In the 1980s, the evolution of engineering methods and techniques yielded the object-oriented approaches. Specifically, object orientation was established in software engineering, gradually relieving structured approaches. In other domains, e.g. systems engineering, object orientation is not well established. As a result, different domains employ different methods and techniques. This makes it difficult to exchange information between the domains, e.g. passing systems engineering information for further refinement to software engineering. This thesis presents a generic principle for bridging the gap between structured and object-oriented specification techniques. The principle enables interoperability of structured and object-oriented analysis and design tools through mutual information exchanges. Therefore, the concepts and elements of representative structured and object-oriented specification techniques are identified and analyzed. Then, a metamodel for each specification technique is created. From the meta-models, a common metamodel is synthesized. Finally, mappings between the meta-models and the common meta-model are created. Used in conjunction, the meta-models, the common meta-model and the mappings enable tool interoperability through transforming specification information under one meta-model via the common meta-model into a representation under another metamodel. Example transformations that illustrate the proposed principle using fragments of an aircraft’s landing gear specification are provided. The work presented in this thesis is based on the achievements of the SEDRES (ESPRIT 20496), SEDEX (NUTEK IPII-98-6292) and SEDRES-2 (IST 11953) projects. The projects strove for integrating different systems engineering tools in the forthcoming ISO-10303-233 (AP-233) standard for systems engineering design data. This thesis is an extension to the SEDRES / SEDEX and AP-233 achievements. It specifically focuses on integrating structured and modern UML based object-oriented specification techniques which was only performed schematically in the SEDRES / SEDEX and AP-233 work.

Relationships between classes and objects in object-oriented software are necessary in order for the parts of the systems to provide dynamic behavior. These inherent relationships also create dependencies which can give rise to problems for software evolution of object-oriented software systems. Dependencies in software make systems difficult to understand, reuse, change and verify. This thesis presents analytical and empirical investigations of dependency-related problems in software evolution of object-oriented software and on how such problems can be handled with dependency focused techniques, methods and processes. The research presented in this thesis includes: Development of a programming language construct for controlling dependencies; formal experiments on code inspection techniques; exploring change strategies' effects on test suites; an industrial case study of regression test selection techniques for object-oriented software; proving the efficiency and defect detection capabilities of a novel regression test selection technique. The thesis contributes to increased knowledge on the role of dependencies in software evolution of object-oriented software. Specific contributions are a programming language construct that can control access to dependencies in software. Other main contributions are insights on the efficiency of dependency focused code inspection techniques and contribution to the knowledge on dependency-based regression test selection techniques for large scale software. Another contribution is a novel change-based regression test selection technique.

Examples are important when we attempt to learn something new. To learn prob-lem solving and programming is an acknowledged difficulty. Teaching and learning introductory object oriented problem solving and programming has been discussed extensively since the late 1990’ies, when a major shift to object orientation as first programming paradigm took place. Initially, this switch was not considered to cause any major problems, because of the accumulated knowledge for how pro-gramming should be taught. This turned out to be naive. Knowledge gained for the imperative paradigm did not apply well to the object oriented paradigm. Because of its importance for the field of computer science, introductory pro- gramming education has drawn a lot of attention. Most of the research done in connection to object oriented problem solving and programming has been focused on students learning and the difficulty to acquire skills in programming. Less investigated is the foundation of the educational mission, the characteris- tics of object orientation and how this is best supported by the educator. There is no obvious agreement of what the basics of object orientation are, especially not from an educational point of view. In this thesis, two major aspects concerning the teaching of object orientation have been investigated: the definition of object oriented quality, specifically in examples for novices, and educators’ views on aspects of object orientation. Based on research of how object orientation is characterised in literature and in software design principles, a set of concepts and principles are presented as a description of basic characteristics of object orientation. These are applied to the educational context, and a number of heuristics, called Eduristics, for the design of object oriented examples for novices are defined. The Eduristics are then used to discuss the flaws and shortcomings of common textbook examples, but also how the object oriented quality of examples can be improved. To be able to evaluate the quality of examples, we initiated and participated in the development of an evaluation tool. This tool has been used to evaluate a number of examples from popular textbooks. The results show that the object oriented quality of examples is low. To explore the ways educators view a number of aspects of object orientation and the teaching of it, ten interviews have been conducted. The results of this study show that the level of abstraction in the conceptual model of object orientation among educators is low, and that novices are not given any support for object oriented problem solving. / Exempel är viktiga när man ska lära sig något nytt och det gäller även när man ska lära sig programmera. Att lära sig