No description available.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-160). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Tübingen, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [398]-412) and index.

No description available.

Every year, for the past 50 years, Nigeria’s oil-rich Niger Delta has suffered the same magnitude of oil spill in its rivers and swamps than was spilled in the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill. The damage has devastated the way of life of the Ogoni people who live in the area. They have consistently suffered environmental injustice as a result of Shell’s oil exploration, and the Nigerian government has ignored their cries for help and restitution. In fact, movements to garner support for environmental justice and fare share of oil profits and ownership from Shell and the state have been brutally shut down by the Nigerian government. Could it be that the reason that the state is willing to allow such a grave level of environmental degradation to persist is not only because it is corrupt, but also because the Nigerian government functions as a gatekeeper state guarding its precious oil resources? Following independence, many oil-producing countries turned to spigot economies that allowed whoever controlled access to the tap to collect rent on it. Thus, as a gatekeeper state, it is not in the best interest of the Nigerian government to give up its rent-seeking behaviors with Shell to appease its citizens because it may disrupt its relationship with the outside corporations. As a result, many of the cries for environmental justice by the Ogoni people have been met with resistance from the state since their function has evolved to collect taxes on exports and imports—not to maintain the trust of its citizens.

Uma das principais fontes de poluição dos recursos hídricos são os efluentes líquidos industriais. Dentre esses, destacam-se os efluentes de refinaria de petróleo, pois geram efluentes bastante complexos e de difícil tratabilidade. Desta forma, evidencia-se a necessidade de monitoramento contínuo da qualidade desses efluentes, uma vez que são considerados de alto risco. Além do monitoramento físico-químico, o monitoramento biológico é uma importante ferramenta para avaliação da qualidade de efluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de quatro ensaios na determinação da toxicidade de efluente tratado de refinaria de petróleo. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia magna e com bactérias aeróbias heterotróficas (Teste D), e ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia e Caenorhabditis elegans. Os ensaios com D. magna seguiram a NBR 12713 (ABNT, 2004) e tiveram como endpoint a mortalidade. O Teste D foi baseado em Krebs (1985) e avaliou efeitos de estímulo ou inibição do consumo bioquímico de oxigênio (CBO). Ensaios com C. dubia avaliaram a mortalidade e a reprodução dos organismos, segundo a NBR 13373 (ABNT, 2005). Os ensaios com C. elegans foram realizados de acordo com a ISO/DIS 10872 (2009), e tiveram o crescimento e a reprodução como endpoints. As cinco amostras avaliadas foram provenientes de refinaria de petróleo do estado do Paraná. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou que C. elegans foi o organismo mais sensível ao efluente, apresentando concentração de efeito observado (CEO) a partir de 12,5%, sendo classificado como organismo moderadamente sensível. Os ensaios com C. elegans e o Teste D apresentaram estímulo na concentração mais baixa, fenômeno conhecido como hormese. Esse fenômeno deveria ser considerado em avaliações ambientais uma vez que toda alteração na composição e estrutura de comunidades interfere na integridade dos ecossistemas. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-04T19:11:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Taisa Fedrizzi Maffazzioli.pdf: 2620358 bytes, checksum: 1827f2f93568f37620ece6d1a95c3559 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T19:11:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Taisa Fedrizzi Maffazzioli.pdf: 2620358 bytes, checksum: 1827f2f93568f37620ece6d1a95c3559 (MD5) / One of the main sources of water pollution is industrial wastewater. Among these, stands the waste of oil refinery effluents because is quite complex and of difficult tractability. Therefore, it is evident the need for continuous monitoring of the quality of these effluents, since they are considered high risk waste. In addition to monitoring physical and chemical, biological monitoring is an important tool for assessing the quality of effluents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of four tests in determining the toxicity of treated wastewater of oil refinery. Were performed acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (D Test), and chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Caenorhabditis elegans. Tests with D. magna followed the NBR 12713 (ABNT, 2004) and had the mortality as endpoint. The D Test was based on Krebs (1985) and assessed the effects of stimulation or inhibition of biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD). Tests with C. dubia evaluated the mortality rate and reproduction of organisms, according to NBR 13373 (ABNT, 2005). Tests with C. elegans were performed according to ISO / DIS 10872 (2009), and had the growth and reproduction as endpoints. The five evaluated samples were from an oil refinery in the state of Parana, Brazil. The statistical analysis showed that C. elegans was the most sensitive organism to the effluent, presenting the observed effect concentration (OEC) from 12.5%, which classified it as moderately sensitive organism. Tests with C. elegans and the D Test showed low-dose stimulation, a phenomenon known as hormesis. This phenomenon should be considered in environmental assessments because every change in communities composition and structure interferes in the ecosystems integrity.

