juge, que l’altération de la santé est prise en compte au stade de l’exécution du contrat. Lorsqu’elle vient perturber l’exécution contractuelle, le juge est amené à l’ériger en cause soit d’adaptation soit d’extinction du contrat. Dans l’hypothèse où l’exécution du contrat rejaillit sur la santé du cocontractant, l’appréhension de son altération va conduire à réparer, mais surtout préserver la santé de ce dernier. Les mécanismes tant contractuels qu’indemnitaires vont ainsi permettre de responsabiliser les contractants, participant alors à la prévention de l’altération de la santé consécutive à une exécution défectueuse du contrat. Aussi cette étude a-t-elle révélé que l’exécution du contrat est placée sous la dépendance de la santé. Si l’appréhension de l’altération de la santé se trouve théoriquement justifiée, ne devrait-elle toutefois pas être plus largement prise en compte ? Sans remettre en cause les fondements mêmes de l’appréhension de l’altération de la santé, diverses propositions sont formulées en ce sens. / In the context of population ageing, of new diseases emerging and of increasing risks, the role of health within contract law is questioned. The health of the contractor is considered at the formation of the contract when it influences the essential conditions of its validity. However, is the health of the party considered at the performance of the contract using the general theory of obligations? It is from the viewpoint of the alteration of health that the issue should be treated. This concept, which cannot merely be reduced to illness, will indeed allow to address the modification in the initial state of healthof the contractor during the performance of the contract, or even following its execution. It is actually because health appears as an element of the contract, either because it is revealed or because it is enshrined by the judge, that the alteration of health is taken into account at the stage of performance of the contract. When the alteration of health disrupts the performance of the contract, the judge raises it as a cause for adaptation or termination of contract. In the event the contract has an impact on the health of the contractor, the consideration of the alteration will lead to compensation but also to the protection of his health. Both contractual and indemnity mechanisms will enable contractors to be accountable, thus helping to prevent the alteration of health following a defective performance of the contract. This analysis also demonstrates that the performance of the contract depends upon the health of the contractor. If the consideration of the alteration of health appears theoretically justified, should it not be more widely taken into account? Without calling into question the foundations of the consideration of the alteration of health, various proposals are expressed to this end.

Acteur essentiel du droit de la santé, le patient est au cœur du système de santé français. Néanmoins, l'assurance maladie, financeur du système de santé, est très souvent éludée lorsqu'il s'agit de s'interroger sur le patient. Or, c'est la figure même du patient assuré social qui émerge du système de santé. Aussi, les articulations entre le droit de la santé et de l'assurance maladie soulèvent des questions. Par ailleurs, le patient assuré social est également titulaire de droits qui semblent avoir pour corollaire des obligations. La compréhension de l'articulation de ces droits au regard du droit de la santé et de l'assurance maladie paraît inéluctable tout comme la nécessaire recherche et qualification d'obligations. C'est ainsi une certaine vision de notre système de santé qui se dégage de la recherche de ces normes applicables. / As an essential character in the health care law, the patient is the cornerstone of the French health care system. But the French Health Insurance, which is the financial base of this system, is often ignored in the studies dedicated to the patient. Nevertheless, a real concept of an insured patient has emerged from the French health care system. Consequently, the connections between health care law and health insurance law have to be questioned. Furthermore, the rights owned by this insured patient seem to have corollary duties ; understanding the combinations between these rights under the health care law and health insurance law is unavoidable, as well as the necessary research and qualification of related duties. In the end, it appears that the research of these rules reveals a particular conception of the health care system.

Legal aspects of care for dependent persons More than half a million people in the Czech Republic is directly affected by the issue of care for dependent persons. It concerns not only those who are relying on care due to a physical or mental disability, but also those who provide the necessary care. Regarding the providers, so-called informal carers constitute majority of them. They are often family members who provide care without any official formalization, contract, or registration. However, as a group, informal carers are repeatedly overlooked. While emphasising the rights, duties and needs of both dependent persons and carers, this paper aims to comprehensively evaluate the current legal framework regulating the care for dependent persons. Firstly, the system of care in the Czech Republic is generally described followed by the presentation of specific forms of care highlighting the position of informal carers. Secondly, the paper brings up an analysis of basic activities of daily living that are crucial for the assessment of dependence. Subsequently, the administrative procedure in which the assessment is undergone is closely depicted. Nevertheless, the main focus of the paper lies in the analysis of the rights and obligations of the persons dependent on care and the informal carers. Hence,...

This study analyzes article 12 of the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. The “right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health”.This article is analyzed in the context of herd immunity and mandatory vaccination. The analysis has been conducted through critical discourse analysis and analyzed through the terms of fairness, morality and obligations in former research at issue.The aim of this paper is to shed light on the flaws of article 12 which fails in its purpose to protect every human being, especially the most vulnerable. This may happen when individuals are allowed to act according to their own personal interests in ways that can negatively affect the public health especially for those who cannot be vaccinated.It is established by law that no one can be forced to get vaccinated. This paper analyzes if there are other incentives to motivate people to get vaccinated to protect others.Through a fairness perspective, it is argued that the individual should get vaccinated to protect others. This can help to protect those individuals who cannot get vaccinated. Those who have the capacity have a duty to do more. The effort of getting vaccinated is minimal and the resulting herd immunity means that even those who are not vaccinated are protected from infection. There are several studies that proves that individuals are more inclined to contribute to the common good if it is done with fairness and equality.Morality as a concept lacks a common or universal definition. Therefore, morality cannot be used as a reason or a motive.The “right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health” is protected by article 12. This paper argues that those who cannot get immunized through vaccination are not included in this protection. The same article also protects the individual’s right to make their own decision regarding their immunity. The decision of abstaining vaccination when otherwise able to get immunized can mean life or death for those that do not have the option to get vaccinated. The consequence of individual decision-making becomes unclear. The state, as the party responsible to uphold the covenant, cannot protect the most vulnerable since the right to bodily integrity weighs heavier than the common good. When more people choose not to get vaccinated the most vulnerable are less protected from disease and infection. The unprotected cannot claim accountability from the state. The outdated covenant protects only some of the people, not all of them as it is supposed to do. Especially the most vulnerable.