problemslösning och programmering är erkänt svårt och det har föranlett många förslag på vad som är ett bra sätt. Under 1990-talet skedde en större omläggning i programmeringsundervisningen världen över. Från att ha introducerat programmering i det imperativa/procedurella paradigmet övergick man till att använda objektorientering som första paradigm. Inledningsvis trodde man inte att det skulle skilja sig på något avgörande sätt från tidigare erfarenheter om hur programmering skulle undervisas. Detta visade sig vara en naiv föreställning. Mycket av den kunskap som ackumulerats kring den imperativa programmeringsundervisningen visade sig svår att överföra till objekt orientering. Omställningen har varit mödosam och är fortfarande inte genomförd fullt ut. Programmering är centralt i datavetenskap, eftersom olika aspekter av programvarukonstruktion genomsyrar det mesta av verksamheten kring datorer. Utbildningsmässigt är en inledande kurs i problemlösning och programmering förutsättningen för vidare studier i ämnet. Detta gör att en hel del uppmärksamhet har riktats mot problemlösning och programmering. Det mesta av den forskning som finns gjord i anslutning till objekt orienterad problemlösning och programmering har varit fokuserad på nybörjares lärande och problem att komma in i programmerandet. Mycket lite finns gjort när det gäller själva utgångspunkten för undervisningen om objektorientering, nämligen vad som är centralt i objektorientering och på vilket sätt det ska manifestera sig i undervisningen. I det här arbetet har två huvudaspekter av objektorientering i undervisningssammanhang undersökts: definitionen av objektorienterad kvalité, specifikt i exempel för nybörjare, samt vilken syn lärare har på olika aspekter av objektorientering. För att möjliggöra detta har vi undersökt hur objektorientering beskrivs i litteraturen och i vedertagna design-principer som används i programvaruutvecklingssammanhang. Baserat på resultatet av den undersökningen har vi använt en uppsättning koncept och designprinciper för att definiera vad som är karakteristiskt för objektorientering. Med detta som utgångspunkt har vi applicerat definitionen av objektorientering till undervisningssammanget och definierat ett antal heuristiker specifikt för konstruktion av objektorienterade exempel för nybörjare. Parallellt med detta arbete deltog vi i utvecklingen av ett utvärderingsverktyg för att värdera objektorienterade exempel för nybörjare. Detta verktyg har använts för en större utvärdering av exempel hämtade från populära läroböcker. Resultaten från denna studie visar att exempel generellt sett håller låg objektori enterad kvalitet. Vi har också visat att exempel som värderas högt, uppfyller våra heuristiker och att exempel som värderas lågt strider mot desamma. För att utforska hur lärare ser på objektorientering och hur de resonerar kring strategier för att lära ut objektorientering, har vi gjort tio intervjuer med lärare i gymnasieskolan och på universitetsnivå. Resultaten visar att den konceptuella modellen för objektorientering är mycket enkel i förhållande till den komplexitet som ofta anses känneteckna paradigmet. Dessutom, ges i stort sett inget stöd för nybörjaren vad gäller att förstå och lära sig problemlösningsansatsen, som ofta upplevs som väsensskild från hur man i normala fall löser problem.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:49:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 torrijoscadena_g_me_prud.pdf: 2866179 bytes, checksum: 72e4cd0bdc70c749eb5f98a106e0b51e (MD5) / A circulação de veículos na cidade de Bogotá, capital da Colômbia, é muito alta, principalmente por este ser o centro de convergência do sistema de transportes, além de ser o pólo comercial, cultural e industrial do país. Com o crescimento urbano e econômico da cidade, o número de veículos que trafega nela vem aumentando, ano após ano, principalmente na região metropolitana. Em decorrência desse aumento, está sendo observada a deterioração, cada vez maior, das vias urbanas da cidade, tornando necessário buscar alternativas que possam mitigar este problema. Neste contexto, a proposta central desta pesquisa é classificar os tipos de pavimentos das vias urbanas, de Bogotá, fazendo uso de ortoimagens fornecidas pelo Instituto Geográfico “Agustín Codazzi” da Colômbia, adquiridas com uma câmara Vexcel Ultracam-D... / The flow of vehicles in Bogotá, capital city of Colombia, is really intense, mainly for the city being the converging center of the transportation system, furthermore, being the countries’ commercial, cultural and industrial pole. Because of the urban and economic growth, the number of vehicles which are driven in that city have been increasing year after year, mainly in the metropolitan area. Due to this increase, it has been observed, each time more, the deterioration of urban ways, becoming necessary to look for alternatives which can reduce this problem. Within this context the main proposal of this research is to classify the types of pavements of Bogota’s urban ways. It’ll make use of orthoimages provided by the Geographical Institute “Agustín Codazzi” from Colombia. These picture were taken with a spacial resolution camera named Vexcel Ultracam-D ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The use of examples is known to be important in learning, they should be “exemplary” and function as role-models. Teaching and learning problem solving and programming in the object oriented paradigm is recognised as difficult. Object orientation is designed to handle complexity and large systems, and not with education in focus. The fact that object orientation often is used as first paradigm makes the design of examples even more difficult and important. In this thesis, a survey of the literature is made to establish a set of characteristics for object orientation in general. This set of characteristics is then applied to the educational setting of introducing novices to object oriented problem solving and programming, resulting in a number of heuristics for educational purposes, called He[d]uristics. The proposed He[d]uristics are targeted towards educators designing small-scale examples for novices, and is an attempt to provide help in designing suitable examples, not a catalogue of good ones. The He[d]uristics are discussed and exemplified and also evaluated versus the derived set of characteristics and known common problems experienced by novices.

