Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo objektas - prekių ženklo naudojimo reikalavimo problematika. Magistro baigiamajame darbe yra nagrinėjami tarptautiniai, Europos Sąjungos bei nacionaliniai teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys prekių ženklo naudojimo reikalavimą, analizuojama aktuali Europos Bendrijų Teisingumo Teismo, Europos Bendrijų pirmosios instancijos teismo bei Vidaus rinkos harmonizavimo tarnybos (prekių ženklams ir dizainui) praktika. Šio darbo tikslas yra išnagrinėti probleminius prekių ženklo naudojimo reikalavimo teorinius bei praktinius aspektus ir pateikti galimus šių problemų sprendimo variantus. Magistro baigiamajame darbe aptariama prekių ženklo naudojimo reikalavimo samprata, tikslai bei taikymo ypatumai. Pagrindinis dėmesys šiame darbe skiriamas prekių ženklo naudojimui keliamų reikalavimų teisinio reglamentavimo bei taikymo teisminių ir kvaziteisminių institucijų praktikoje analizei. Konkrečiai, magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas prekių ženklo naudojimo iš tikrųjų reikalavimas, analizuojami prekių ženklo naudojimo subjektams, būdui, laikotarpiui, vietai ir apimčiai keliami reikalavimai. Paskutinėje darbo dalyje apžvelgiamos aplinkybės, pateisinančios prekių ženklo nenaudojimą. Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe keliama hipotezė, jog pagrindinę prekių ženklo naudojimo reikalavimo problematiką sukelia ne teisinio reguliavimo netobulumas, o prekių ženklo naudojimui keliamų reikalavimų aiškinimas bei taikymas praktikoje. / The subject matter of this thesis is the problematic of obligation to use the trademark. This thesis provides with the study of international, European Union and Lithuanian national law related to obligation to use the trademark as well as analysis of the relevant case-law of European Court of Justice, Court of First Instance and the Office of Harmonization for the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs). This work aims to analyze the problematic theoretical and practical aspects of obligation to use the trademark as well as to suggest possible solutions to the problem. This thesis gives an overview of the concept of obligation to use the trademark, its purposes and peculiarities of application. The main emphasis of this work is on analysis of regulation of requirements imposed on trademark use as well as their application in the case-law of judicial and quasi-judicial institutions. In particular, this thesis provides analysis of the genuine trademark use requirement as well as requirements for the subjects, nature, place, time and extent of the trademark use. The last part of the work deals with the circumstances which justify non-use of the trademark. This thesis raises the hypothesis that the main problematic of obligation to use the trademark is caused by practical interpretation and application of requirements for trademark use rather than by imperfection of legal regulation.

The purpose of this thesis is to create a deeper and also a better understanding about how each of the professional secrecy and obligation to report are perceived from auditors and further investigate how the potential conflicts based on independence and “can be suspect” are handled by the auditors. The purpose has been achieved through interviews with four different accounting firms. The interviews were conducted with Grant Thornton, BDO Mälardalen AB, PwC and KPMG to answer the research questions. Subsequently, a hermeneutic approach was used to since the interpretation of the interviews was considered as important to obtain knowledge of the respondent’s perception about the topic. In the analyze chapter have dataset from the reference framework and empirical part been used to implement the analyze of the thesis. The study shows that the professional secrecy is important for creating a good relationship with clients and is not considered as a rule that create conflicts for auditors. The obligation to report, however, is creating conflicts because of the lack of knowledge in assessment of economic crimes. The auditors therefore decide to investigate a situation that “can be suspect” beyond what is intended. To not become dependent on the clients, there are rules and profession practices that are used and also examples like not having friends or family members as clients. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att skapa oss en djupare samt bättre förståelse om hur respektive av - samt anmälningsplikten uppfattas av revisorer och vidare undersöka hur eventuella konflikter med utgångspunkt för oberoende ställning samt vid ”kan misstänkas” situationer hanteras av revisorer. För att uppnå syftet, har intervjuer med fyra olika revisionsbyråer genomförts. Intervjuerna har genomförts med Grant Thornton, BDO Mälardalen AB, PwC samt KPMG genomförts för att kunna besvara forskningsfrågorna. Därefter har en hermeneutik synsätt använts då tolkning av intervjumaterialen ansågs viktig för att kunna få kunskap för respondenternas uppfattning kring ämnesvalet. I analysavsnittet har sedan datamaterial från referensramen samt empiridelen använts för att kunna genomföra en analys av uppsatsen. Denna studie visar tystnadsplikten är viktig för att kunna skapa en bra relation med klienterna och anses inte skapa konflikter för revisorer i någon stor bemärkning. Anmälningsplikten skapar dock problem på grund av bristen på kunskap inom bedömning av brott hos revisorer. Revisorerna väljer därför att utreda en situation vid brottsmisstanke längre än vad som avses. För att inte bli beroende av sina klienter finns regler och praxis inom yrket som används samt genom att till exempel inte ha vänner och bekanta som klienter menar respondenterna.