Uma das principais fontes de poluição dos recursos hídricos são os efluentes líquidos industriais. Dentre esses, destacam-se os efluentes de refinaria de petróleo, pois geram efluentes bastante complexos e de difícil tratabilidade. Desta forma, evidencia-se a necessidade de monitoramento contínuo da qualidade desses efluentes, uma vez que são considerados de alto risco. Além do monitoramento físico-químico, o monitoramento biológico é uma importante ferramenta para avaliação da qualidade de efluentes. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de quatro ensaios na determinação da toxicidade de efluente tratado de refinaria de petróleo. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda com Daphnia magna e com bactérias aeróbias heterotróficas (Teste D), e ensaios de toxicidade crônica com Ceriodaphnia dubia e Caenorhabditis elegans. Os ensaios com D. magna seguiram a NBR 12713 (ABNT, 2004) e tiveram como endpoint a mortalidade. O Teste D foi baseado em Krebs (1985) e avaliou efeitos de estímulo ou inibição do consumo bioquímico de oxigênio (CBO). Ensaios com C. dubia avaliaram a mortalidade e a reprodução dos organismos, segundo a NBR 13373 (ABNT, 2005). Os ensaios com C. elegans foram realizados de acordo com a ISO/DIS 10872 (2009), e tiveram o crescimento e a reprodução como endpoints. As cinco amostras avaliadas foram provenientes de refinaria de petróleo do estado do Paraná. A análise estatística dos resultados mostrou que C. elegans foi o organismo mais sensível ao efluente, apresentando concentração de efeito observado (CEO) a partir de 12,5%, sendo classificado como organismo moderadamente sensível. Os ensaios com C. elegans e o Teste D apresentaram estímulo na concentração mais baixa, fenômeno conhecido como hormese. Esse fenômeno deveria ser considerado em avaliações ambientais uma vez que toda alteração na composição e estrutura de comunidades interfere na integridade dos ecossistemas. / One of the main sources of water pollution is industrial wastewater. Among these, stands the waste of oil refinery effluents because is quite complex and of difficult tractability. Therefore, it is evident the need for continuous monitoring of the quality of these effluents, since they are considered high risk waste. In addition to monitoring physical and chemical, biological monitoring is an important tool for assessing the quality of effluents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of four tests in determining the toxicity of treated wastewater of oil refinery. Were performed acute toxicity tests with Daphnia magna and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria (D Test), and chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Caenorhabditis elegans. Tests with D. magna followed the NBR 12713 (ABNT, 2004) and had the mortality as endpoint. The D Test was based on Krebs (1985) and assessed the effects of stimulation or inhibition of biochemical oxygen consumption (BOD). Tests with C. dubia evaluated the mortality rate and reproduction of organisms, according to NBR 13373 (ABNT, 2005). Tests with C. elegans were performed according to ISO / DIS 10872 (2009), and had the growth and reproduction as endpoints. The five evaluated samples were from an oil refinery in the state of Parana, Brazil. The statistical analysis showed that C. elegans was the most sensitive organism to the effluent, presenting the observed effect concentration (OEC) from 12.5%, which classified it as moderately sensitive organism. Tests with C. elegans and the D Test showed low-dose stimulation, a phenomenon known as hormesis. This phenomenon should be considered in environmental assessments because every change in communities composition and structure interferes in the ecosystems integrity.

It is the purpose of this work to study the solubility of naphthalene, the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as a function of the salt content and the temperature, in ranges that span those likely to be found in natural ecosystems. Another goal is to set up a high-pressure generator, to study the effect of pressure on the solubility of hydrocarbons.

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are oil derived toxic and persistent pollutants prevalent across the oceans from pelagic waters to coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in Australia and the Red Sea are important oligotrophic marine ecosystems susceptible to oil contamination. This Ph.D. dissertation aims to advance our understanding on PAH tolerance, accumulation dynamics and trophic transfer in oligotrophic ecosystems where those aspects remain poorly explored. In this dissertation, a new, highly-sensitive method combining stable carbon isotope labelling and cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) was developed to quantify PAH accumulation and applied in a series of ex situ food chain experiments with two representative PAHs, 13C-phenanthrene and 13C-pyrene. The experiments conducted with Acropora millepora – a common reef-building coral in the GBR, showed faster accumulation of both PAHs by dissolved uptake, although dietary exposure caused more consistent accumulation. Phenanthrene was not toxic to the coral photosystem II in either exposure mode but biomagnification increased with increasing food-chain complexity. In contrary, pyrene led to loss of symbionts accompanied by reduction in photosynthetic efficiency and coral bleaching, especially via dietary uptake. Also, microbial communities and food webs are relevant components of oligotrophic waters. We identified contrasting sensitivities among key autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial populations in the chronically oil exposed Red Sea to a mixture of 16 PAHs recognized as priority pollutants. The differential tolerance pointed towards localized selection for resistant strains in some populations. Some PAH toxicity thresholds approached ambient PAHs concentrations suggesting that any increase in pollution loads will hold consequences for these important microbial groups and their ecological functions.

No description available.