Neste trabalho apresentamos a metodologia de orientação ao objeto no desenvolvimentos de uma biblioteca de classes para facilitar o processo de programação numérica paralela. Na implementação dos métodos das classes utilizamos as rotinas do pacote ScaLAPACK, sendo que essas classes oferecem métodos para manipulações matriciais básicas e para a diagonalização de matrizes, onde essas matrizes podem ser reais e complexas, de simples e dupla precisão. Este trabalho apresenta detalhes de implementação e uma análise comparativa de desempenho, a fim de mostrarmos a eficiência e as facilidades de uso da orientação ao objeto no desenvolvimento de programas científicos paralelos. / In this work current vs. voltage (I vs. V) and alternating conductivity (ac) measurements were carried out in poly[(2-methoxy- 5-hexyloxy)-pphenylenevinilene] ? MEH-PPV light-emitting diodes having zinc oxide (ZnO) as transparent anode and Al as metallic cathode. MEH-PPV is a PPV derivative, which emits in the red spectral region; ZnO has a work function similar to that of ITO, but it is less aggressive to the polymer, less expensive and easily processed. The retificated I vs. V curves shows that the direct current depends on the temperature. Moreover, the real and imaginary components of alternating conductivity (ac) present typical behavior of somewhat disordered material: the imaginary component grows as a function of the frequency and the real component was observed to be frequency independent for lower frequencies, and follows a power-law above a certain frequency. The Random Energy Free Barrier model approaches and a resistance in series for the interface phenomenon were developed and adjusted for the ac results. From this experimental-theoretical fitting we obtained important parameters of the devices as well as, quantitative informations about the MEH-PPV transport phenomenon.

Um método composto de quatro passos para conduzir engenharia reversa orientada a objetos de sistemas desenvolvidos sem usar a tecnologia de orientação a objetos e apresentado. Este método abrangente e detalhado mostrando como fazer engenharia reversa constitui um avanço para o estado da arte, pois não há métodos publicados nesse nível de detalhe ate o momento. A documentação produzida pela engenharia reversa baseada no Método Fusion para desenvolvimento de sistemas orientados a objetos e composta de um Modelo de Objetos, um Modelo de Operação e um Modelo de Ciclo de Vida. Um conjunto de modelos intermediário extraído diretamente do código e dos documentos de interação processo/dados e também incluído com o nome de Modelo de Análise do Sistema Atual. A engenharia reversa de um ambiente de software para projetar sistemas reativos e mostrada em detalhes. Esse software tem 30.000 linhas de código C, divididas em 495 procedimentos agrupados em 36 módulos. Um documento semelhante a um dicionário de dados foi preparado com base na documentação contida em diversas dissertações, artigos e principalmente em seu código fonte. O ambiente de desenvolvimento de sistemas reativos e descrito, bem como sua evolução através de diversas versões e sua aplicação e ilustrada pelo projeto do statechart correspondente a um relógio despertador. Facilidades para especificar atividades associadas aos statecharts foram incorporadas ao ambiente StatSim como parte dos trabalhos desenvolvidos nesta tese e são também discutidas e aplicadas a um exemplo. A simulação de statecharts de controle sujeitos a diferentes eventos possíveis e incluída através de diagramas e \"logs\". Esse exemplo é também usado para ilustrar um procedimento relacionado ao acoplamento de statercharts e diagramas de atividades na especificação de sistemas reativos e para mostrar o uso do ambiente de software para verificar essa especificação. O Método Fusion e comparado a outros métodos de desenvolvimento de sistemas orientados a objetos. O ambiente de desenvolvimento de sistemas reativos baseado em statecharts e posicionado entre outras ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de tais sistemas. / A method composed of four steps to conduct object oriented reverse engineering in systems developed using non object oriented technology is presented. This comprehensive, detailed method showing how to do reverse engineering is an advance to the state of the art as there are no published methods hitherto at this level of detail. The documentation produced by the reverse engineering based on the Fusion Method for object oriented systems development is composed by an Object Model, an Operation Model and a Life Cycle Model. An intermediary set of models directly extracted from the code and from a process/data interaction document is also included with the name of Current Systems Analysis Model. The reverse engineering of a software environment for designing reactive systems is shown in detail. This software