Die Tätigkeiten im Notarzt- und Rettungsdienst sind häufig mit persönlichen Gefährdungen verbunden. Im Raum steht aber auch immer die Problematik von Gefährdungssituationen, die durch den Notarzt "nur" als solche wahrgenommen, sozusagen "empfunden" werden. In dieser Arbeit wird v. a. vor dem Hintergrund der Erforderlichkeit und Zumutbarkeit die Frage prinzipiell diskutiert, ob und inwieweit ein Notarzt zum Handeln verpflichtet ist. Im Ergebnis ist objektiv-typisierend auf den Facharztstandard bzw. den Indikationskatalog für den Notarzteinsatz in Kombination mit arzt-/berufsrechtlichen Gesichtspunkten im engeren Sinne (z. B. Freiberuflichkeit) abzustellen. Es wird sich jedenfalls immer um eine Einzelfallbetrachtung und um eine individuelle, fallbezogene Entscheidung handeln. Bei seltenen, sehr unwahrscheinlichen Situationen mit relativer Ermangelung von objektiv-typisierbaren Gesichtspunkten werden die Anforderungen, aber auch die Chancen, an die "höchstpersönliche" Berufsausübung, an die Persönlichkeit des Arztes (v. a. in der Entscheidungsfindung) umso größer werden.

Selon les théoriciens de la transparence, qui de tous horizons disciplinaires, en clament les vertus, l’information financière permet l’équilibre, en remédiant à l’asymétrie de connaissances entre l’émetteur et ses dirigeants, d’une part et les destinataires de l’information financière, d’autre part. Elle lève le voile, combat l’opacité, permet la décision et donc, le jeu même du marché. Les économistes parlent alors d’ « efficience informationnelle » car la circulation fluide et rapide des flux d’information en provenance ou en direction de tous les acteurs des marchés boursiers (émetteurs et dirigeants, opérateurs, actionnaires, autorités de régulation, presse, …) permettraient de fournir à tout instant la meilleure valorisation possible des entreprises cotées compte tenu des informations pertinentes publiquement disponibles. Pour ces raisons, de nombreuses réformes ont été opérées ces dernières années afin de multiplier les obligations d’information à la charge des sociétés cotées. Cependant, force est de constater, au vu de la dernière crise financière, que les marchés peuvent ne pas fonctionner efficacement et évaluer correctement la valeur fondamentale d’un actif financier, alors même que les informations relatives à l’actif sous-jacent sont largement diffusées. De là, se pose la question de la pertinence de la transparence des sociétés cotées. / According to theorists of the transparency who of any disciplinary horizons cry out the virtues, the financial information permits the balance by remedying the asymmetry of knowledge between the company and his management on one hand, and the addressees of the financial information on the other hand. The transparency raises the veil, fights the opaqueness, permit the decision and thus, the game of the market. The economists speak then about “informative efficiency” because the fluid and fast circulation of the flows of information in origin or in the direction of all the actors of stock markets (company, management, operators, shareholders, authorities of regulation, press …) would permit to supply all the time the best possible valuation of listed companies considering the publicly available relevant information. For these reasons, many reforms were operated these last years in order to increase the obligations of information towards listed companies. However, we have to admit, in view of the last financial crisis that markets can not work effectively and estimate correctly the fundamental value of a financial asset while the information relative to the underlying asset is widely broadcasted. From there, we have to ask the question of the relevance of the listed companies’ transparency.

Medical records are being adjusted to match the practical way of understanding an illness as a disorder in the balanced state of the organism. This approach has also modified opinions regarding the form of medical documentation, the determination of necessary examinations and treatment. The progress in medicine along with the growing need for specific medical information made it necessary to look for new ways of making medical information available. One of these ways is to make the system of health care documentation electronic. The main tool of this system is an electronic health card. The objective of my work was to find out the following: the extent of utilization of electronic health cards; doctors´ opinions regarding the use of electronic medical documentation; the attitude of patients to medical documentation and the willingness of doctors to join the IZIP project of electronic health cards. Two hypotheses were checked for the purpose of the graduation work. Hypothesis no. 1 {--} Medical personnel expect that the project of electronic health cards will speed up the process of providing information about patients´ state of health. Hypothesis no. 2 {--} Health care facilities are willing to keep electronic documentation only if they receive compensation for increased administrative activities. To check the hypotheses, the author used the method of quantitative research. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire. The research was carried out between January and March 2009. The research was performed in health care facilities in South Bohemia represented by private doctors. 200 questionnaires were printed out. 152 of these could be fully used for the research. Hypothesis no. 1 was confirmed since 58% of the people who filled out the questionnaire agreed with the statement that the project of electronic health cards would accelerate the process of sharing information about patients´ state of health. Hypothesis no. 2 was not confirmed. There are two main problems preventing the use of IZIP; one of them is that patients are not interested and the other that doctors do not trust the system. That is why the necessary information is not always found in the IZIP since some health care facilities do not work with the system. Doctors would have to be forced or sufficiently motivated to transfer to the use of electronic medical documentation and they would have to change their negative attitude to modern technologies. This work could extend the information about medical documentation and electronic health cards among health care providers and the broader public and give feedback to people working in health care facilities.

Cette thèse propose de découvrir les apports du droit des sociétés à la théorie générale de l'obligation de faire et de déterminer le rôle qu'elles occupent dans ce domaine du droit. A cette fin, des analyses sont consacrées à l'identification des obligations juridiques de faire parmi les différents types de contraintes pesant sur l'activité des personnes. L'étude présente ensuite une typologie des principales obligations des dirigeants et des associés. Après la détermination de l'objet des obligations de faire, il est entrepris un examen des façons d'accomplir les obligations de faire. A cet égard, les délégations constituent un mode d'exécution naturel, car elles permettent de « faire faire» au sein des entreprises. Par ailleurs, le contrôle de la manière d'exécuter l'obligation de faire constitue une étape décisive en vue de libérer le débiteur. Pour apprécier les façons de faire, les standards et le droit souple jouent un rôle important pour séparer les bonnes pratiques des mauvais procédés d'exécution. Par la suite, les réponses du droit à l'inexécution des obligations de faire sont examinées. Il s'agit alors d'analyser les difficultés résultant des obligations de faire à l'égard des responsabilités civile et pénale. Pour pallier ces difficultés, le législateur a cherché à renouveler les sanctions en recourant à la déchéance, aux injonctions de faire, au mandat ad hoc ou la stigmatisation publique. Les mérites de ces nouvelles façons de faire sont appréciés. Enfin, cette thèse défend l'idée que le régime de l'exécution forcée doit être adapté aux sociétés, car les personnes morales n'agissent pas comme les personnes physiques. / Obligation to do refers to the Roman classification of obligations: dare, facere, nonfacere, and praestare. The debtor of an obligation to do has to perform a task of any kind such as intellectual and legal services or labour works. This thesis intends to develop a legal analysis of directors' and shareholders' duties in corporate law with a specific interest for obligations to do. For instance, it focuses on duty of care, internai control, compliance or cooperation with legal auditors. Regarding shareholders' obligations, it highlights the duties of controlling shareholders - whether contractual or legal - collaterals, sweat equities, and other various cornmitments subscribed as they purchase or sale shares. This thesis also deals with how corporations, directors, and shareholders perform their obligations. In this regard, it shows that directors divide up tasks through delegations for their corporation to comply with its liabilities as well as performing their own duties. Moreover, this study reviews guidance provided by soft law and how can judges use it - through standards - to decide whether an obligation has been properly completed or not. Furthermore, it investigates the efficiency of remedies in case of the debtor's non-performance. Along with a critical examination of civil and criminal liability, this thesis assesses new forms of remedies and their merits such as injunction to do, forfeiture, and shaming.