comprises 30.000 lines of code in C, spread for 495 procedures grouped in 36 modules. This data dictionary-like document was prepared based on documentation contained in several dissertations and papers and mainly on the code itself. The reactive systems software development environment is described as well as its evolution through several versions, and its application is illustrated by designing the statecharts corresponding to an alarm clock. Facilities to specify activities triggered by the statecharts incorporated to the StatSim environment as part of this thesis\' are also discussed and applied to the example. The simulation of the controlling statecharts subjected to different possible events is included through diagrams and logs. This example is also used to illustrate a procedure devised for coupling statecharts and activity diagrams in the specification of reactive systems and for using the software environment to verify this specification. The Fusion Method is compared to other methods for object oriented systems development. The reactive systems development environment based on statecharts is situated among other tools for the development of such systems.

The successful development and implementation of business information systems requires an integrated approach which includes the seamless design of both the business processes and the information systems supporting the business processes. Therefore, several frameworks and modeling methods have been developed for an integrated modeling of the entire enterprise with respect to both organizational and information systems aspects. Due to the architecture of most existing business information systems, these approaches were usually based on traditional software development paradigms rather than on object-orientation. On the other hand, object-oriented modeling methods used to cover only aspects which are close to implementation, but not the business processes. Currently, however, these two worlds are mov-ing closer together because there are several benefits using business process models during object-oriented software development. This paper describes an approach for integrating business process and object-oriented modeling methods. With this approach, it is possible to model the relevant aspects of a company’s business processes and its object-oriented information systems without the need for switching between different modeling paradigms or for trans-lating between different modeling languages.

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes Bueno Trindade Galo / Banca: Alzir Felippe Buffara Antunes / Banca: Amilton Amorim / Resumo: A circulação de veículos na cidade de Bogotá, capital da Colômbia, é muito alta, principalmente por este ser o centro de convergência do sistema de transportes, além de ser o pólo comercial, cultural e industrial do país. Com o crescimento urbano e econômico da cidade, o número de veículos que trafega nela vem aumentando, ano após ano, principalmente na região metropolitana. Em decorrência desse aumento, está sendo observada a deterioração, cada vez maior, das vias urbanas da cidade, tornando necessário buscar alternativas que possam mitigar este problema. Neste contexto, a proposta central desta pesquisa é classificar os tipos de pavimentos das vias urbanas, de Bogotá, fazendo uso de ortoimagens fornecidas pelo Instituto Geográfico "Agustín Codazzi" da Colômbia, adquiridas com uma câmara Vexcel Ultracam-D ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The flow of vehicles in Bogotá, capital city of Colombia, is really intense, mainly for the city being the converging center of the transportation system, furthermore, being the countries' commercial, cultural and industrial pole. Because of the urban and economic growth, the number of vehicles which are driven in that city have been increasing year after year, mainly in the metropolitan area. Due to this increase, it has been observed, each time more, the deterioration of urban ways, becoming necessary to look for alternatives which can reduce this problem. Within this context the main proposal of this research is to classify the types of pavements of Bogota's urban ways. It'll make use of orthoimages provided by the Geographical Institute "Agustín Codazzi" from Colombia. These picture were taken with a spacial resolution camera named Vexcel Ultracam-D ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Esta tese apresenta um modelo conceitual para modelagem e vericação de espe- cificações de sistemas orientados a objeto. Mais especificiamente, uma extensão da abordagem algébrica baseada em single-pushouts para gramáticas de grafos tipadas é desenvolvida, onde os morfismos de tipagem são compatíveis com as relações de ordem sobre os nodos e (hiper)arcos de um grafo, e que representam, respectivamente, as relações de herança entre classes e sobrescrita