Imaginez une économie sans transport de marchandises! C'est la paralysie. Le transport joue, donc, un rôle déterminant et incontournable dans le circuit économique. Or, ce qui fait le transport c'est le prix . Ce prix doit être payé par les cocontractants du transporteur: expéditeur et destinataire. Car, de son paiement dépendent les intérêts de ce dernier, la pérennité de son activité et son rôle dans la chaîne économique. Le paiement du prix du transport conditionne, ainsi, les transports nationaux et internationaux de marchandises. Pourtant le transporteur de marchandises rencontre de nombreuses difficultés pour le paiement du prix du transport effectué au point d'être, parfois, obligé de recourir aux Tribunaux. En effet, si, en théorie, le transporteur doit être payé comptant, en pratique, il fournit des prestations à crédit. Il effectue d'abord le déplacement et la livraison de la marchandise, pour faire valoir, ensuite, son droit au paiement Cette pratique l'expose à des risques de défaut de paiement pouvant entraîner la cessation de son activité avec de graves répercussions sur la machine économique. Aussi le législateur français a-t-il prévu le privilège, le droit de rétention, l'action directe en paiement, comme des garanties au service du transporteur pour le paiement de sa créance. Mais ces garanties légales qui, sont tributaires de la volonté du débiteur et dont la mise en œuvre entraîne parfois de lourdes conséquences pour le transporteur, de notre point de vue, ne le protègent pas suffisamment. La nécessité économique et sociale du paiement du prix du transport exige que le transporteur puisse disposer des garanties conventionnelles lui assurant une protection plus efficace quant au paiement du fret. Dans cette perspective, le gage de la marchandise transportée, la garantie autonome, l'assurance fret, ou la création d'un fonds de garantie transport, nous paraissent comme des mécanismes juridiques qui garantissent mieux au transporteur le paiement du prix du transport en tout état de cause. / No English summary available.

In Latin America, most countries have a decentralized bargainingstructure that is in the company’s main area of negotiation and different from the warranty obligations and promotion deriving from the new Latin American constitutionalism emerged after the fall of dictatorships in the last quarter of the past century. In Peru, the legislative option enforces a hyper- decentralized model that has restricted maximum coverage and effectiveness of the collective protection. Therefore, the state regulation referred to the articulated collective bargaining is not complete because it ignores issues such as the legal nature of the instruments of juncture, the framework agreements, their effectiveness, etc.The weakness of the collective protection has transcended the specific field of business and questions the social, economic and political balances that underpin the constitutional rule of law. / En América Latina la mayoría de países cuenta con una estructura negocial descentralizada que tiene en la empresa el principal ámbito de negociación y contrasta con las obligaciones de garantía y fomento que se derivan del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano surgido tras la caída de las dictaduras en el último cuarto del siglo pasado. En el Perú la opción legislativa impone un modelo hiperdescentralizado que ha restringido al máximo la cobertura y eficacia de la tutela colectiva. Por su parte, la regulación estatal referida a la negociación colectiva articulada no resulta completa ya que deja de lado temas como la naturaleza jurídica de los instrumentos de articulación, los ámbitos de los acuerdos marco, su eficacia, entre otros.La debilidad de la tutela colectiva ha trascendido el ámbito específico de la empresa y pone en cuestión los equilibrios sociales, económicos y políticos que sustentan al Estado constitucional de derecho.