de métodos. O trabalho é dividido em trÊs linhas principais: especificações de sistemas, comportamento dinâmico de programas, e verificaçaõ formal de sistemas orientados a objeto. A hierarquia de classes de um sistema orientado a objetoé modelada por um hipergrafo rotulado chamado grafo de classes, cujos conjuntos de nodos e arcos possuem uma relação de ordem parcial restrita, com o objetivo de modelar herança e sobrescrita de métodos. Restrições adicionais garantem que grafos de classes provÊm um modelo fiel e adequado da maneira como as classes de um sistema orientado a objetos s~ao efetivamente organizadas e combinadas. Grafos orientados a objeto são hipergrafos tipados sobre um grafo de classes. O morfismo de tipagem exige que hiperarcos mapeados preservem as relações existentes entre os seus nodos de origem e destino. Esta característica modela a heran»ca de forma adequada, visto que qualquer objeto pode fazer uso de atributos ou mensagens herdadas. Mor¯smos entre grafos orientados a objeto asseguram que o polimorfismo de subclasses seja uma característica intrínseca do formalismo aqui apresentado. Regras orientadas a objeto respeitam os princípios de encapsulamento e oclusão da informação do paradigma. Uma derivação direta (ou aplicação de regra)é uma soma amalgamada (pushout) na categoria de grafos orientados a objeto e seus morfismos. Gramáticas de grafos orientados a objeto modelam o comportamento dinâmico de sistemas. Uma semântica observacional para gramáticas de grafos orientados a objeto, baseada em sistemas de transição rotulados, é definida. Tal semântica é baseada na noção de entidades visíveis (objetos ou mensagens), e que representam os elementos importantes no processo de verificação de propriedades do sistema especificado pela gramática. Finalmente, uma tradução formal de gramáticas de grafos orientados a objeto para programas na linguagem Promela é definida. Objetos são traduzidos como pro- cessos em Promela, e a troca de mensagens entre objetos é implementada com canais de comunicação. Herança, polimorfismo e ligação dinÂmica são implementados no programa Promela, que originalmente não suporta nenhuma dessas caraterísticas. A verificação de propriedades do programa pode ser efetuada tanto sobre estados como sobre eventos. / This thesis presents a graph-based formal framework to model and verify object- oriented specifications. More specifically, an extension of the algebraic single- pushout approach to (typed) graph grammars is developed, where the typing mor- phisms are compatible with the order relations defined over nodes and edges to represent, respectively, inheritance and overriding of classes and methods. This work is divided in three main lines: static specifications, dynamic behaviour, and formal verification of object-oriented systems. The object-oriented class hierarchy structure is modeled by a graph structure called class-model graph, whose set of nodes and edges have a restricted partial order relation over them, to model inheritance and method overriding. The underlying relations of such sets obey additional restrictions, intended to assure that class- model graphs provide an adequate and faithful model of how object-oriented classes are organized and combined. Object-oriented graph grammars model the dynamics of object-oriented systems. Object-oriented graphs are hypergraphs typed over a class-model graph, but the typing morphism is more flexible than the traditional one, in the sense that mapped hyperedges need to preserve relations between sources and targets. This feature adequately models inheritance, for any object can make use of inherited attributes or messages. Morphisms between object-oriented graphs assure that subclass poly- morphism is a built-in feature of the formalism. Object-oriented rules respect the principles of encapsulation and information hiding of the object-oriented paradigm. A direct derivation (or rule application) is shown to be a pushout in the category of object-oriented graphs and their morphisms. An observational semantics for object-oriented graph grammars, based on a labeled transition system, is presented. This semantics is based on a notion of visible entities (objects or messages), which are the elements we are interested in for verification purposes. Finally, a formal translation from object-oriented graph grammars specifications into Promela programs is defined. Objects in the system graph are translated as Promela processes, and message exchange is implemented with buffered communication channels. The semantics of grammar rule application is preserved by the nondeterminism in the choice of which message to consume. Inheritance, polymorphism and dynamic binding are implemented in the Promela program, which originally does not support it. The translation presented assures that both state and event verification can be performed.