Syftet med studien var att med kvalitativ forskningsmetod undersöka vilka tankar och attityder individer ur civilsamhället som varit utsatta för eller bevittnat ett brott och sakkunniga inom rättsväsendet har kring fenomenet anonyma vittnen. Vi ämnade även undersöka om en tillämpning av anonyma vittnen i svenska domstolar skulle förändra respondenternas syn på sin egen benägenhet att vittna. Slutligen undersökte studien om respondenterna upplevde att rättssäkerheten skulle komma att påverkas om det svenska rättsväsendet skulle tillåta anonyma vittnen. Tio personer intervjuades, varav hälften var anställda av rättsväsendet och hälften var civila utanför rättsväsendet. Intervjudatan analyserades med tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att respondenterna från civilsamhället i stort var positiva till att fullfölja sin vittnesplikt så länge det inte fanns någon hotbild. Förekom det en hotbild skulle de endast kunna tänka sig att vittna anonymt. Resultatet visade vidare att majoriteten av respondenterna från rättsväsendet ansåg att rättssystemet var eftersatt när det kom till att bekämpa den grova och organiserade brottsligheten. Några respondenter menade att anonyma vittnen kunde vara en väg att gå för att göra samhället mer rättssäkert då vittnesplikten i vissa fall spelat ut sin roll. Resultatet visade även att både respondenter från civilsamhället och rättsväsendet ansåg att det fanns utmaningar i praktiken med en tillämpning av anonyma vittnen. Båda grupperna kunde peka på både rättspsykologiska och juridiska fördelar och nackdelar med anonyma vittnen.Slutsatsen är att anonyma vittnen kan göra att benägenheten att vittna ökar från civilsamhällets sida. Det finns en möjlighet att anonyma vittnen kan göra samhället både mer rättssäkert och mindre rättssäkert. Det är ett ämne som bör undersökas mer noggrant genom att väga både fördelar och nackdelar. / With the help of a qualitative research method the purpose of the study was to analyze the thoughts and attitudes of the general public (who have been exposed to/or witnessed a crime) as well as experts in the judicial system, regarding the phenomenon of anonymous witnesses. We also intended to examine whether an application of ‘anonymous witnesses’ in Swedish courts would make the respondents more or less inclined to testify. Finally, the study would examine whether the respondents felt that legal certainty would be affected if the Swedish judicial system allowed anonymous witnesses. Ten people were interviewed, half of whom were employees of the judiciary and half were civilians outside the judiciary. The interview data was analyzed with thematic analysis. The result showed that the general public was positive to testify as long as there was no threat scenario. If there was a threat scenario, they would only consider testifying anonymously. The result also showed that the majority of respondents from the judiciary felt that the legal system was neglected when it came to fight the major and organized crime. Some argued that anonymous witnesses could be an approach to make society more legally certain as the obligation to testify in some cases no longer is needed. The results also showed that both respondents from the general public and the judiciary considered it to be a challenge when using anonymous witnesses in practice. Both groups could point to both psychological and legal benefits and disadvantages of anonymous witnesses.The conclusion is that anonymous witnesses can make the general public’s propensity to witness increase. There is a possibility that anonymous witnesses can make society both more legally certain and less legally certain and it should be subject to closer examination by weighing both advantages and disadvantages against each other.

The dilemma is a self-perceived experience of a child who does not have his needs respected and met. This puts me as an educator to be put in situations where I need to analyze the event and the needs of everyone involved from different perspectives. The purpose and dilemma of this essay is to focus on my role as an educator but also as an adult in the preschooler's life and what impact this can have based on a self-perceived situation. The thesis deals with the collaboration between preschool and social services and what opportunities there are to support children who live in insecure and deficient conditions. The essay discusses what knowledge there is about reports of anxiety, when they are justified, who decides on them and what consequences they can have for the child. One focus concerns the collaboration with the social services, another on which criteria need to be met in order to make a report. While I have examined my role as an adult, I have also critically examined the cooperation between various authorities such as the National Agency for Education, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and preschool, based on literature and research in the field. The essay contributes with a clearer picture of the children's lives in preschool and what conditions affect them and what the political form of government has for the impact on the activities in preschool. Finally, I also reflect on the various governing documents as both a support and a limitation. / Dilemmat är en egenupplevd händelse där ett barn inte får sina behov respekterade och tillgodosedda. Detta försätter mig som pedagog att sättas i situationer där jag behöver analysera händelsen och alla inblandades behov ur olika perspektiv. Syftet och dilemmat med denna uppsats är att utifrån en självupplevd situation fokusera på min roll som pedagog men också som vuxen i förskolebarnets liv och vilken inverkan denna kan ha. Uppsatsen behandlar samarbetet mellan förskola och socialtjänst och vilka möjligheter som finns för att stödja barns som lever under osäkra och bristfälliga förhållanden. Uppsatsen diskuterar vilken kunskap som finns om orosanmälningar, när de är befogade, vem som beslutar om dem och vilka konsekvenser de kan få för barnet. Ett fokus gäller samarbetet med socialtjänsten, ett annat på vilka kriterier som behöver fyllas för att kunna göra en anmälan. Medan jag har undersökt min roll som vuxen har jag också kritisk granskat samarbetet mellan olika myndigheter som Skolverket, FN:s barnkonvention och förskolan, utifrån litteratur och forskning på området. Uppsatsen bidrar med en tydligare bild av barnens liv i förskolan och vilka villkor som påverkar dem samt vad den politiska styrformen har för påverkan på verksamheten i förskolan. Till sist reflekterar jag även över de olika styrdokumenten som både ett stöd och en begränsning.